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1 International Journal of ealt Sciences and Researc ISSN: Review rticle ombay lood Group: Distinct Descent Samarpita Pramanik Senior Tutor, Scool of Nursing, Cristian ospital erampur, Odisa. STRCT In te field of medical sciences, te ombay blood group (o/) is a rare yet evolving entity. Te o blood group as distinct genotype and penotype caracteristics. Tis article explores te dynamics involved in te ombay blood group, presenting its epidemiology, penotype, genotype, biocemistry distribution, clinical manifestations and management. Key Words - ombay blood group, Penotype, Genotype, blood group INTRODUCTION lood, a connective tissue is inevitable for uman existence. It is vital to save te lives of patients. Te blood components are very expensive and rare as its process and storage is limited due to its sort viability. In spite of tis being rare, improper matcing of blood group as always been one of te leading causes of blood transfusion related mortality. lood group as per te encyclopedia of Genetics, 2008 is defined as te basis of cemical present on te surface of blood cells wic are involved in cell recognition. particular blood group (blood types) dictates te presence or absence of antigens inerited from eiter parent onto te surface of red blood cells. So far, 36 blood group substances are recognized by te International society for blood transfusion. Te most common are O and R wic elp in determining an individual s blood group and to matc te compatibility for blood transfusion. ut te real callenges lie in identifying te rare blood group among uman population and intervene promptly for teir survival in times of need. DEFINITION Te ombay blood group is a rare blood group wic is caracterized by te absence of, and antigens in te red blood cell surfaces. It is known as te blood group or te O blood group. (2) ISTORICL CKGROUND It was first discovered by Dr. Y.M. ende C. K. Despande and.m aia of te Set gordandas Sunderdas Medical College in ombay (Mumbai) in 1952 wo first spelt it as ombay. (1) Tus, it is called as te ombay lood group. TE NTIGEN Karl Landsteiner in is discovery of te famous O blood types identified tat te red blood cells ave an antigen on teir cell surfaces. Tis antigen is te precursor of & antigens. Tis antigen is modified into or antigen like wise and te individual get eiter, or blood group. Tis modification occurs in te presence of a Transferase Enzyme. If tis enzyme is lacking, ten te antigen is not modified and tese individuals ave te O blood group. (5-7) International Journal of ealt Sciences & Researc ( 251

2 Samarpita Pramanik. ombay lood Group: Distinct Descent Transferase enzyme E E blood group antigen nti antibody as nti and blood group as antigen as nti and nti antibody blood group as and antigen as nti antibody O blood group as no antigen as nti and nti antibody Transferase Enzyme ombay blood group- as ntigen as nti,, antibodies. Figure 1. Diagramatic representation of te O and te ombay lood Groups International Journal of ealt Sciences & Researc ( 252

3 Samarpita Pramanik. ombay lood Group: Distinct Descent ut if an individual doesn t ave te antigen but as te Recessive antigen on its cell surface; ten suc individuals toug tey may ave te Transferase Enzyme te antigen won t be converted into,,,o blood groups. Suc individual will rater develop antibodies against, antigens to protect temselves. Te probable reason for tis exception is due to te production of an inactivated enzyme wic is incapable of producing antigen. EPIDEMIOLOGY Wen ombay blood group is misdiagnosed, fatal emolytic transfusion reactions occur It is one of te rarest blood groups, present in about % (0.4 million) in te uman population. In India, te incidence is 1 in every 7,600 population (8) but, wile latest statistics by Suraci et al. (9) stated tat tis type of blood group is found in Souteast sia. Te incidence in tis region is 1/10,000 and in Caucasians 1/ 2,50,000 cases. ig level of consanguinity presents among te parents of te ombay penotype. Tis rare blood group is commonly seen in te tribal population of India; most commonly, in Maarastra, Odisa, Karnataka, ndra Prades and Tamil. IOCEMISTRY OF LOOD In omo Sapiens, bot te parents contribute to te formation of a cild s blood group. Te alleles wic contribute to tis are O, and. Tus, to know te blood type of a cild we need to know te Penotype and te Genotype of te Couple. Penotype: Tis is te outward pysical manifestation of an individual. It is an organism s CTUL observed properties suc as morpology, development or (3) beaviour. Tis results from te expression of an organism s genes as well as te influence of environmental factors and te interaction between te two. Tus, Penotype = Genotype + Environmental Factors. Genotype: ccording to Wikipedia. (10,11) it is te genetic makeup of an individual. It is an organism s full ereditary information. It determines ow muc an individual is different witin a group of individuals. So, in Genotype we try to identify wat combination of genes te individual actually as. Tus, in an organism, te genotype is te major influencing factor in te development of its penotype. Example:-If an individual as a genotype of a type; it means - Dominant Genotype wile a- Recessive Genotype. OMY LOOD GROUP GENOTYPE-PENOTYPE DISTRIUTION In blood groups, te ntigen is te precursor of and ntigens. Tis is te dominant genotype wereas te antigen is te recessive genotype. Individuals wit and blood groups ave two types of antigen on teir cell surface. (8) It is similar to like building two storey building on te cell surface of te s. Te first storey consist of te antigen wile te second storey in te presence of Transferase Enzyme eiter contains, or te combination of bot respectively. Te second storey represents te blood group wic te individual as. In individual wit O blood group, tey do ave only one storey building were tey ave only te antigen on teir cell surface. Tey do not ave a second storey expressing any allele as tey lack te Tranfersase Enzyme. In individuals, wit ombay lood Group tey express te recessive form of te antigen tat is te antigen on teir cell surface for wic tey can not express any oter allele of eiter or even in te presence of te Transferase enzyme. (12) Tus, individuals wit O blood group and te ombay lood group do look similar penotypically as bot of tem do not ave any antigen of, or on teir cell surface. Tis allows te ealt professionals to miss te ombay lood International Journal of ealt Sciences & Researc ( 253

4 Samarpita Pramanik. ombay lood Group: Distinct Descent group cases considering tem as O blood groups. Te difference can only be identified wen we assess teses individuals based on teir genotype were te O blood group as te dominant antigen wile te ombay lood group as te recessive antigen. Example:- Cild looks like aving O blood group ut, actually Cild as te ombay lood Group PENOTYPICLY GENOTYPICLY Moter Fater Moter Fater O Figure 2: Genotype- Penotype variation in ombay blood group (Source: O Neill,2012) CLINICL MNIFESTTIONS:- Patients wit ombay lood Group are generally asymptomatic. s tey do not ave any antigen on teir cell surface, suc individuals can easily donate blood to any oter individual of te O blood group system unless some oter blood factor genes suc as Resus factor is incompatible. ut, te callenge arises in case tese individuals require blood transfusions. In suc cases, tese individuals develop severe emolytic reactions if tey receive blood from oter blood group individuals including O blood group. Tese individuals ave antibodies against,, and antigens; so tey can receive blood ONLY from individuals wo ave te ombay lood group wic is a rare commodity. MNGEMENT:- ombay lood group; being a rare blood group and its prevalence being more in India; management for suc individuals is very essential. (4) lood banks need to develop Cryopreservation facilities so as to store lood group packets. Te blood bank of eac ospital can maintain a register of te ombay blood group patients and donors to suc patients wit teir complete address. Regular camps need to be conducted to identify individuals wit te rare blood group in te nearby community. Tere sould be proper communication among te various lood banks at te District and State level for suc a rare blood donor unit in times of need. Tere sould be regular screening of te nearby relatives of te ombay lood group individual so as to identify a new one. ecause for an individual to be ombay lood group, bot te parents need to carry te recessive antigen to transmit it to teir cildren; so, te prevalence of aving a ombay lood group increases in closed off communities were consanguineous marriage is very common. Tus, proper screening among suc family s needs to be done. NURSING MNGEMENT lood is a live uman tissue wic saves lives and improves te quality of life in a wide range of clinical conditions. It is considered as a drug by te Drug and Cosmetic ct of India. Safety blood practices are a big treat wic exists in almost all ospitals of India. Correct transfusion practices is contributed not only by following precautions in te blood centre starting from International Journal of ealt Sciences & Researc ( 254

5 Samarpita Pramanik. ombay lood Group: Distinct Descent te collection till te supply of safe blood but equally important vital is te contribution of te nursing personnel involved in transfusion process. Tus, as nurses we need to be knowledgeable and vigilant regarding te various blood types and ensure safety of te blood transfusion practices. CONCLUSION ombay lood group ; being a rare blood group serves to empasize te fact tat proper blood grouping and cross matcing are so vital elements to ensure safe blood transfusions to suc individuals. So, as nurses, it is necessary to enligten our knowledge and be aware enoug to identify te ombay blood groups and prevent undue blood transfusion reactions. Tus, blood transfusions will be a saviour to our life and not damage to our lives. REFERENCES 1. alasubramanium, D. ombay lood. ow te rare blood type was discovered. [Internet] (2015).vailable from ttp:// > Sci-Tec> science/article ece 2. algir,r.s. Identification of Rare lood group ombay (O) Penotype in uyan Tribe of Nortwestern Orissa India. Indian Journal of uman Gnenetics.2007; 13(3): Curcill,F.. William Joannsen and te Genotype Concept. Journal of te istory of iology.[internet].(1974).vailable from ttp:// dx doi org / %2FF Das,Subasis, M. L. Kumar, arendra and R. nand. ombay lood rare Entity. Journal of Clinical iomed Scienc., 2011; 1(3) : James,S.O Donell., Tomas,. J. Mckinnon., James, T.. Crawley., David,. Lane., and Micael,. Zaffan. ombay Penotype is ssociated wit Reduced Plasma VWF Levels and an Increased Susceptibility to damts 13 Proteolysis vailable from ttp:// journal.org. 6. Neil, O Dennis. ombay Penotype vailable from ttp:// antro. palomar.edu/blood/ombay. Peno.tm 7. Oriol,R., Candelier, J., J., and Mollirone, R. Molecular Genetics of. Vox Sang. (2000);78: Sace, J. Te Genetics of te ombay blood Type Retrieved from ttp:// www. rigt ub.cm > science> Genetics> molecular biology. 9. Suraci et al. ombay blood penotype: Laboratory detection and transfusions recommendations. International Journal of lood transfusion and Immunoematology. 2016; 6: Wikepedia. Genotype vailable from ttp:// en. Wikipedia.org/ w/index.pp? title = Genotype. and oldid= Wikipedia.. blood group.2016; vailable from ttp:// en. Wikipedia.org / wiki / blood- group. 12. Zimmer, Car. Wy do we ave blood Types? 2014; vailable from ttp:// mosaic.science.com/ storey/ wy- do we ave blood types. ow to cite tis article: Pramanik S. ombay blood group: a distinct descent. Int J ealt Sci Res. 2019; 9(1): ****** International Journal of ealt Sciences & Researc ( 255

Name: Key: E = brown eye color (note that blue eye color is still represented by the letter e, but a lower case one...this is very important)

Name: Key: E = brown eye color (note that blue eye color is still represented by the letter e, but a lower case one...this is very important) MONOHYBRID CROSS v2 Name: Introduction A gamete is te egg or sperm cell tat is produced by meiosis. A gamete contains te aploid number of cromosomes (in a uman tis number is 23). In eac of tese cromosomes