GCSE PE. Revision Resource

Transcription

1 GCSE PE Revision Resource

2 Friday 19 th May Afternoon 1 Hour 30mins Exam Paper = Section A and Section B (Answer both sections and all questions) Section A (40marks) = 10 Multiple Choice Question = Short Answer Questions Section B = Scenario (James) (40 Marks) = Short Answer & 8 marks Questions

3 Easter Break Thursday 13 th April Overview of all topics Traffic light topics and plan your revision Thursday 20 th April ,30pm Individual Differences and Demands of Performance, Health Fitness and Healthy active lifestyle Thursday 27 th April pm Aerobic/Anaerobic, Diet and Training Thursday 4 th May pm Influences on participation and performance and organisational influences ( Sport England, Dame Kelly Holmes, National Governing Bodies) Cultural and Social Factors (Leisure, recreations, etiquette, influences, Media, Sponsorship) Wednesday 10 th May - 6-8pm Breaking down revision into bitesize chunks Being successful on the Scenario questions. How to get full marks on 8 mark questions Exam Question practice Revision Timetable Plan Prepare - Practice Thursday 11 th May pm Health and safety in sport Science and Technology in sport Opportunities and Pathways in sport Wednesday 17 th May 6-8pm Keywords and definitions Bitesize revision Final revision resources How not to panic!!! Thursday 18 th May pm The night before- Final preparation Friday 19 th May Lunch time Brain storm Friday 19 th May EXAM - afternoon

4 Key Topics GCSE PE Range of Physical Activities and the different roles that the active participant can choose. Range of activities Roles of the active participant Individual differences Demands of performance Circulatory & Respiratory Leisure and Recreation Key Topics GCSE PE Linking physical activity with diet work and rest for personal health and balanced healthy lifestyle. Health Fitness Skeletal and Muscular system Training Diet Key Topics GCSE PE Making informed choices about getting involved in a lifetime of healthy physical activity that suits their needs. School influences Organisation that influence participation Leisure Time Etiquette and fairness Social groupings and role models Pathways in physical activities Media Sponsorship Types of competitions International Sporting events Health and safety in sport Science and ICT in Sport

5 studied Learning Focus Revision The participant as an individual ageing Year 10 Term disabilities 1 males and females body type environment risk and challenge Different activity Levels Participants ability to perform and train. Physical and mental demands of performance Year 10 Term fatigue 2 stress (anxiety, motivation, arousal, personality) injury precautions that can be taken to avoid injury. common injuries and what actions should be taken if an accident, injury or emergency does occur. respiratory system, Components and the action of breathing and the process of gaseous exchange. Know what is meant by aerobic respiration and activities that require it. Know what is meant by anaerobic respiration, the activities that require it recovery process from vigorous exercise. circulatory system - Functions, Arteries, veins, capillaries, blood and the role and function of the heart. cardiovascular system and cardiovascular endurance, together with ways to monitor and improve endurance levels. Diet balanced diet Components Food types Year 10 Term Be aware of the proportions of food that should be consumed to ensure a balanced diet. 3 problems that can occur through an incorrect diet. Consider how diet is linked to levels of activity and the correct time to eat food in relation to performing. special diets Carbohydrate loading, high protein

6 Year 10 Term 4 Health, fitness and a healthy active lifestyle Good health differences between health and fitness and to be aware of good exercise habits components of fitness Testing fitness components Know how they can be acquired and developed and sporting examples skeletal system and the functions that the system performs, Main bones Types of joints Freely movable joints muscular system Muscle types Main skeletal muscles Antagonistic muscle action, action of muscles Understand that the link between the muscular system and the skeletal system allows movement and to know the major muscles involved. Year 10 Term 5 and 6 Training Principles of Training -SPORT - FITT factors that affect the ability to train. Types of training methods safety precautions and requirements. individual needs and requirements. Training thresholds Maximum Heart rate Training Zones

7 Yr 11 Term 1 Learning Focus School and Physical Education why PE is taught in schools PE programme, National curriculum, extra curricular, cross curricular Key influences on performing and participation National Healthy Schools Programme. Yr 11 Term 2 Yr 11 Term 3 Organisations improving opportunities for participation in physical activity Sport England National Governing Bodies Youth Sport Trust Dame Kelly Holmes Trust Cultural and social factors leisure time. Choices about Leisure and the benifits recreation and recreation time different recreation types link between recreation and leisure and the benefits Providers of Leisure services and facilities - Public v private user groups Social Groups Etiquette and Fair Play International factors and other Social Factors Types of media and the ways in which they cover sport. Understand the influences the media may have - positive and negative Types of sponsorship Understand the role that sponsors can play and the influences of sponsors Understand the importance of role models and the influences that they can have. Major international sporting events. Advantages and Disadvantages of hosting major sporting events Understand the importance of the Olympic Games as an international event.

8 Yr 11 Term 3 Social Factors in sport Different types and levels of competitions that can be used together and know the advantages and disadvantages of each. Have an outline and guide to health and safety. Know the rules/safety relating to sport and equipment. Understand how science/technology has been influential in sport. (sport science) Know the role ICT plays in sport. Yr 11 Term 3 Activities and Roles in Sport What are the different activities and skills required e.g Outwitting an opponent Roles for a participant e.g player/performer Understand why participants take on different roles

9 Scenario Section B of Exam paper James is 14 years old and in Year 10 at school. He regularly participated in PE and sport whilst at primary school where he played for the football, cricket and rugby teams. He also used to participate in football, swimming and fitness activities at his local sports centre. James was also trained as a playground leader in primary school where he use to run activities for other students at lunchtime. Since starting secondary school James has gradually become less active. Currently the only exercise that he does is during his PE lessons, however he quite often avoids these by not taking kit to lessons. James also has an unhealthy diet. Every lunchtime he visits the local fish and chip shop with his friends or spends his money on crisps and sweets. As a result his fitness has decreased and he has started to put on weight. James parents are both active and healthy and have started to become concerned about his health. They have had meetings with their doctor and teachers at James school. As a result James has agreed to change his lifestyle. His family have set a target of them all completing a local five mile fun run in six months time to encourage James.

10 AGE Age affects physical maturity which in turn, affects performance: Flexibility Decrease with age. Strength Increases till fully grown. Oxygen Capacity Decreases with age. Skill Level Can improve with age. Recovery from injury - Takes longer as get older. Age divisions overcome this problem. PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE Somatotype may determine which sport you may find easier or more difficult: Endomorph Wide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise such as cross country running Mesomorph Broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs. Suitable for a football player. Sprinter etc. Ectomorph Narrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with little body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast, long distance runner etc. Unsuitable for Power/strength sports. TRAINING Level of participation The higher the level, the more training required Available Time Professionals have the most time available for training because participation is their full time commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level of training with competing demands. Available Funds The more funds available, the better training will be, e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist coaches, etc.. Individual Differences Disability Four categories: physical, mental, permanent, temporary Facilities legally have to cater for disabled people: Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled toilets, activities). Sporting adaptations: All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs, e.g. wheelchair basketball and football for the blind (ballbearing in ball) Disability classifications: Exist for all activities to make competition fair Opportunities for disabled people are increasing # 400 took part in 1960 Olympics. In ,00 athletes took part. CULTURE Positive Impact on Participation Some ethnic groups are interested in certain sports, which can encourage participation. Negative Impact on Participation Single sex rules Strict dress code Traditional values followed Risk and Challenge Some people participate in physical activity for the element of risk or challenge. OAA activities such as rock climbing and white water rafting have challenges and risk. Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the level of risk and check there are no potential dangers Risk Control: Its important to continue the activity safely after initial assessment. This is the responsibility of the participants (correct clothing, not wearing jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct warm up, not mixing age). GENDER There are a number of physical differences between men and women: Physique Women generally smaller and higher % of fat. O2 carrying capacity Lower for women due to smaller heart and lungs. Strength and Power Lower for women due to less muscle mass. Hormone Imbalance Affects women due to menstruation. Metabolic rate Lower for females due to higher % body fat and lower muscle mass. Opportunities for females are increasing Activity Levels Competitive or Recreational Competitive activities require a higher level of commitment due to training and competition. Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity full time. Performance Level As the level increases, more commitment is required. Individual Factors May influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age younger people tend to have more time available for participation. Benefits to the Participant The level of participation affects the benefits received, e.g. health benefits of high level competition are greater than infrequent recreation. Environment Weather: Affect ability to train Pollution: High levels of pollution are serious health risk. Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be advantageous, particularly for endurance events. Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it difficult to keep the body cool and increase dehydration Terrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g. skiers

11 What is fatigue? A state of extreme tiredness resulting from extreme exertion; can be physical or mental What is stress? The body s reply to a change requiring physical, mental or emotional adjustment Consequences of Fatigue Muscular fatigue can cause you to have to stop the activity completely Decline in concentration levels Make mistakes Incorrect execution of techniques Can lead to injury if you don t stop Abide by the Rules Players should ensure that they follow the rules of their sport to help prevent injury to others. There are specific rules for safety, e.g. no slide tackling in rugby. Play Safe policies in schools are in place to ensure activities are taught in line with safety legislation. Consequences of Stress Aggression Increased arousal Muscle tightness (caused by excitement, suspense or nervousness) Decline in motivation Fatigue and Stress Who experiences stress? More commonly experienced by individual performers due to increased focus on that person, but also experienced in team games. Link between Stress and Anxiety Feelings of anxiety can increase tension and agitation Boredom/Tedium Participants who get bored during training or practice are less likely to achieve in their sport Negative feedback/criticism Participants that are fatigued may appear to spectators to not be putting enough effort in, and are subject to criticism Health, Safety and Well- Being of Others Lifting and Carrying It is important to use the correct technique when lifting or carrying to avoid injury. Bend the knees, keep the back straight and keep the object close to your body. If something is too heavy to carry on your own, get help How can Injury be prevented? Carry out and follow a risk assessment Carry out a warm-up Enforce and follow code of conduct Wear the correct safety equipment/ clothing Footwear Some sports require specific footwear to be worn for safety and practicality: Athletics: track runners must wear spiked shoes Games: studs need to be worn on grass to prevent player slipping Gymnastics: no footwear required Injury The Demands of Performance Causes of Injury Incorrect execution of technique can lead to injury to the individual or their opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding tackle. Overuse injuries caused by over training, e.g. tennis elbow. Sudden injuries caused by movements such as stretching and twisting, e.g. damage to ACL during a netball pivot. Foul play from the opponent, e.g. pulling shirt Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or playing surface Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment or badly fitting clothing, e.g. football boots causing blisters. Accidents: accidents occur, despite precautions to try to prevent them. Clothing Most sports have a kit that must be worn for competition, but any suitable clothing can be worn to training. Some sports have specific requirements, e.g. loose clothing can not be worn during trampolining in case it gets caught, and outdoor adventure activities may require warm, waterproof clothing to be worn to prevent getting too cold, etc. Rules Relating to Sport and Equipment Equipment Almost all sports require safety equipment to be worn. e.g. ice hockey players must wear a helmet, gloves and pads

12 It s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in everyday life! Here are some examples: Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving. Get off the bus one stop early. Fitness The ability of the body to meet the demands that are placed upon it on a daily basis, without stress Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator. Healthy Active Lifestyle Balanced Healthy Lifestyle There are a number of factors which affect how much physical activity different people do! Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate a lot more physical activity compared to a SEDENTARY office job Health Mental, Social, Physical Exercise Any form of physical activity

13 Maintaining a balanced diet Dietary Imbalance If you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could lead to dietary imbalance: Malnutrition insufficient nutrient intake causing physical weakness Obesity overweight caused by overeating, leading to many health problems Anorexia self-starvation due to the fear of gaining weight, usually occurring in females Whole-School Food Policy Healthy eating is one component of the National Healthy Schools Programme The aim is to give children the confidence and knowledge to make healthy food choices for themselves. Healthy food and drink must be available across the school day. Works with the School Food Trust to support schools in delivering this programme. Whole-school approach is required, including pupils, parents, staff and the community, in order to successfully deliver the programme The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are shown in the eat well plate below School Lunches Specific Diets Carbohydrate loading used by endurance athletes, e.g. marathon runners. Involves eating excess starchrich foods one week prior to an event to increase glycogen stores in the muscles. This helps delay tiredness by providing a slow release of energy. High-protein diet used by bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose fat. However, eating extra protein does not directly add muscle and can be difficult to digest Schools have to meet national nutritional standards for school lunches: Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each meal Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending machines Nutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it? Carbohydrates Main source of energy Simple carbs, e.g. glucose and sugar Complex carbs e.g. pasta, bread and rice. Fats Major source of energy Cheese, cream, meat, oils, butter Proteins Important for growth and repair of tissue Animal products and plant foods Vitamins Essential for good health Fruit and veg Minerals Water/fluids A number of different functions, required in small amounts Lack of water leads to dehydration Vegetables and meat Water Fibre Aids the digestive system Cereals, wholegrain bread, oats Aerobic respiration Occurs in the presence of oxygen Glucose + Oxygen- Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water Used during sustained exercise Constant supply of oxygen to the body is required Anaerobic respiration Occurs in the absence of oxygen Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid Used during short bursts of exercise During anaerobic respiration oxygen is borrowed, which is then owed to the body this is called the oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in the muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-down allows the lactic acid to disperse. The Recovery Period After exercise: We take in extra oxygen to replace the oxygen debt. We expire carbon dioxide and other waste products. We perspire to remove excess sweat and let heat escape. We excrete urine and faeces to remove excess water and other waste products from lactic acid. The Role of the Blood Transport oxygen and glucose to working muscles for respiration. Transports water, carbon dioxide and other waste products away from working muscles. Produces antibodies to fight infection. Clot to seal open wounds Regulate body temperature.

14 Functions of Skeletal System: Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the chest. Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short. Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright. Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move. Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones. Synovial joints and Connective Tissue Functions: Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint. Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement. Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint Name of muscle Function Example in sport Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery Deltoids Move the arm in all directions at the shoulder Bowling a cricket ball Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis Trapezius Hold the shoulders in place, move head back and sideways Holding head up in rugby scrum Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee Running Type of bone Example Function in sport Latissimus dorsi Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder Butterfly stroke in swimming Long Femur, humerus Movement - to generate strength and speed Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach Pulling the body down when hurdling Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load Flat (Plate) Ribs, cranium Movement Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion Rotation Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles to help movement Irregular Vertebrae, face Provide shape, protection Description Movement away from the mid-line of the body Movement towards the mid-line of the body Straightening limbs at a joint Bending the limbs at a joint. A circular movement around a fixed point Muscles and Movement: Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These are called an Antagonistic Pair. The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is also known as the agonist. The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take place. Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone. Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves. Muscle Contractions Muscles contract when they work. If a muscle contracts to create movement, it is called an isotonic contraction. An isotonic contraction can be concentric, which is where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract or eccentric, where the fibres contract as the muscle lengthens. When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement, it is an isometric contraction.

15 Functions Transports nutrients and waste Delivers oxygen to the working muscles Removes heat (temperature regulation) Dilutes/carries away lactic acid (acidic balance) Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time. Effects of Exercise Increase in breathing rate Increase in heart rate Increase in blood pressure Veins Carry blood to the heart (always deoxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart) Have thin walls Have larger internal lumen Contain blood under low pressure Have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards Arteries Carry blood away from the heart (always oxygenated apart from the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs) Have thick muscular walls Have small passageways for blood (internal lumen) Contain blood under high pressure Capillaries Found in the muscles and lungs Microscopic one cell thick Very low blood pressure Where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood Testing CV Endurance Resting pulse rate lower it is the better your endurance Pulse recovery rate the quicker HR returns to normal, resting rate, the higher your endurance levels are.

16 Strength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object. There are three types: 1. Dynamic strength strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football) 2. Explosive strength strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting, long jump take off or pushing a shot putt) 3. Static strength strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings) Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible. It is the combination of reaction time and movement time. It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres. Power Cardiovascular Endurance Flexibility Agility Balance Coordination Reaction Time Muscular Endurance/ Stamina Timing Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible. Strength training increases power. This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise. Training can improve cardiovascular endurance. Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint. It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright position It is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics. It is linked to agility. Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together. Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching. Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus. It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a situation). This is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work. Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.

17 Types of Training Interval training involves a short intense work period followed by a rest period. Advantage: good for game players because you can mix aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Disadvantage: can become boring. Fartlek means speed play and involves fast and slow running over a variety of terrain or hills. Its useful for individual sports, e.g. athletics and team sports, e.g. football. Advantage: can be easily adapted for different sports and fitness levels. Disadvantage: difficult to see how much effort is being exerted. Circuit training involves a number of exercises set up at stations. It may incorporate skills. It can be useful to team sports, e.g. football, racquet sports, e.g. tennis and individual sports e.g. running. Advantage: varied, so doesn t get boring. Disadvantage: requires a lot of equipment and time to set up. Weight training uses resistance either by weight lifted or the number of repetitions the exercise is performed. It is useful for sports which require strength, e.g. long jump and rugby. Advantage: improves muscular strength and tone. Disadvantage: muscles can be sore after. Altitude Training Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood Warm Weather Training British weather is unpredictable And, therefore, athletes often train Abroad in warm weather where Training will not need to be cancelled. Continuous training is slow and steady training. It is useful to improve aerobic fitness in, for example, cycling, running, and also for a sedentary adult who has not trained for a period of time. Advantage: doesn t require much equipment. Disadvantage: not useful for game players because it doesn t improve anaerobic fitness. Key Term FITT Specificity Definition Frequency how often we train Intensity how hard we train Time the length of time we train Type the method of training chosen The requirements of a certain activity are Matched with training Matching training to the requirements of your sport Repetitions Sets Thresholds Training Zone Training Session In weightlifting, the number of times you move the weights In weightlifting, the number of times a weight activity is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in order to improve fitness Maximum Heart rate (MHR) = Age The heart rate zone in which a training effect will occur Training session is split into phases: Warm-up, Fitness phase, skill phase and a warm-down. Progression Overload Reversibility Rest Recovery Individual Differences/Needs Making training gradually harder the fitter you are Overloading your body by increasing the frequency, intensity or duration of exercise Physical benefits gained from training will be reversed when you stop Recovery time Allowing body tissues to recover and repair following training or competition Take into account a person s body build / level of fitness, the sport (and position played) and their particular aims

18 Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and Recreation Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping, school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to do. Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a good opportunity to do something active and healthy. Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health benefits. Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in which you have to cope with the natural environment. Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout life, such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained. Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy lifestyle. Leisure and Recreation In recent years, there has been an increase in opportunities for leisure time due to: Greater unemployment, giving people more free time. Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier and therefore have more time in the evenings. Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like washing machines, allowing more time to be spent on leisure activities rather than household chores. The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have grown to meet the increased demand for leisure provision. Specific user groups have been identified and the leisure industry has targeted their provision at them. For example, mothers and toddlers, unemployed people and shift workers. Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and following the unwritten rules. Some examples are: Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down injured Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts Respecting the official s decisions Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.

19 Positive Effects Negative Effects Peers Support your views and participation Encouragement, e.g. watch you play Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its important Admire/follow their example Join in with them Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc. Choosing not to be active because your friends aren t Not going to training when your friend doesn t go Influences on Physical Activity Participation Family Gender Ethnicity Role model: set a good example by being active Financial support, e.g. buying new equipment Provide transport for training and matches Encouragement and motivation Less of an issue than previous years More opportunities for women to play same sports as men More opportunities for female roles within sport Role models: there has been an increase in ethnic minority participation in elite sport Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle Lack of financial support Lack of social support/ encouragement Pressure to focus on academic work Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football players get paid more than professional female football players. Traditional views don t always support participation, e.g. some religions don t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background, e.g. there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf compared to football. Incidences of racial abuse in sport School Influences National Curriculum Teaching PE is a legal requirement. Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other subjects by offering a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school, provide qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in society. Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities, clubs, sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits. Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and Maths. Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor adventurous activities. National Healthy school Programme Long term initiative Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life choices Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to successfully achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community Four core themes: 1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) sex, relationship and drug education 2. Healthy eating teaching healthy food choices and providing nutritious food and drink 3. Physical activity provide pupils with a range of opportunities for participation, and teach why it is important 4. Emotional health and well-being support provided for vulnerable pupils, bullying and behaviour and reward policies in place, and confidential pastoral support system available. Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity participation Sport England Sport England is a government agency which aims to help people to start, stay and succeed in sport, particularly focusing on priority groups. Its main role is to provide funding a facilities, and measure participation. Youth Sport Trust (YST) YST aims to increase the participation of young people in PE and school sport. It is responsible for managing national school sport competitions, as well as leadership and volunteering programmes. National Governing Bodies (NGBs) NGBs are responsible for their particular sport. They provide funding to support the development of talented athletes and competition at different levels. They also provide support to coaches and officials in sport. E.g. The FA (football), England Netball (netball) Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy Aims to inspire young people to participate and mentor them, using elite sport role models.

20 Extra - Curricular Provisions Activity Range Only traditional sports need to be offered during PE lessons. Extra curricular activities offer a wider range of activities. Activities can be recreational or competitive. PE Links with number of other subjects: English: speaking and listening skills and specialised vocabulary Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and calculating speeds Science: biology and physiology links Cross- Curricular Links Club Links Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather Schools can develop links with clubs to offer a wider range of extracurricular activities, e.g. hockey, basketball, health clubs and golf clubs. Attitudes of Staff Facilities Some schools lack facilities, while others are well resourced and have extra staff and facilities to offer other activities. Outside Visits Provides more opportunities for schools which lack facilities, e.g. dry ski slopes, ice rinks, etc.. Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust, responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc. Different roles that people can adopt: Performer, leader/coach, organiser, or official Further Qualifications Vocational Opportunities Sports performers: professional (sport is their full time job and they get paid), amateur (they take part in the sport/activity alongside their job, as a hobby and don t get paid), semi-professional (work but play sport in their spare time for payment). Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses payments and scholarships. Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach, physiotherapist, manager, personal trainer, etc. Attitudes, interests and abilities affect what activities they offer. A negative attitude to helping out with after-school activities will reduce the number of opportunities available to pupils. BTEC, GCSE and GCE Sports performance awards (e.g. leadership awards) Proficiency testing and awards (available through NGBs and delivered by schools, e.g. swimming awards that qualify people as lifesavers Extra - Curricular Provisions

21 Games Outwitting opponents to succeed in competition e.g. Football, netball, hockey Gymnastics Accurately repeating movements, which can be put together to form a routine e.g. handspring, somersault, cartwheel Player/Performer Aims to improve performance in a particular sport or activity by developing good knowledge, skills, tactics, positioning, technique and movement Organiser Responsible for bringing everything together at the right time and place. Needs to have good managerial and organisational skills Dance Communicating ideas and emotions through choreographed routines to an audience e.g. Ballet, ball room, street dance Range of Physical Activities Give three examples for each. Athletics A variety of track and field events whereby athletes compete in terms of speed, height, distance, strength or accuracy e.g. hurdles, pole vault, discus Has a range of duties including booking facilities and managing funds Roles of Participants Leader/Coach Specialises in a particular activity or sport Fitness and Health Activities Exercising safely to improve health, fitness and well-being e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba Outdoor and Adventurous Activities Overcoming adventurous challenges through problem solving Official Responsible for controlling a sport or activity, based on the rules and regulations of the game Ensures that the activity is played or performed safely and fairly Helps the player/performer to improve their performance through appropriate training. Influences achievement of goals and behaviour in sport. e.g. rock climbing, canoeing, rafting e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal, timekeeper

22 Skill Using knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently and effectively in achieving a particular objective and ability, which has been acquired by training. Basic skills Often fairly simple and straight forward activities, e.g. throwing, catching, running, jumping, hitting an object Must be able to perform basic skills easily before attempting higher level tasks. Complex skills Take quite a long time to learn as they involve high levels of coordination and control. Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to the uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing the pole vault requires a coordinated combination of several complex skills. Types of Guidance In order to acquire skill, performers often need addition guidance Visual Seeing a demonstration, example or even watching their own performance played back Verbal Being told what needs to be done, what went well or what needs improvement through constructive criticism. Manual Being physically guided through something, such as being helped with a hand stand Skill Acquisition Types of Practice These are the ways a performer tries to gain skills they have particularly identified. Whole: a complete performance is carried out with all aspects of performance covered, e.g. the high jump technique. Part: complex skills are broken down into parts and each part is practised. Types of Skill Open Skills Occur in situations that are constantly changing, such as any invasion game activity where the environment around the performer is constantly changing. Skills may have to be adapted according to the demands of the game. For example a football pass will be affected by your position, the position of your opponents and your team mates as well as playing conditions e.g. wind/wet pitch, etc. Closed skills These occur in situations that are constant and unchanging so they are not affected by the sporting environment. An example is performing a trampolining routine or a dance routine. Types of Feedback A performer finds out how good their performance was through: Knowledge of results This is a form of terminal feedback at the end of a performance and could be as simple as winning or losing. Knowledge of Performance This relates to how well the performance was carried out rather than just the end result The most common ways of feedback are: Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer while they are actually performing Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the performer themselves, such as sounds or things they can see. Fixed: a set session or aspect is concentrated upon. Variable: a combination of all of the above

23 Knockouts Ladders Combination Competitions What is it? Advantages Disadvantages One team plays another. The winner progresses to the next round and loser drops out of competition. Usually played in rounds. Darts is an example Set number of players/teams on the ladder. Challenge people higher up the ladder to games and take their place if you win. Combination of some or all types. For example qualifying leagues, and winners progress to further leagues or knockout. The Football World Cup is an example Can be organised quickly and easily. High numbers can participate due to drop out. Suited to racket sports such as squash, badminton and tennis. Easy to run and administer. Can play as many games as you like. More than one opportunity to qualify. A large number of teams can participate. Competition is over quickly if you lose your first game. Qualifying events or byes may be required to get the right number in each round. Slow progress. Only small number of participants can take part. Its time consuming. Meaningless games may be played where teams have already qualified for the next stage. International Sport and Events Developments in sport through the contribution of science: Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of wood; stronger pole vault poles made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of bamboo; lighter cricket pads made of high density compressed foam; and lighter and aerodynamic bicycles. Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are more streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces and footwear made of a combination of natural and synthetic material with increased strength and flexibility. Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play to continue when its raining, stadiums with retractable roofs, air conditioning and humidity control, and fitness gyms with significantly updated equipment. Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups, cricket test matches, athletics world championships, formula One world championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games. Advantages of hosting international sporting events: Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and selling merchandise. Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for the event but can be used in the future. Raising the profile/reputation of the host country worldwide. Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events: Security/risk of terrorist attack Political protests or boycotts Expensive to provide facilities and security Science and ICT in Sport Developments in sport through the contribution of ICT: Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets using computers. Using software and hardware to record and analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows individuals to review their own performance through video playback and ProZone, used by professional football clubs, allows analysis of an individual player, such as distance run and passes made. Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring devices such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye technology used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of the ball, and video officials used to support referees decisions. Interactive games and devices, such as games consoles, allowing people to play interactive games and improve their fitness.

24 Television One of the most powerful forms of media Increase in the amount of televised sport when digital transmission was introduced Large numbers of channels dedicated to sport are now available The government set rules regarding events shown on TV, e.g. listed events such as the FA Cup Final cannot be shown exclusively on pay per view or satellite/ cable channels. Magazines Often contain sport stories Increasing number of specialised magazines in specific sports Range and Scope of Sponsorship Individuals: individual sponsorship deals whereby the athlete gets given money to endorse a good, e.g. wearing a specific brand of footwear. Teams and clubs: payments made to the team, and used for equipment, kit etc. Sports: major sponsorship associated with the sport to promote leagues or competitions. Events: big events such as the Olympic Games attract many sponsors because it increases publicity Newspapers Have dedicated sports section at the back Books E.g. textbooks, autobiographies, novels Sponsorship Unacceptable Sponsorship Anything associated with poor health, e.g. smoking and alcohol Effects of Sponsorship Provision of equipment, clothing accessories, facilities, transport/travel Entry fees and expenses paid, e.g. hotel bills Radio Increase in the number of radio stations broadcasting sport since the introduction of DAB There are now a number of stations dedicated to sport Cheaper to broadcast via radio than TV, and cheaper and more accessible/portable for listeners Information Technology Lots of information available on CD-ROMS and the Internet Increasing number of sites on the Internet broadcasting TV and radio Advantages of Sponsorship Financial support for the athlete Promotion of the sport Raise profile and image of sport Increased revenue for the sponsor, and gives them a good image Disadvantages of Sponsorship Sponsors may start to dictate changes, e.g. to the rules, clothing, timings etc. Sponsors can withdraw if the image of the sport is damaged Difficult for minority (less well-known) sports to get sponsorship How Can The Media Influence Performance and Participation? High standards of performance are shown gives and example of people to follow Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and the viewer can learn from it Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits Edited Coverage Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an inaccurate representation of the action is seen by the viewer Different Types of Output Informative sports news Educational documentaries Instructional coaching DVD Entertainment live matches Role Models Role models are people that others aspire to be like, and should therefore set a good example. How can role models shape attitudes? The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding by rules or playing unfairly against the rules. Setting trends The way in which they conduct themselves in both their sporting and private life. How can role models influence participation? By being an inspiration By being successful through good performances By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender group or disability