Chapter 18 Bacteria and Viruses

Transcription

1 End of SEMESTER EXAMINATION FIRST SEMESTER REVISION BOOKLET Grade: 10 Subject: Biology AY Teacher: Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan Ali Chapter 18 Bacteria and Viruses Part A: Multiple Choice circle the appropriate option. 1. Which is the meaning of prokaryote? A. multicellular B. unicellular C. with a nucleus D. without a nucleus 2. Which is the function of a flagellum? A. food production B. movement C. protein synthesis D. reproduction 3. Which describes most types of viruses? A. a small, solid ball of infectious protein B. genetic material wrapped in a protein coat C. primitive type of bacteria cell D. the smallest type of living cell 4. Which contrasts eubacteria and archaebacteria? A. archaebacteria live in more extreme habitats B. Eubacteria contain more complex DNA C. Eubacteria have thinner walls. D. Only archaebacteria have RNA strands 1

2 5. Which is an advantage of a prokaryote's small size? A. able to diffuse nutrients throughout the cell B. able to function with small cell mitochondria s C. adapted for a smaller surface-to-volume ratio D. are not easily located and hunted by predators 6. Which is an important function of normal flora? A. aid with bone marrow production B. crowd out pathogenic bacteria C. destroy digestive tract pathogens D. manufacture iron in the bloodstream 7. Which is the smallest? A. archaebacterium B. cold virus C. eubacterium D. skin cell 8. Which describes HIV that causes AIDS? A. contain highly porous plasma membranes B. has RNA instead of DNA C. made of cells without nuclei D. use their DNA to replicate host DNA 9. Which is the result of conjugation? A. endospore creation B. genetic diversity C. nucleoid break down D. rapid cell reproduction 10. Without an endospore, a Clostridium tetani bacterium would not be able to. A. complete binary fission. B. maintain genetic diversity. C. repair plasma membrane. D. survive extreme coldness. 11. Escherichia coli bacteria living in the human intestines manufacture. A. fat. B. protein. C. vitamin D. D. vitamin K. 2

3 12. Which is a disease caused by bacteria? A. cold B. measles C. pneumonia D. rabies 13. Which is a stage of a host-cell infection by a virus? A. adaptation of viral receptors to infect most organism cells B. replication of viral DNA using host mitochondria DNA C. viral genetic material injected into the host cell's cytoplasm D. virus attaches to host cell membrane using a capsule 14. Which describes a retrovirus? A. enzyme-coated virus B. protein-coated virus C. virus with DNA D. virus with RNA 15. Which is an infectious disease? A. asthma B. cancer C. diabetes D. flu 16. Which pathogen causes Lyme disease? A. bacteria B. fungus C. protozoan D. virus 17. Which is an example of a pandemic? A. several hundred people in a town infected with the same flu B. ten percent of people in Saharan African countries with HIV C. troop of boy scouts contracting Giardia from infected water D. twelve million American citizens with some form of cancer 18. Which pathogen causes malaria? A. mosquito B. sporozoan C. tick D. virus 3

4 19. What is the vector for Lyme disease? A. bacterium B. mosquito C. tick D. virus 20. A disease reservoir is a. A. host for a disease pathogen. B. host of the vector of a disease. C. source of a pathogen in the environment. D. source of a vector in the environment. 21. Which is an example of an endemic disease? A. common cold infecting most Americans each winter B. several hundred people in a small town infected with the same flu C. ten percent of people in Saharan African countries with HIV D. troop of boy scouts contracting Giardia from infected water 22. Complete the table below by drawing each type of prokaryote. Cocci Bacilli Spirochetes 23. In your textbook, read about the ecology of bacteria. Use each of the terms below only once to complete the passage. antibiotics bacteria decomposers disease nitrogen nitrogen fixation Parasites symbiotically vitamin K yogurt A. Most are beneficial. Some bacteria are that return vital nutrients to the environment. B. Certain types of bacteria use gas directly and convert this gas into compounds that plants can use. This process is called C. Some bacteria called live in and on the human body. D. Escherichia coli live in the gut of humans and produce, which humans need for blood clotting. 4

5 E. Many food products, such as cheese and are made with the aid of bacteria. Other bacteria make F. A small percentage of bacteria can cause Short Questions: 1. State one way in which bacteria and archaea are different and one way in which they are the same. 2. State one way in which thermoacidophiles and halophiles are different and one way in which they are the same. 3. In your textbook, read about prokaryote structure. Label the diagram of the bacterial cell. Use these choices: capsule cell wall chromosome flagella pili plasma membrane 4. Matching 5

6 Matching Write the letter of the correct category on the line next to the bacterial disease. Answers may be used only once. 1. acne 2. strep throat 3. syphilis A. respiratory disease B. sexually transmitted disease C. skin disease 5. Interpreting Drawings Use Figure 1 to respond to each statement. i. Identify the type of cell represented by Figure 1. ii. Identify the cell parts labeled A and B. A. B. 6. i Identify the given virus ii. Label the different parts of given virus. 6

7 iii. Write the role of this virus in our community 7. I. Name the virus ii. Why this virus is important for tobacco industries? 8. How viruses are different from the normal cells? 7

8 9. From the given picture, try to explore the names of different parts and their functions in each type. Sr. Name of parts Functions Tick for prokaryote and cross for eukaryotes 1 Nucleus 2 Pili 3 Flagella 4 Cytoplasm 5 Plasma membrane 6 Chromosomes 8

9 10. Add numbers to show the correct order of the lytic cycle: 11. Mention what is happening in each phase: Explain how lytic cycle is different from lysogenic cycle. 13. Give examples of viruses as obligate parasites. 9

10 14. Name three types of viruses with their functions. 15. Differentiate between infectious and non-infectious diseases. Infectious Non-Infectious 16. Define Prions. 17. Why are Viruses considered as a borderline between living and non-living things? 10

11 18. Name at least five viral diseases along with their symptoms and cures. Name of disease Symptoms Causes/virus cure Describe the viral diseases that we get vaccinated for during our childhood. 20. Differentiate between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. 11

12 Chapter 36: Human reproduction and development 1. Describe the sequence in order through which the sperm leaves its body for fertilization. 2. Identify the male hormones and their role in development of male reproductive system. 3. Elaborate the significance of ph maintenance in the region of ovaries, vagina and fallopian tubes. 12

13 4. Differentiate between spermatogensis and oogenesis. 5. Evaluate the names of parts A,B,C and D from the given picture and write their function in the table below. Name Function A. B. C. D. 6. Identify the female hormones and their role in development of female reproductive system. 13

14 ANSWER KEY MCQ s. 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. A 22. Circle, rod and spiral shapes 23. A. Bacteria & decomposers B. nitrogen & nitrogen fixation C. parasites D. Symbiotically & Vitamin K E. Yoghurt & Antibiotics F. Diseases. Short Questions 1. Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, meaning they do not have a nucleus and lack membrane-bound organelles. Both bacteria and archaea have different Ribosomal RNAs (rrna). Archea have three RNA polymerases like eukaryotes, but bacteria have only one. 2. Archaebacteria is usually found in extreme environments and eubacteria is not found in environments. Also, eubacteria cell walls contain peptidoyclan. They are both prokaryotic cells flagella 4. pili 5. Plasma membrane 6. chromosome 7. Cell wall 8. Capsule C 2. A 3. B 5. i. Prokaryotic Cell ii. A Flagella B. Capsule/Cell wall 6. i. Bacteriophage ii. Head, Collar and tail iii. A bacteriophage is a virus that is capable of destroying bacteria by using its genetic material. Bacteriophages have great potential to be used in the field of biotechnology. they are also playing their role as bacteria eaters. 7. i. tobacco mosaic virus ii. Tobacco mosaic virus causes destruction of tobacco plants, that has commercial value for the tobacco industries. 8. unlike other cells viruses do not have common organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies etc. they only have a portion which most of the times is infectious

15 Sr. Name of parts Functions Tick for prokaryote and cross for eukaryotes 1 Nucleus To control the cell and organelles 2 Pili Helps the bacteria to adhere to other substances 3 Flagella Helps the organisms in mobility 4 Cytoplasm Gel like substance, all chemical reactions take place in it. 5 Plasma membrane Helps in transport of material into and out of the cell 6 Chromosomes Found in prokaryotic cells and control the cells activity X X X 10. Add numbers to show the correct order of the lytic cycle:

16 11. Mention what is happening in each phase: 1. Attachment and penetration of viral DNA 2. Combining the viral DNA to bacterial DNA 3. Replication 4. Production of viral copies unassembled 5. Assembly of viral copies 6. Release of phage by bursting of bacterial cell 12. During lytic cycle the viral copies are directly formed and produced after their assembly, while in lysogenic cycle there is a dormancy period which later turns into lytic cycle. Lysogenic cycle is slow but produces more copies of viruses in more time. 13. Viruses are obligate parasites as they cannot replicate outside of the host body. 14. influenza virus, causes flu. HIV, Causes AIDS and Pox virus Causes small pox. 15. Infectious Non-Infectious Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. A disease that is not contagious is called a noninfectious disease. These diseases are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are likely to have causes such as lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, or gene mutations. Common types of noninfectious diseases include cancer, diabetes, and immune system diseases. 16. prions are infectious particle or an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid. 16

17 17. Viruses are considered on the borderline of living and non-living because only when they are inside a living cell, they fulfil the criteria of being regarded as living entities. Outside, they act as non-living entities. 18. Students can evaluate their own examples of viral disease and one box is filled for ideal answers. Name of disease Symptoms Causes/virus Treatment / Cure 1. Measles Fever. Dry cough. Runny nose. Sore throat. Inflamed eyes Rubeola Virus Vaccination 2. Chicken Fever, loss of appetite, Varicella zoster Vaccination Pox/Shingles headache and tiredness virus 3. Small pox Flu like fatigue, high fever, skin rash, can cause blindness Variola virus Vaccination 4. AIDS Weak immune system HIV Not yet discovered 5. flu/cold Fever, cough, runny or stuffy nose, headaches, muscle/body fatigue Influenza virus Influenza vaccine 19. Polio, small pox, chicken pox, hepatitis, H influenza, pneumonia etc. 20. This is due to the difference in the structure of their bacterial cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer cell membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is high in peptidoglycan which is responsible for retaining the crystal violet dye. Chapter Sperm develop in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules. The sperm then move to the vas deferens, or sperm duct from there it is sent out through urethral opening. 2. the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the male system for the first time. FSH enters the testes, stimulating the Sertoli cells, 17

18 which help to nourish the sperm cells that the testes produce, to begin facilitating spermatogenesis. 3. The vagina is naturally acidic during much of a woman s monthly cycle which is helpful for killing harmful bacteria and preventing infection. Acidic environments, however, cause big problems for sperm. Sperm needs an alkaline environment to be able to survive more than a couple of hours and swim to fertilize the egg. The woman s body generally takes care of adjusting the ph to a sperm-friendly level (ph 7) by releasing fertile cervical mucus (which has this same exact ph of 7) during ovulation. 4. Diploid germ cell produces haploid gametes. The main difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that spermatogenesis is the production process of sperms from male germ cells and spermatogonia in males whereas oogenesis is the production of eggs from female germ cells oogonia in females. 5. Name Function A. Testes To produce sperms B. Sperm duct To transport sperms C. Gall Bladder To store urine temporarily D. urethra / Penis To help in urination and ejaculation. 6. Estrogen: A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, the adrenal gland, and (in small quantities) by body fat. Estrogen helps to retain calcium in bones. Progesterone: A female sex hormone produced in largest amounts during and after ovulation that prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Testosterone: The principal male sex hormone, testosterone is also produced in smaller amounts in women's bodies mostly by the ovaries and adrenal glands. It plays an important role in the health and well-being. 18