Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report. November 2017

Transcription

1 NOVEMBER 2017

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report November 2017 Guest Editor: Dr. Graeme Garner EuFMD Risk Management Support Officer: Improved FMD contingency planning by Members and at European level # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 4 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 7 A. POOL 1 Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia... 7 B. POOL 2 South Asia... 9 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s comments: It is a pleasure to be invited to write a few words introducing this month s Global Monthly report updating the FMD situation. Up until recently, I worked for the Australian Department of Agriculture and Water Resources where much of my work involved FMD preparedness and planning to ensure that Australia was well-placed to understand threats and deal with an outbreak should an incursion occur. This preparedness includes supporting regional FMD programs, particularly in southeast Asia; and ensuring that we have good contingency plans, decisionsupport tools and a well-trained veterinary infrastructure (including real-time training courses for Australian veterinarians in Nepal through EuFMD). An essential component of this preparedness is having a good understanding of the changing global patterns of FMD virus circulation. This information comes from the OIE, FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD and other sources. Reports such as Global Monthly FMD Situation Report play a key role in in dissemination information on FMD activity and changes in regional virus profiles. FMD viral movements as seen in previous reports continues to be a feature of the evolution of FMD. In this month s report serotypes O, A and Asia 1 continue to be responsible for outbreaks in Pool 1. WRLFMD continues to monitor the spread of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage, which has spread out of Pool 2 to cause outbreaks in east and southeast Asia as well as the Middle East and North Africa (Pool 3). In Pool 2, the O/ME- SA/Ind-200d lineage dominates, with serotypes A and Asia 1 also present. Serotypes O, A and Asia 1 remain active in Pool 3. The re-emergence of Asia 1 raises a number of questions, including how widespread is it? And how big a threat is it to other countries in the pool? The spread of A/Asia/G-VII is also a concern additional information on its distribution would be useful. Recent reports that high potency vaccines based on A-May-97 provides good protection (as reported at the recent GFRA meeting in South Korea) are reassuring. While there is limited data available for pool 4, serotypes O, A and SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 are believed to be endemic. At this time, we have little information on the strains present or on the degree of matching with vaccines currently used in this region. The picture is similar in Pool 5 (west/central Africa). Once again there is limited data available but serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 are considered endemic. More samples from the field would help clarify the situation EuFMD is looking at some new initiatives to address this issue in In Pool 6, FMD outbreaks involving SAT viruses have been reported in 2017 in Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The number of reports appears to be higher than in previous years and several of the reports suggest that illegal cattle movements, and contact with wildlife are contributory factors. It is reassuring that no new FMD outbreaks were reported from Pool 7 (South America) this month, with the last detection being in Colombia in July 2017 Better understanding of livestock movements and the drivers that influence these movements is critical information for understanding regional patterns of FMD, and how these may evolve over time. To address this issue, EuFMD is supporting activities collecting meat and livestock price data from selected regional centres and is funding research on livestock mobility and risk mapping studies in north Africa in This work will evaluate approaches ad method to collect and report information that should assist risk analyses and disease managers both, locally to understand risk pathways for FMD virus incursions, and more generally to support FMD preparedness. Finally, following a survey of readers and discussions within EuFMD I can report that there will be changes to layouts and formatting of the Global FMD Monthly Report that we anticipate should improve presentation of the information to readers. Graeme Garner 3

5 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period (source EuFMD) POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China, China (Hong Kong, SAR), Taiwan Province of China, Democratic People s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Laos People s Democratic Republic, O and A Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Mauritius, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan O, A and Asia 1 EASTERN AFRICA 4 Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, O, A, SAT 1, SAT Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, 2 and SAT 3 Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo, Côte d'ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Paraguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 O and A Egypt, Libya and Democratic Republic of Congo (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 MAP 1: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in (source EUFMD) 4

6 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA China 1 A FMD outbreak due to serotype O was observed on October 26 th 2017 affecting pigs of a village of Guangdong. South East Asia 2 Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam are the countries in the area that are reported as having ongoing FMD outbreaks. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 3 - The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD) detected FMDV serotype O in the samples tested during November Nepal 4 The National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal reported the detection of serotype O for the samples examined during the reporting month. Sri Lanka 5 O/ME-SA/Ind2001d was the virus detected among the twenty cattle samples collected from December 2014 to September POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan 6 For the reporting month, the Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory (CVDRL), of Kabul Afghanistan examined 78 samples of which 22 resulted positive for FMD serotypes A and O. Pakistan 5, 7 FMD outbreaks reported during November 2017 in the country were due to FMDV serotypes Asia 1 and O. The genotypes detected in the set of 45 bovine and buffalo samples collected in the country between January 2016 and September 2017 were A/ASIA 1/Iran-05, Aisa1/ASIA/Sindh-08 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia -2. In the vaccine matching strain differentiating (VMSD) tests, the vaccine strains used matched with at least one of the two field isolates that were chosen per serotype of the ones detected above. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Kenya 8 The FMD National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya reported during November 2017 the detection of FMDV serotypes A, O and SAT 2. Uganda 5 FMD serotype O was detected in a sample collected in the country in POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Ghana 5 FMD serotype O was detected in a sample collected in the country in POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Botswana 5 - FMD serotype SAT 2 was detected in a sample collected in the country in Malawi 5 FMD serotype SAT 1 was detected in a sample collected in the country in Mozambique 1 A FMD outbreak due serotype SAT 2 occurred on October 13 th 2017, affecting cattle of the village of Maputo. 5

7 Zambia 5 FMD serotype SAT 3 was detected in a sample collected in the country in Zimbabwe 5 FMD serotype SAT 2 was detected in a sample collected in the country in , 14, 15 POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA No FMD outbreaks were notified for this pool during the reporting month. FMD in Latin America was last detected in Colombia in July 2017 with outbreaks due to FMDV serotype O, while historical outbreaks occurred in Venezuela in 2013 due to serotype A for which PANAFTOSA reported also the sequence data. COUNTER *** 159 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 6

8 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA China 1 FMD serotype O was responsible for the outbreak reported on October 26 th 2017 affecting pigs of a village of Guangdong. The Lanzhou National Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease (OIE Reference Laboratory) diagnosed the outbreak on October 31 st 2017 testing pig samples by using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). A summary of the animals involved and the location of the outbreak are respectively reported in Table 2and Map 2. Source of outbreak is unknown while the containment measures applied are movement control inside the country, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, quarantine, official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste, stamping out, disinfection and vaccination if available. No treatment is administered to the affected animals. Table 2: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred on October 26 th 2017 at Guangdong, China. (Source WAHIS) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Swine % 0.00% 0.00% % *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 2: location of the FMD outbreak that occurred on October 26 th 2017 at Guangdong, China. (Source WAHIS) Southeast Asia 2 No reports of FMD outbreaks were notified during November 2017, in the countries reported in Table 3, which are the ones, reported to having ongoing events of the disease. The episodes that are continuing from the previous months add to a total of 210 and the FMDV serotypes notified as currently circulating are A, Asia 1 and O. 7

9 Table 3: FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during November 2017, in countries of the Southeast Asia Region are listed below. Table 4: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1 between For geographic distribution of circulating FMDVs between see Map 3 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Cambodia China FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester 2016) PENDING/ O, A/2016, NOT SAMPLED, (ASIA /2016) Data up to 1 st semester & 2015/A, /O, /NOT TYPED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Dec 2016/ A & O Oct 2017/O, May 2017/A Comment China, Hong Kong, SAR O Sep 2017/O Follow-up needed O/2016 Democratic People's /DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, Republic of Korea 2014 & 2015/ NO DATA July 2014/O Follow-up needed REPORTED Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Country Data up to 1 st semester 2015) A, O/ /DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS A/2016, /O, 2013 & 2015/NOT TYPED Disease Absent /2016**, 2014 & 2015/O, 2013/A & NOT TYPED /O, 2015/A & NOT TYPED Number of ongoing outbreaks Cambodia 140 Myanmar 3 Malaysia 48 Thailand 175 Viet Nam 22 Total 388 Jan 2017/O Mar 2015/A, August 2016/A & O Sep 2017/O, Sept 2016/A, April 2017/Asia 1 & O, July 2016/ not typed, Oct 2015/A Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Republic of Korea Data up to 1 st semester /O, /DISEASE ABSENT Feb 2017/O & A Follow-up needed Russian Federation **/A, Oct 2017/O, Oct 2016/Asia 2012, 2014 & 2015/O 1, Jan 2016/ A Taiwan Province of 2016/NO DISEASE PRESENT Jun 2015/A Follow-up needed 8

10 China Thailand Viet Nam A/2015, /O O, A NOT SAMPLED & NOT TYPED O, NOT SAMPLED, NOT TYPED /A Feb 2017 /A, Jan 2017/O June July 2016/not typed November 2016/A, Oct 2016/O and not typed Map 3: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype in South East Asia red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes and white script refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (Source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per , 14 : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME- SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d (new detection in Myanmar and Thailand during 2016) Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05 SIS10 sublineage Serotype Asia-1 reappearance of this serotype in 2016 in Russia where the virus was closely related to a vaccine strain Shamir previous detection in the region was in 2006 in Vietnam and in China (People's Rep. of) Pool 1 Pool 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sea-97 O/SEA/MYA-98 O/SEA/MYA-98 O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/CATHAY/unnamed O/CATHAY/unnamed O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d B. POOL 2 South Asia India 3 The ICAR-PDFMD, Mukteswar, India, detected FMDV serotype O among the ten cattle tested during November 2017 using FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection methods. In the last PD-FMD annual report of , all FMD outbreaks recorded were exclusively due to this serotype. The laboratory submitted six field isolates belonging to serotype O for genotyping and four isolates of the same serotype for vaccine matching tests. The laboratory also conducted the analyses of 190 sera collected in the course of epidemiological studies for the detection of FMD antibodies. The FMD diagnostics kits employed are those developed at ICAR-PDFMD. The laboratory is involved in the field investigations of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. The institution has ongoing research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 4 The National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal reported the detection of serotype O for the samples examined during the reporting month. Further information on the species and location relative to the samples tested is not available. Field isolates last detected in the country for this serotype that were collected during the first four months of 2017 were genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind2001d. The laboratory is involved in the field investigations of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. 9

11 Sri Lanka 5 FMD serotype O was detected in eleven of the twenty cattle samples collected between 2014 and 2017 and examined by the WRLFMD. All the viruses were genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind2001d. A summary of the genotyping results are reported in Table 5 and location of outbreaks is represented in Map 4. Table 5: summary of the genotyping results of the batch of samples collected from cattle in Sri Lanka, between 2015 and July (Source WRLFMD) Sample Identification Location origin of sample Date of collection Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging to the country - Seq id % SRL/1/2015 Koolankulam, Vavuniya, Northern Province 15/12/2015 IND699/2013 (98.4%) SRL/4/2016 Uhana, Ampara, Eastern Province 02/06/2016 SRL/5/2016 Bandaraduwa, Ampara, Eastern Province 02/06/2016 SRL/6/2016 Bandaraduwa, Ampara, Eastern Province 02/06/2016 / SRL/7/2016 Seruwila, Trincomalee, Eastern Province 14/06/2016 SRL/9/2016 Aranthalawa, Ampara, Eastern Province 15/06/2016 IND699/2013 (98.6%) SRL/10/2016 Tempane, Ampara, Eastern Province 15/06/2016 IND699/2013 (98.6%) SRL/11/2016 Aranthalawa, Ampara, Eastern Province 16/06/2016 SRL/12/2016 Mahaoya, Ampara, Eastern Province 16/06/2016 / SRL/15/2016 Badalgama, Gampaha, 26/12/2016 SRL/3/2017 Batticaloa, Eastern Province 08/09/2017 Host species indian elephant indian elephant indian elephant Map 4: location of FMDV positive samples collected from cattle in Sri Lanka, between 2015 and July (Source WRLFMD and Google Fusion Maps) 10

12 Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2 between For geographic distribution of circulating FMDVs between , see Map 5 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan India FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester) NO DATA AVAILABLE/2016, DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA /O, NOT TYPED or NOT REPORTED 2013 & 2014/NOT SAMPLED NO DATA AVAILABLE/2016, O, A, NOT SAMPLED /Asia /NOT TYPED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Dec 2016/A, ASIA 1 and O Sep 2017/untyped, July 2017/O, April 2017/A Nov 2017/O, Apr 2015/A Asia 1 Comment Follow-up needed Follow-up needed Mauritius DISEASE ABSENT Sep 2016/0 Follow-up needed Nepal O, /Asia 1 Nov 2017/O, April 2017/A Sri Lanka /NO DATA REPORTED, /O Sep 2017/O Map 5: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype in South Asia - red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes. (Source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per , 14 : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ), outbreaks of this serotype detected in Mauritius during 2016 (not reported in Map) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters) not reported in map C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Pool 2 A/ASIA/G-VII O/ME-SA/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d Afghanistan 6 For the reporting month, the CVDRL of Kabul Afghanistan examined using, antigen detection Elisa kits, produced by the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy ((IZSLER) OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory), 78 samples of which 22 resulted positive for FMD serotypes A and O. Distribution of the serotypes detected in the samples is represented in Graph 1. The laboratory has forwarded a batch of 40 samples to the WRLFMD for sequencing and vaccine matching. The laboratory personnel were involved in providing expert advice to Government services and national/local authorities and in collaborations with international organizations. 11

13 Graph 1: relative distribution of the FMDV serotypes among the samples collected in the different provinces of Afghanistan during November (Source CVDRL, Afghanistan) 90 Serotyping results of FMDV suspect samples examined by CVDRL N of samples Total N of samples FMDV type A FMDV type Asia 1 FMDV type O FMDV untyped FMD negative serotypes detected Pakistan 5, 7 The FMD control project is currently operated only Punjab and information relative to other areas of the country are provided on voluntarily basis. FMD outbreaks during November 2017 were reported in two provinces of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab caused by serotypes Asia 1 and O. The distribution of FMD serotypes relative to the outbreaks and location of these are reported in Table 7 and Map 6. For the same month, emergency ring vaccination was also carried out in different areas of the country as reported in Tables 8 and 9. The genotypes detected in the set of 45 bovine and buffalo samples collected in the country between January 2016 and September 2017 were A/ASIA 1/Iran-05, Aisa1/ASIA/Sindh-08 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2. A summary of the genotyping results is reported in Table 10 and location of where the samples were collected in Map 7. Two field isolates of each serotype were tested in the VMSD and a summary of the results is as follows: Vaccine strains, A IRN/2005, A/TUR/20/2006, A22 IRQ/24/64 obtained good matching results with field isolates, A/PAK/2 and 12/2017, genotyped as A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 SIS-13 ; Vaccine strain Asia 1 Shamir obtained good matching results with ASIA 1/PAK/17/2017 but not with ASIA 1/PAK/6/2017, both genotyped as Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08: Vaccine strains , O Manisa and O TUR 5/09 obtained good matching results with field isolate O/PAK/14/2017 but not with O/PAK/4/2017, both genotyped as O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 Ant

14 Table 7: summary of the FMD outbreaks reported in Pakistan during November (Source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Province Azad Jammu and Kashmir Punjab Total District Map 6: location of the FMD outbreaks reported in Pakistan during November (Source Google Fusion Maps, Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Number Outbreaks Number of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus Serotype(s) O Asia-1 Un-Typed Mirpur Chakwal Sargodha Layyah Rawalpindi TT Singh Table 8: summary of the preventive vaccination activities conducted in the various districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan during November (Source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Tehsil No. of Households Animals Vaccinated (Primary Dose) Animals Vaccinated (Booster Dose) Cattles Buffaloes Total Cattles Buffaloes Total Pakpattan 10, ,556 43,176 92,732 Sahiwal 4, ,907 16,184 26,181 Sheikhupu ra 5,212 7,657 13,094 20,751 6,466 8,550 56,518 Okara 15, ,974 57, ,159 Vehari 6, ,726 20,845 77,571 Totals 42,063 7,782 13,514 21, , , ,161 13

15 Table 9: summary of the emergency vaccination activities conducted in some provinces of Pakistan during November (Source Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) Province Ring Vaccination (Doses) Punjab 400 Islamabad Capital Territory 50 Mirpur 300 Table 10: summary of the genotyping results of the samples collected from cattle and water buffalo in Pakistan, between January 2016 and September 2017 (Source WRLFMD). Sample Identification Species Location origin of sample Date of collection Genotype Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging to the country - Seq id % PAK/3/2016 cattle Islamabad Capital Territory 12/01/2016 IRN/2/2017 (98.9) PAK/8/2016* Gharo, Thatta, Sindh 06/05/2016 IRN/28/2013 (97.8) water buffalo PAK/13/2016* 11/08/2016 A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 SIS-13 IRN/28/2013 (97.8) Karachi, Sindh PAK/16/ /09/2016 IRN/28/2013 (97.6) cattle PAK/22/2016* Kasur, Punjab 11/11/2016 IRN/28/2013 (97.9) PAK/25/2016 water buffalo Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 12/12/2016 A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 FAR-11 / PAK/2/2017 Faisalabad, Punjab 19/01/2017 A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 SIS-13 IRN/2/2017 (97.2) cattle PAK/3/2017* cattle Karachi, Sindh 01/02/2017 A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 FAR-11 PAK/12/2017 Islamabad Capital Territory 03/03/2017 A/ASIA 1/Iran-05 SIS-13 IRN/2/2017 (98.9) cattle PAK/1/2016 cattle Layyah, Punjab 10/01/2016 PAK/5/2016 Jhang, Punjab 12/02/2016 / water buffalo PAK/8/2016* Gharo, Thatta, Sindh 06/05/2016 PAK/9/2016 cattle Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 08/05/2016 AFG/10/2016 (98.7) PAK/13/2016* 11/08/2016 AFG/10/2016 (99.5) cattle water buffalo Karachi, Sindh PAK/14/ /09/2016 AFG/10/2016 (99.5) PAK/17/2016 Rawalpindi, Punjab 12/09/2016 / PAK/18/2016 Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 10/10/2016 AFG/10/2016 (99.7) cattle PAK/22/2016* cattle Kasur, Punjab 11/11/2016 PAK/23/ /12/2016 / Karachi, Sindh PAK/27/ /12/2016 Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08 PAK/1/2017 water buffalo L.C.C Mor 12/01/2017 AFG/10/2016 (99.5) PAK/3/2017* cattle Karachi, Sindh 01/02/2017 AFG/10/2016 (99.5) cattle PAK/5/2017 water buffalo Islamabad Capital Territory 02/02/2017 AFG/10/2016 (98.7) PAK/6/2017 Rawalpindi, Punjab 03/02/2017 cattle PAK/7/2017 Islamabad Capital Territory 03/02/2017 PAK/9/2017 Multan, Punjab 03/02/2017 water buffalo PAK/11/2017 Pakpattan, Punjab 15/02/2017 / PAK/15/2017 Dera Allah Yar, Jafarabad, Balochistan 05/04/2017 AFG/10/2016 (98.6) cattle cattle PAK/16/2017 Rawalpindi, Punjab 02/08/2017 / PAK/17/2017 water buffalo Jhang, Punjab 02/09/2017 PAK/2/2016 water buffalo Okara, Punjab 10/01/2016 IRN/88/2009 (93.7) / PAK/4/2016 cattle 03/02/2016 AFG/19/2016 (99.7) Karachi, Sindh PAK/6/2016 water buffalo 05/03/2016 AFG/19/2016 (99.8) PAK/7/2016 Multan, Punjab 09/03/2016 AFG/35/2017 (99.1) cattle PAK/10/2016 Jhang, Punjab 12/05/2016 AFG/27/2013 (97.5) PAK/11/2016 water buffalo Karachi, Sindh 06/06/2016 AFG/19/2016 (99.2) PAK/15/2016 Karachi, Sindh 08/09/2016 AFG/19/2016 (99.5) PAK/21/2016 Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 11/11/2016 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 Ant-10 AFG/11/2016 (99.2) cattle PAK/24/2016 Karachi, Sindh 11/12/2016 AFG/19/2016 (99.5) cattle PAK/26/2016 Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 12/12/2016 AFG/19/2016 (98.9) PAK/4/2017 water buffalo Jhang, Punjab 02/02/2017 AFG/27/2013 (97.5) PAK/8/2017 Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 03/02/2017 AFG/19/2016 (99.2) PAK/13/2017 cattle Attock, Punjab 04/03/2017 AFG/27/2013 (97) PAK/14/2017 Sahiwal, Punjab 11/03/2017 AFG/4/2016 (98.9) * samples with positivity for serotypes A and Asia 1 / Host species cattle 14

16 Map 7: location of the samples submitted for genotyping collected in Pakistan, between January 2016 and September 2017 (Source WRLFMD) (Source WRLFMD and Google Fusion Maps) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3 between For geographic distribution of circulating FMDVs between , see Map 8 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Afghanistan Algeria Armenia FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) **/O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Data available up to 1 st semester /O **/A, /DISEASE ABSENT LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Nov 2017/A & O, Aug 2017/Asia 1 Apr 2017/A, Apr 2015/O Dec 2015/A Comment Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT 2007/0 Bahrain DISEASE ABSENT/2016, 2012, 2014 &2015 /O Mar 2015/O Egypt April 2017/O, Nov 2016/A 2012, 2014, 2016**/SAT 2 May-Jun 2016/Sat 2, Aug **/O, A 2016/typing pending Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Iran (Islamic /A, Feb 2017/A & O, Republic of) Asia 1 & O 2013/Asia 1 Iraq /O, /A 2015/ SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED, Dec 2013/A, ASIA Israel **/O May 2017/A & O Jordan DISEASE ABSENT Mar 2017/O, 2006/A Kazakhstan **/ DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O, /A Jun 2013/ A & Aug 2012/O Kuwait O/ / DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O April 2016/O Kyrgyzstan / DISEASE ABSENT, Aug 2014/not typed & Apr /O, A 2013 /O, A, Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT/2016**, 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2010/not typed 15

17 Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/O Morocco ,2016**/DISEASE ABSENT, O/2015 Oct 2015/O Oman 2016/ NO DATA REPORTED, /O May 2015/SAT 2 Pakistan 2012 & / NO DATA REPORTED Nov 2017/Asia 1 & O, /A, ASIA 1 & O Aug 2017/ A Palestine Jun 2017/serotying pending O, May 2017/O, /SAT 2 Mar 2013/Sat 2 Qatar NO DATA AVAILABLE/ /O Dec 2013/O Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan , 2016**/O A/2015 Oct 2016/A & April 2016/O DISEASE ABSENT** 2002/ A & O 2016/ NO DATA REPORTED **/DISEASE ABSENT /NOT TYPED **/ DISEASE ABSENT, 2014/O A & O, NOT TYPED Asia 1/ **/DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/NO DATA REPORTED O/ , 2015/DISEASE ABSENT /O 2012,2013 & 2015/NO DATA REPORTED 2014/DISEASE ABSENT Nov 2012/ not typed & Nov 2011/Asia 1, April 2017/A, Oct 2014/O Oct 2015/ A May, / Asia 1 and O Not available Sep 2016/O Not available Map 8: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow to serotype O genotypes, green to serotype SAT 2 genotypes and white script to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV serotype A lineages in Pool 3 per , 14 : A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sublineages) A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia - detected also in Iran in 2016) A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). Pool 3 part 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Iran-05 HER-10 A/ASIA/Iran-05 AFG-07 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-10/12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-09 A/ASIA/G-VII A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-11 A/AFRICA/G-IV ISM-12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08/9 16

18 Conjectured circulating FMDV serotype O and SAT 2 lineages in Pool 3 (cont d) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 /11 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursions per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent) New detection during 2016 of O/ME- SA/Sharqia-72 in Egypt and of O/ME- SA/PanAsia-2QOM-15 in Iran O/EA-3/unnamed in Egypt and Libya SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12 sublineages Pool 3 part 2 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 FAR-09/11 O/ME-SA/PanAsia Qom15 O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/ME-SA/unnnamed A/ASIA/Sindh-08 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10 SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 O/ME-SA/Sharqia-72 SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Kenya 8 The FMD National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya reported during November 2017, the detection of FMDV serotypes A (N 5), O (N 5) and SAT 2 (N 4) among the 19 bovine samples examined. Serotype confirmation was conducted using FMD antigen ELISA. Virus isolation and RT-PCR were also carried out. The laboratory has ongoing collaborations with Sandia National Laboratories, USA. Samples last forwarded by the country to the WRLFMD for genotyping was in Past genotypes detected in relation to the serotypes reported this month were O/EA-1/unnamed, O/EA-2/unnamed and O/EA-4/unnamed collected between 2009 and 2011, SAT 1/I (NWZ)/unnamed in 2013 and SAT 2/IV/unnamed in Uganda 5 One of the two bovine samples collected during May 2017 was positive for FMDV O/EA-2. The location of sample collection was Entebbe and most closely related virus field strain not pertaining to the country was detected in a sample collected from cattle in Tanzania, TAN/5/2014, with a sequence identity of 96.4%. Previous genotyping results from the country were relative to samples collected in 2015 that were genotyped as SAT 3/V/unnamed. Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4 between For geographic distribution of circulating FMDVs between , see Map 9 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Comment Burundi DISEASE PRESENT Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Democratic Republic of **/A, O, SAT 1 May 2017/not typed Congo Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Egypt Eritrea 2012, 2014, 2016**/SAT **/O, A 2014, 16/ DISEASE PRESENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2013/ DISEASE ABSENT, 2012/O May-Jun 2016/ O & Sat 2, March 2016/A, Aug 2016/typing pending Nov 2016/not reported, Jan 2012/O 17

19 Ethiopia O, /SAT 1 Oct 2017/O, Jun 2017/A, March 2012 & 2105/SAT 2, 2012/A 2017/SAT 1, May 2016/SAT 2 Follow-up needed Kenya /NOT TYPED, Nov 2017/A, O, & SAT 2, A, O, SAT1, SAT2 Oct 2017/ SAT 1 Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed Rwanda /NO DATA AVAILABLE /A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia , /DISEASE PRESENT, 2014/PENDING June 2016/not reported Sudan /A, SAT 1 & NOT Dec 2016/ not sampled, Oct SAMPLED, 2016/O, Dec 2013/A, /O & NOT TYPED Jan 2014/SAT /SAT 2, 2015/DISEASE PRESENT South Sudan 2014/A, O SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT & 2016 NO DATA REPORTED 2011 United Republic of Tanzania Uganda Yemen /A, O, SAT 1, SAT /NO DATA REPORTED /NOT TYPED or NOT SAMPLED, 2012, 2015/ SAT 1,2012, /O /NO DATA REPORTED / DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA, 2012/O Oct 2016/SAT 1, Aug 2016/O & SAT 2, Jun 2016/ A May 2017/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped 2009/O Map 9: FMD distribution between , by serotype and topotype for East Africa - red boxes and circles refers to serotype A genotypes, yellow refers to serotype O genotypes, green refers to serotype SAT 2 genotypes and light blue refers to SAT 3 genotypes. (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but available data is at present limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per , 14 : O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo & Uganda), EA-3 (Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea & Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia & Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IX (Ethiopia)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII Pool 4 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 A/AFRICA/G-IV SAT 2/XII/unnamed SAT 2/IV/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-VII SAT 3/V/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/EA-4/unnamed SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed O/EA-2/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-I Mauritius Ils 18

20 (Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013) Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa 5, 10 Ghana One of the two bovine samples collected during February 2017 was positive for FMDV and was genotyped as O/WA. The location of collection is unknown and most closely related virus field strain was detected in a sample collected from cattle in Nigeria, NGR/16/15, with a sequence identity of 96.5%. This is the first genotyping reported by the WRLFMD for a FMDV isolated in the country. The ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana, reported that there were no diagnostic confirmations of FMD outbreaks in the country during the relative month. Cameroon 11 Nigeria 12 Senegal 13 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon, The National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria and the Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires of Senegal did not report FMD outbreaks in their respective countries for November Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5 between For geographic distribution of circulating FMDVs between , see Map 10 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) Country Benin FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) 2016/NO DATA REPORTED A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2/ Last outbreak reported/serotype #see pg. 1 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Burkina Faso DISEASE PRESENT Dec 2016/ not available April 2017/untyped, Nov 2016/NO DATA REPORTED Cameroon 2014/O, SAT 2, May DISEASE PRESENT 2014/SAT 1, Apr 2014/ A Cabo Verde DISEASE ABSENT Not available Central African Republic Chad DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA 2016/DISEASE PRESENT / DISEASE ABSENT / DISEASE PRESENT Not available Aug 2016/Not reported Democratic Republic of the /A, O, SAT 1 Dec 2016/A, O & Sat 1 Typing required Congo Congo NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Côte d'ivoire / not sampled or not reported, 2012/A, Jul 2016/not reported 19

21 Equatorial Guinea Gabon / NO DATA AVAILABLE /DISEASE SUSPECTED 2012, /DISEASE ABSENT 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Not available Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O Ghana 2016/NO DATA AVAILABLE /DISEASE PRESENT Feb 2017/O, Dec 2016/ SAT /not available Guinea-Bissau Guinea **/DISEASE SUSPECTED 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT /DISEASE ABSENT , **/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT Oct 2016/O Dec 2016/SAT1 & SAT /not available Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Mali 2013, 2016/DISEASE PRESENT 2015/A, SAT 1 Oct 2016/not reported /SAT / NO DATA AVAILABLE Mauritania 2016/DISEASE SUSPECTED, **/SAT 2, /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Dec 2014/SAT **/DISEASE PRESENT Niger BUT WITH NO QUALITATIVE 2014/not sampled, May DATA, 2015/O 2015/O /NOT SAMPLED Nigeria Sao Tome Principe Senegal /DISEASE PRESENT /O /NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/DISEASE ABSENT /DISEASE PRESENT 2012, 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Feb 2017/not typed Sept 2016/ O & SAT 1 Nov 2015/A, Sept 2014/ SAT 2 Not available Feb 2015/ A and O, 2014/ SAT 2 Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT** Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Map 10: FMD distribution between by serotype and topotypes for West Africa. Red boxes and circles refer to serotype A genotypes, yellow refers to serotype O genotypes, orange boxes to serotype SAT 1 genotypes, green refers to serotype SAT 2serotypes and white script in map refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (Source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). 20

22 Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per , 14 : Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotypes AFRICA IV & VI) Serotype SAT 1 - detection of a new viral lineage, SAT 1/X/unnamed in Nigeria Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 (Mauritania), and unnamed genotypes) Pool 5 SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/WA/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-IV SAT 2/VII/Lib -12 SAT 1/X/unnamed F. POOL 6 Southern Africa Botswana 1, 5 FMD serotype SAT 2/III was detected in a bovine sample collected in the country during September 2017 at Dingonapel, Sehitwa, Ngamiland. The most closely related field strain to this virus was detected in a sample collected from cattle from the same country, BOT/03/2017, with a 100% sequence identity. The outbreak due to contact with wild species that occurred at Ngamiland on September 19 th 2017,due to SAT 2, is still ongoing. Surveillance is being conducted in zone 2d and in the entire administrative district of Ngamiland. In this area, the last FMD case was detected on October 12 th 2017 with a total of 112 cases. Movement restrictions within, out of and into 2d are still in force. Booster vaccination continues in zone 2d together with animal identification through ear tagging of cattle. Control measures in force are movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks with the vaccination of 61,784 cattle in Ngamiland, surveillance within/outside containment and/or protection zone, traceability, control of wildlife reservoirs, zoning, disinfection and ante and post-mortem inspections. Malawi 5 FMDV detected in a bovine sample collected in the country during June 2016 at Bangula Diptank, Nsanje was genotyped as SAT 1/I, with the most closely related field strain not pertaining to the same country represented by the virus detected in sample ZAM/P2/96 NAN-18 collected in Zambia in an African buffalo, with a sequence identity of 87.2%. Mozambique 1 A FMD outbreak due serotype SAT 2 occurred on October 13 th 2017, affecting cattle of the village of Maputo. The diagnosis was carried out on October 24 th 2017, by the National laboratory, which is the Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory using non structural protein ELISA, virus isolation and sequencing. The source of the outbreak was attributed the illegal movement of animals. The outbreak occurred in nonvaccinated area of Moamba district affecting animals of all ages that presented vesicular eruptive lesions in the mouth, on the tongue and in the interdigital spaces of the feet. No case of death was reported. The cattle belong to small farm units. The Maputo and Gaza provinces are facing a very severe drought and subsequent uncontrolled movement of cattle and wild animals looking for grazing land and water bodies. The control measures in place are Movement control inside the country, traceability, quarantine, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone and vaccination as reported in Table 14. A summary of the animals involved and the location of the outbreak are respectively reported in Table 15 and Map

23 Table 14: summary of the animals vaccinated in the provinces of Gaza and Maputo of Mozambique (Source WAHIS) Administrative division Species Total Vaccinated Gaza 6, Cattle Maputo 14, Total 21, Vaccine employed Aftovax SAT 1 and 2 Table 15: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred on October 13 st 2017 at Maputo Mozambique (Source WAHIS) Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and Slaughtered Apparent Apparent mortality Apparent case Proportion disposed of morbidity rate rate fatality rate susceptible Cattle % 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 11: location of the FMD outbreak that occurred on October 13 st 2017 at Maputo Mozambique (Source WAHIS) South Africa 14 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute did not report any FMD outbreaks for the current month. Zambia 5 FMD SAT 3/II was detected in a cattle sample collected at Lusaka, Lukulo in May 2017 with the most closely related field strain not pertaining to the same country represented by sample BOT/P3/98 VUM-21 isolated in an African buffalo with a sequence identity of 89.2%. Zimbabwe 5 FMD serotype SAT 2/II was detected in a sample collected in the at Hebron, Good Hope in January 2016 with the most closely related field strain of the same country represented by sample ZIM/13/2015 isolated in a cattle with a sequence identity of 98.1%. 22

24 Table 16: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 12 below. (Source Wahis, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) **/ DISEASE PRESENT /DISEASE ABSENT 2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED **/SAT /SAT 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 April 2016/SAT 2, July 2015/ SAT 2 Sep 2017/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1 Comment /A, O, SAT 1 Dec 2016/A, O & Sat 1 Typing required 2012/NO OUTBREAKS REPORTED / NO DATA AVAILABLE 2016**/ NO DATA AVAILABLE /DISEASE ABSENT **/SAT /SAT 1 June 2016/SAT 1, Oct 2011, Oct 2017/SAT 2, Sep 2016/ Typing pending, May 2015/ SAT 1 Sep 2017/SAT 2, Aug 2017/typing pending, May 2015/SAT **/SAT 3 Aug 2017/SAT 1, May 2017/SAT /SAT 2 Dec 2015/SAT 3, 2013/SAT /SAT 3 & NOT TYPEC May 2017/SAT 3, Mar 2017/SAT 2, / NO DATA Jan 2013/SAT 1, Feb 2015/A, AVAILABLE 2012/SAT 1, SAT /SAT SAT /SAT 3 Sep 2017/typing pending, May 2017/SAT 2, Aug 2015/ SAT 1, Jun 2013/SAT 3 Map 12: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, red refers to serotype A, orange refers to SAT 1, green refers to serotype SAT 2 and white script in map refers to new introduction of viral lineage in pool or country of the pool during (source Google Fusion Maps, WRLFMD). Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per , 14 : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) new detection of SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed in Botswana during 2016 Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV) - new detection of SAT 2/III/unnamed in Namibia Pool 6 SAT 2/IV/unnamed SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed SAT 2/III/unnamed SAT 3/V/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-I SAT 2/I/unnamed SAT 2/II/unnamed 23

25 Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III) new detection of SAT 3/V/unnamed in Zambia during 2016 Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation G. POOL 7 South America 1, 14 & 15 Rest of Latin America The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in June 2017 is presented in Map 13. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 13). In fact, before the outbreak reported in Columbia, PANAFTOSA reported data during the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Meeting held in November 2016, for historical FMD outbreaks that occurred in Venezuela in 2013 caused by serotype A. The FMD history relative to the Region for is reported in Table 17. Table 17: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 16 between , for geographic distribution see Map 13 below. (Source WAHIS, EuFMD Global Monthly Report) COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Comment Colombia DISEASE ABSENT July 2017/O Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Map 13: FMD status for South America 1 (Source OIE) DISEASE ABSENT** 2011/O, 2013/A National situation needs verification 24

26 IV. OTHER NEWS: Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory meeting The 2017 annual meeting of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Reference Laboratories (Ref Lab) Network that was successfully held from the 28 th to the 30 th of November 2017 was hosted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in Pretoria, South Africa. The main objective of the meeting was to exchange results of the diagnostic activities of the network; report on the production and distribution of reagents; on training activities and twinning and research projects and the progress of the working groups of the network. Particular emphasis was dedicated to the changing patterns of FMD virus circulation with identification of new threats and on the recommendations and tools available for choice of appropriate vaccines and the development of local capabilities in support of regional control programmes with attention to post vaccination monitoring. 5 The 3 rd WRLFMD Quarterly Report for the period July September 2017 contains a list of recommended FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. (Table 18) The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying circulating FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 18: Recommendations from WRLFMD on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMDfree countries). Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance 25

27 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. OIE Regional Coordination Unit, Bangkok Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India - Dr. S. Saravanan. 4. National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal - Dr. Sharmila Chapagain. 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 6. Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory (CVDRL), of Kabul Afghanistan Dr. Nazem Shirazi. 7. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, - Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator. 8. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Hellen Mutua a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa March 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 10. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni. 11. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) - Garoua, Cameroon - Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo. 12. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - Dr. Ularamu Hussaini. 13. Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) Miss Mariame Diop and Dr. Moustapha Lô. 14. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa March 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 26