BTSF. Better Training for Safer Food. Initiative. Introduction Talk - Update on the global situation - Geneviève LIBEAU

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Better Training for Safer Food Introduction Talk - Update on the global situation - Geneviève LIBEAU Initiative Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) This

The content of this presentation is the sole

1 Better Training for Safer Food Introduction Talk - Update on the global situation - Geneviève LIBEAU Initiative Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) This presentation is delivered under contract with the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency ( The content of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna and the State Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union will not be responsible under any circumstances for the contents of communication items prepared by the contractors. BTSF Sofia, Bulgaria 6 th -8 th June 2018

Training Workshop Peste des Petits Ruminants Title: Peste des petits ruminants introduction talk - Update on the global situation Name: Geneviève

2 Training Workshop Peste des Petits Ruminants Title: Peste des petits ruminants introduction talk - Update on the global situation Name: Geneviève LIBEAU CIRAD Astre Unit, Montpellier FRANCE FAO, OIE and EU reference laboratory genevieve.libeau@cirad.fr 6 th -8 th June 2018 Sofia, Bulgaria 2

Introduction PPR, an increasingly important viral disease of livestock Primarily infects small ruminants Maintained by enzootic transmission across large belts of countries in Africa, Middle East and

3 Introduction PPR, an increasingly important viral disease of livestock Primarily infects small ruminants Maintained by enzootic transmission across large belts of countries in Africa, Middle East and Asia One billion small ruminants are at risk annually Increasing spread to new areas in the last 20 years Sheep and goats Main hosts of the disease, are widely distributed Play a major role in rural economics Managed under many production systems Principal source of income and play a major role in the survival during drought and famines

Introduction PPR and its impacts A highly contagious disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by a Morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) First reported in 1942 in Cote d Ivoire PPR causes

4 Introduction PPR and its impacts A highly contagious disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by a Morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) First reported in 1942 in Cote d Ivoire PPR causes annual economic losses of up to more than USD 2 billion, but the costs extend beyond monetary considerations A PPR outbreak in a naïve population creates an emergency situation due to its rapid spread and high animal mortality rate

Introduction The PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES) Adopted during the FAO/OIE International Conference, Abidjan, April 2015 Specific Objectives: The

5 Introduction The PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES) Adopted during the FAO/OIE International Conference, Abidjan, April 2015 Specific Objectives: The eradication of PPR by 2030 Reinforcing Veterinary Services Improving animal health globally by reducing the impact of other major infectious diseases of small ruminants

6 Introduction Step-wise approach of GCES to eradication at national level The Stages correspond to a combination of decreasing levels of epidemiological risk and increasing levels of prevention and control

7 Introduction Technical issues that support a progressive PPR control and eradication strategy Strengths Effective long-term vaccines (1 serotype) Cheap to produce DIVA vaccines and diagnostic approaches soon available Multivalent vaccines (PPR, Pox, etc.) Diagnostic tools that are fit for purpose No carrier, no known reservoir Weaknesses Role of other species (dromedary, pig and wildlife) in the epidemiology of the disease; Vaccines / tools not adapted Increased SR population and mobility, difficulty to reach In poor countries, cold chain or storage infrastructure limited 7

8 Introduction Technical issues that support a progressive PPR control and eradication strategy Opportunities Growing technical and political support for progressive control and eradication Experience of rinderpest eradication Prevention and control of PPR in combination with other major SR diseases cost reduction 8

9 Introduction PPR in small ruminants Sheep and goats Febrile

direct contact to nearby healthy animals by secretions and/or

9 9 Introduction PPR in small ruminants Sheep and goats Febrile illness, mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges, erosion of the mucosa. Bronchopneumonia and severe dehydration due to the acute diarrhoea leading to death. The disease is highly contagious and easily transmitted by direct contact to nearby healthy animals by secretions and/or excretions of infected animals Symptoms are often confused with, and exacerbated by, secondary infections making PPR a difficult disease to characterise, and diagnose 9

10 Introduction PPR in small ruminants Sheep and goats Goats may be more severely affected than sheep by PPRV infection This aspect highlights the genetic variation in host susceptibility to disease

10 10 Introduction PPR in small ruminants Sheep and goats Goats may be more severely affected than sheep by PPRV infection This aspect highlights the genetic variation in host susceptibility to disease and identifies variations in disease severity (Hammouchi et al., 2012; Fakri et al., 2017) But some reports have highlighted cases of high mortality in sheep within small ruminants mixed flocks (Shaila et al., 1989; Yesilbag et al. 2005) 10

Introduction Ability of PPRV to cross species barrier

dehydration PPRV may cause disease in other species Cattle

infection in calf (differential diagnosis) Seroconversion

, 1997) Dromaderies (Roger et al., 2001, Khalafalla et al.

11 Introduction Ability of PPRV to cross species barrier Sheep and goats Death caused by bronchopneumonia or severe dehydration PPRV may cause disease in other species Cattle (Gargadennec et Lalanne,1942; Mornet 1956) Sub-clinical infection in calf (differential diagnosis) Seroconversion RP-like disease in buffaloes (Govindarajan et al., 1997) Dromaderies (Roger et al., 2001, Khalafalla et al., ) Respiratory syndrome, Cachexia & Death Pigs & Wild artiodactyls 11

12 Introduction Wild artiodactyls (Historical publication, Furley et al 1987). Bharal, in Tibet (Bao et al., 2011 & 2012), Ibex in Pakistan (Abubakar et al., 2011& 2012) Wild goats in Kurdistan (Hoffmann et al., 2012) and Iran (Marashi et al., 2017) 12 Saiga antelopes, Mongolia (mass die-off, Jan 2017)

Process of expansion The disease expands in Africa, recently introduced in Maghreb and in the European part of Turkey rest of Europe 1942-1970at 1970-1972 risk.

13 Process of expansion The disease expands in Africa, recently introduced in Maghreb and in the European part of Turkey rest of Europe at risk. Expands also 2000in Asia INDE SENEGAL BF SUDAN CI NIGERIA SOMALIA GABON CONGO REP. DEMOCRATIQUE du CONGO UGANDA KENYA Angola TANZANIE 13

undergoes profound changes: PPR emergences = incursions 14 of foreign

14 Process of expansion PPR distribution and expansion can be followed by identified genotypes IV I II III Since 2000: genotype distribution undergoes profound changes: PPR emergences = incursions 14 of foreign genotypes in the historically defined areas; inform on the related animals movements

15 15 Regional situation Outbreaks in Morocco (June August 2008) 2008 First Incursion in Morocco Vaccine used 15

16 16 Regional situation Epidemiologic situation in Morocco (July Nov 2008) Mass vaccination with the attenuated PPR vaccine 22 September 2008 Mean additional outbreaks and number of outbreaks 23 outbreaks /week 3 outbreaks / week 16

17 17 Regional situation Lessons learned from the PPR epidemic in Morocco PPR can be controlled in areas through mass vaccination campaigns implemented at the national level, providing that adequate means for vaccine delivery are available and correctly implemented. However vigilance is needed when the country is surrounded by endemic areas from which illegal cross-border movements of livestock is continuous Preparedness relying on active surveillance measures 17

18 Regional situation PPR is endemic in Turkey and became a compulsory notifiable disease in 1997 Officially declared in 1999 to OIE But first detection in 1992 (south-east

Initial occurrence coincided with eradication of rinderpest (declared free 2003) Alçigir et al., (1996), Tatar (1998), Tatar et al, (2002) Guler et al.

18 18 Regional situation PPR is endemic in Turkey and became a compulsory notifiable disease in 1997 Officially declared in 1999 to OIE But first detection in 1992 (south-east Anatolia) and confirmed by serology Mid nineties, the virus was isolated and identified phylogenetically as PPRV belonging to Lineage IV. Initial occurrence coincided with eradication of rinderpest (declared free 2003) Alçigir et al., (1996), Tatar (1998), Tatar et al, (2002) Guler et al., 2014, Data source Tatar et al., In brackets the number of provinces in each region Prevalence study conducted between on nearly animals reported to be 29% in sheep and 24% in goats (Tatar et al, 2002). 18

19 J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L 78 94 36 24 63 218 59 19 43

19 19 J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L J A N J U L Regional situation Locations of PPR outbreaks PPR reached Western Anatolia (Marmara region) in early 2000s. First case of PPR in the European Turkey: Turkish Thrace, Edirne province (on the border with Greece) , Kırklareli province (on the border with Bulgaria) Since then, the number of outbreaks varied In the whole territory as recorded in the OIE WAHIS portal Monthly Cumulative Still outbreaks recorded in Thrace region that pose big threats to Europe

20 Regional situation PPR Vaccination in Turkey 1999-2000 Rinderpest vaccine initially used to control the disease Homologous PPRV Nigeria 75-1 attenuated strain for perifocal vaccination from 1999,

20 20 Regional situation PPR Vaccination in Turkey Rinderpest vaccine initially used to control the disease Homologous PPRV Nigeria 75-1 attenuated strain for perifocal vaccination from 1999, Avoid dependence towards other producers CVI, Etlik Institute, Ankara decided to produce its own vaccine through a technology transfer made by CIRAD from 2001,. In the following year PPR control was included in the scope of diseases control activities 20

21 21 Regional situation PPR Vaccination in Turkey EU-supported project between 2010 and 2012 throughout the country (3 year program) Principle: Ear-Tagging and Vaccination of sheep and goats Project (30 million heads). Two rounds established per year (Spring and Fall) with Nig 75-1 produced locally Vaccination coverage of young animals : - 65% in 2010 ( animals), - 76% in 2011, and - 68,5% in Next aims: according to regions: eradication in Thrace and decrease incidence in Anatolia Year Number of vaccinated Age animals adults young young young young young young young 2017 first semester young 21

22 Regional situation PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe First notification January 2016, Tbilisi, Georgia Three outbreaks reported on sheep, 600 lambs out of 2200 Unknown disease

22 22 Regional situation PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe First notification January 2016, Tbilisi, Georgia Three outbreaks reported on sheep, 600 lambs out of 2200 Unknown disease accrued in lambs which clinical signs started in December Flock moved from Samtskhe-Javakheti region Immediate implementation of a large vaccination campaign on nearly a million sheep and goats (in 4 weeks). PPR is present in other countries close to Turkey, but Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia have never reported it (OIE WAHID, 2016).. 22

23 Regional situation PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe Immediate

local laboratory BTV+ shipped to Pirbright, PPR+, BTV- Control measures surveillance,

. Quick support from FAO-CMC-AH (within the week of request) outbreak investigation,

23 23 Regional situation PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe Immediate response Outbreak investigation, sample collection suspicion for FMD, GP, Orf, BT, PPR local laboratory BTV+ shipped to Pirbright, PPR+, BTV- Control measures surveillance, restricted movements communication etc.. Quick support from FAO-CMC-AH (within the week of request) outbreak investigation, market inspection farmers interview, laboratory training Prevaccination /postvaccination serosurvey Vaccination doses purchased (Russia) 23

24 Regional situation Situation for other diseases Outbreaks of LSDV in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Former Republic of Macedonia (between August 2015 and May 2016). http://www.plateforme-esa.

24 24 Regional situation Situation for other diseases Outbreaks of LSDV in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Former Republic of Macedonia (between August 2015 and May 2016). - Modality of transmission of disease is important to consider - PPR is a direct transmitted disease - Comparable to sheep and goat pox, CaPox and FMD non vectorborn diseases both present in Turkey but with no impact in Greece - Oppositely to LSD, vector borne (Since January 2016 the dispersion speed of the virus in the Balkans is about 75 km per week) 24

25 Regional situation PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease First occurrence, in July 2007, in the Ngari

goats and bharals, the Himalayan blue sheep, found in the Tibetan Plateau Immediate control by stampingout and

animal movements Geographical distribution of PPR-infected countries and number of cases in different provinces,

25 25 Regional situation PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease First occurrence, in July 2007, in the Ngari region of western Tibet More likely existed for several years without being recognized in Tibet Cases of PPR, in sheep, goats and bharals, the Himalayan blue sheep, found in the Tibetan Plateau Immediate control by stampingout and implementation of a surveillance strategy in the whole country Reoccurrence detected end 2013, 32 P/A/Ms affected due to animal movements Geographical distribution of PPR-infected countries and number of cases in different provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities (P/A/Ms) of China in 2007 and during Liu et al.,transbound Emerg Dis Jun;65(3):

26 26 Regional situation PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease 26 Ma et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 147 (2017)

27 27 PPR in Mongolia Robinson Shatar et al., Arch of Virol. Map of Mongolia and neighboring countries. High similarity ( %) with PPR viruses currently circulating in China ( ) indicating a common origin. 27

28 28 Global situation PPR global situation Out of the global 208 countries and territories to be accredited by the OIE 54 are accredited OIE PPR free status never reported PPR and could move toward free status report presence of PPR 13 are with unknown status countries for major programme focus 28

29 29 Global situation 29

Team involved 30 Arnaud Bataille PPR expertise,

Almeida sirna methodology, animal challenges Emmanuel Albina

vaccine development Olivier Kwiatek PPR expertise, Lab

30 Team involved 30 Arnaud Bataille PPR expertise, evolutionist, reverse genetics methodology Renata Servan de Almeida sirna methodology, animal challenges Emmanuel Albina Virology expertise Geneviève Libeau PPR expertise, ELISA and vaccine development Olivier Kwiatek PPR expertise, Lab techniques Tetiana Kwan Tat Intellectual Property CIRAD (ASTRE, UMR117) Thank you

31 This presentation is delivered under contract with the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency ( The content of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna and the State Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union will not be responsible under any circumstances for the contents of communication items prepared by the contractors. Thank you! OPERA Viale Parioli 96, Roma - Italy Tel / Fax info@opera-italy.it; Better Training for Safer Food BTSF European Commission Consumers, Health and Food Executive Agency DRB A3/042 L-2920 Luxembourg

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