All lecture of practical OSPE file
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1 All lecture of practical OSPE file Red: questions. Dark red: very important. Black: complete answers. Gray: notes extra. Editing File
2 You should know before the exam: The diagrams in these slides are going to be the same in the exam however, it may not be coloured. You have to mention the full name always and don t use shortcuts you could lose marks because of that. The Arrows in the diagrams are very important. So please study them well.
3 CELL STRUCTURE
4 Nucleus Q1- Identify the structure? Nucleus Q2- Location of: Heterochromatin (dark and inactive) Euchromatin (pale and active) Nuclear pore (openings in the nuclear envelope) Nuclear envelope (lining the nucleus) Nucleolus (the biggest dark region in the nucleus) Q3- What is the function of nucleolus? Formation of ribosomal RNA (rrna), which is responsible for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm Q4- What is the function of nucleus? It is the site of formation of the three types of RNA It is essential for the vitality and division of the cell It is the site of storage of genetic information Heterochromatin Nucleolus Euchromatin Nuclear pore Nuclear envelop
5 Cell membranes (trilaminar appearance) Q1- Identify the structure? Cell membrane Q2- What is the function of it? Selective barrier
6 Mitochondria Q1- Identify the structure? Mitochondria Q2- What are Characteristics of it? Rod-shaped It has 2 membranes Q3- What is the function of it? 1) Generation of ATP the are called the power house 2) The can form their own proteins and undergo self replication, because they have their own DNA
7 Golgi Apparatus Q1- Identify the structure? Golgi apparatus Q2- What is the function of it? 1. Sorting, modification & packaging of proteins 2. Secretory vesicles formation
8 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Q1- Identify the structure? Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Q2- What are Characteristics of it? Membranous tubules and vesicles, with no ribosomes of the surface Q3- What is the function of it? 1) Synthesis of lipids & cholesterol 2) Detoxification from drugs and toxins
9 Rough endoplasmic reticulum Q1- Identify the structure? Rough endoplasmic reticulum Q2- What are Characteristics of it? Membranous sheets of flattened tubules & vesicles with ribosomes on the surface Ribosomes (small black dots) Q3- What is the function of it? Synthesis of proteins by ribosomes on its outer surface
10 Centrioles Q1- Identify the structure? centrioles Q2- What are Characteristics of it? 2 cylinders which are perpendicular to each other *their wall is made of 9 triplets of microtubules (9x3 = 27) Non membranous organelle Q3- What is the function of it? Essential for cell division Formation of cilia and flagella
11 Cilia Q1- Identify the structure? cilia Q2- What are Characteristics of it? Hair like striations on the free surface of some cells *Shaft form of 9 doublets & 2 central singlets of microtubules (9x2 + 2 = 20) microtubules (9 doublets & 2 central singlets ) Q3- What is the function of it? Movement of particles or fluids in one direction
12 Microvilli Q1- Identify the structure? microvilli Q2- What are Characteristics of it? Cylindrical cytoplasmic projections of apical surface to increase surface area *they contain actin filament (microfilaments) Q3- What is the function of it? Increase surface area for more absorption
13 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
14 Simple squamous epithelium Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Simple squamous epithelium Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Endothelium of Aorta Alveoli of lungs Q3- What are Characteristics of it? One layer Flat cells Flat nuclei
15 Simple Cuboidal epithelium Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Simple cuboidal epithelium Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Thyroid gland (follicles) Q3- What are Characteristics of it? One layer cuboidal cells Round central nuclei
16 Simple Columnar epithelium Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells Goblet cells Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? GIT small intestine (with goblet cell) GIT - stomach and gall bladder (without goblet cell) Q3- What is the function of the pointed area? Secreting mucus Q4- What are Characteristics of it? One layer columnar cells basal oval nuclei Goblet cell
17 Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium ciliated with goblet cells Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium ciliated with goblet cells Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Trachea bronchi Q3- What are Characteristics of it? One layer columnar cells Nuclei appear at different levels All cells rest on basement membrane Some are tall, others are short that can't make to surface
18 Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Epidermis of skin Q3- What are Characteristics of it? multiple layers basal cells: columnar, basal oval nuclei Intermediate cells: polygonal, central rounded nuclei Surface cells: flat, flattened nuclei With layer of keratin on the surface
19 Stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Esophagus Q3- What are Characteristics of it? multiple layers basal cells: columnar, basal oval nuclei Intermediate cells: polygonal, central rounded nuclei Surface cells: flat, flattened nuclei Without a layer of keratin on the surface
20 Transitional epithelium Q1- Identify the type of epithelium? Transitional epithelium Q2- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Urinary bladder Q3- What are Characteristics of it? multiple layers basal cells: columnar Intermediate cells: polygonal Surface cells: large cuboidal with convex free surface maybe binucleated With layer of keratin on the surface
21 *Not important but might be in pathology questions Squamous metaplasia From pseudostratified columnar ciliates epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium In trachea Metaplasia: change from simple into stratified squamous
22 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
23 Dense collagenous regular connective tissue Q1- Identify the structure? Dense collagenous regular connective tissue Q2- What is the type of fibers? Collagen fiber (Collagen type I) Q3- What is the type of cells? Fibroblast cells Q4- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Tendons ligaments
24 Elastic connective tissue Q1- Identify the structure? Elastic connective tissue Q2- What is the type of cells? Fibroblast cells Elastic connective tissue adipose connective tissue Q3- mention the organs (distribution, site & example)? Aorta
25 Adipose connective tissue Q1- Identify the type of connective tissue? Adipose connective tissue Q2- What is the type of epithelium? Adipocyte
26 Reticular connective tissue Q1- Identify the type of connective tissue? Reticular connective tissue (Collagen type III) Q2- mention the organ? Lymph node spleen
27 Plasma cell Q1- Identify the type of the cell? Plasma cell (clock-face nucleus) Q2- What is the function of it? Secretion of Antibodies Q3- What is the type of cytoplasm? Basophilic cytoplasm Negative Golgi Appearance
28 Mast cell Q1- Identify the type of the cell? Mast cell Q2- What is the function of it? Secretion of Histamine Secretion of heparin Q3- What is the type of cytoplasm? Basophilic cytoplasm-coarse secretory granules
29 LYMPHOID TISSUE
30 Lymph node Q1- Identify the structure? Lymph node Q2- Show the structure of: Cortex (Has lymphatic nodules) Paracortex Medulla (rich in lymphatic sinuses) Lymphatic nodule (follicle) cortex capsule septa paracortex cortex Meddlla
31 Thymus Q1- Identify the structure? Thymus (incomplete septum) Q2- Show the structure of thymic lobule: Cortex Medulla (Hassall's corpuscles) Cortex (dark area) Medulla (pale area)
32 Palatine tonsil Q1- Identify the structure? Palatine tonsil (incomplete capsule) Q2- What is the type of epithelium? Stratified squamous epithelium Crypt Follicle Follicle
33 " لنكن يدا بيد لريى العامل اجنازاتنا وحتم لوا شقاء اليوم ألجل حمل الغد " Team leaders : Rawan Mohammad Alharbi Khalid Fayez Alshehri Twitter.com/Histology437 HistologyTeam437@gmail.com
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