Ultrasound in critical care
|
|
- Blake Terry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Stephen Wilson Bsc MBChB MRCP FRCA Andrew Mackay MBChB, FRCA, EDIC, FFICM Matrix Reference 2C01 Key points Focused ultrasound (US) studies can supplement physical examination of critically ill patients. National guidelines now recommend the use of US for a number of practical procedures commonly performed in critical care. Full training and competence are essential before significant therapeutic decisions are made based on the US assessment. A record of focused US studies performed by an individual should be maintained in the form of a logbook. Stephen Wilson Bsc MBChB MRCP FRCA ST6 Anaesthesia Glasgow Royal Infirmary Glasgow UK Andrew Mackay MBChB, FRCA, EDIC, FFICM Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Anaesthetic Department Victoria Infirmary Glasgow G42 9TY UK Tel: þ Fax: þ ntlandy@yahoo.com (for correspondence) 190 Although medical diagnostic ultrasonography has been used since the 1950s, advances in ultrasound (US) technology over the last decade have led to: (i) smaller and portable US machines, which means that US can come to the patient, providing an immediate advantage over other imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT); (ii) decreased cost of US technology, resulting in increased availability of US machines to areas outside the radiology department; (iii) improved probes achieving higher resolution images which are easier to interpret. Interest in US use in critical care continues to increase as more applications of this technology are appreciated. This growing interest is mirrored in other specialities, and in recognition of this, the Royal College of Radiologists published Ultrasound training recommendations for medical and surgical specialities. 1 This publication gives guidelines on how US training should be developed when being performed by the non-radiologist. The College of Emergency Medicine used these guidelines to develop its own curriculum and now US training is part of the core curriculum for all Emergency Medicine Trainees. With the publication of guidelines drawn up by a joint working party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, and the Intensive Care Society in November 2010, 2 it is inevitable that formal US training will become part of the anaesthesia curriculum. This article looks at the uses of US in the critically ill patient and training in US use for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. US for assessment and diagnosis In the 1970s, radiologists and surgeons started describing the role of US examination for haemoperitoneum in patients who had sustained blunt abdominal trauma. This led to evaluation of US in trauma patients, specifically for the detection of haemoperitoneum and haemopericardium. This research culminated in the description of the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam, which has been included as part of the advanced trauma life support course since FAST examination is an example of a focused ultrasound assessment, a type of US examination performed in order to answer a specific clinical question, such as is there free fluid in the abdomen? or is there a pericardial effusion? This differs from traditional US examination where an often time-consuming scan is performed in order to generate a detailed report of the area being examined. A list of possible focused assessments relevant to intensive care can be seen in Table 1. Focused echocardiography Focused echocardiographic examination is significantly shorter in duration than traditional echocardiography. The goal of such an exam is to supplement the physical examination, and in the care of acutely ill patients, an approach that combines both physical examination and bedside echocardiography has proven to improve clinical diagnosis and management. 3 Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is noninvasive and more readily available than transoesophageal echocardiography and should thus be the initial modality of choice. Objectives of the examination should include: (i) assessment of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function, (ii) assessment of the pericardial space for effusion and tamponade, and (iii) assessment of the volume status. A detailed assessment of valvular function and of the great vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery) should not be part of basic echocardiography training; however, recognition of an abnormal scan should prompt a full echographic assessment by a trained practitioner. doi: /bjaceaccp/mks019 Advance Access publication 2 May, 2012 Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Volume 12 Number & The Author [2012]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please journals.permissions@oup.com
2 Table 1 The different anatomical areas where a focused US assessment can be performed. When performing the scan, the examiner should try to answer a specific question in order to arrive at a diagnosis Scan Questions being asked Diagnosis Echocardiography Is there a pericardial effusion? Pericardial effusion Are there signs of tamponade? Are the ventricles grossly Myocardial insufficiency dilated? Is there adequate ventricular function? Is the right ventricle dilated? Pulmonary embolism Is the IVC fixed and dilated? Is the left ventricle underfilled? Hypovolaemia Is the IVC collapsing on inspiration? Is there ventricular activity? Confirmation of cardiac arrest Thoracic ultrasound Is lung sliding present? Pneumothorax Are comet tail artifacts present? Is there fluid in the thorax? Pleural effusion Are A lines present? Pulmonary oedema Are B lines present? Abdominal Is there free fluid/blood in the Intraperitoneal fluid ultrasound abdomen? Is the abdominal aorta.3 cm Abdominal aortic aneurysm in diameter? Is there hydronephrosis? Post-renal obstruction Is the bladder distended? Is the anterior gallbladder wall Cholecystitis thickened? Is the common bile duct dilated? Are there gallstones? Does the patient have a sonographic Murphy sign? Lower extremity Does the common femoral vein Deep venous thrombosis fully compress? Does the popliteal vein fully compress? Ocular ultrasound Is the optic sheath diameter Raised intracranial pressure.5 mm? Transcranial What is the flow velocity? Cerebral vasospasm or Doppler What is the pulsatility index? cerebral artery obstruction A common use of echo in critical care is to help diagnose the cause of hypotension. Hypovolaemia can often be difficult to diagnose clinically. TTE may demonstrate a hyperdynamic LV, but visualization of the inferior vena cava (IVC) may be more helpful. The IVC can be visualized in the abdomen as it travels behind the liver. In a healthy subject breathing spontaneously, an inspiratory decrease in an IVC diameter of 50% can be observed as a result of cyclic changes in pleural pressure. This cyclic change in the vena cava diameter is abolished, when the vessel is dilated, for example, in cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, and severe RV failure. In a mechanically ventilated patient, the respiratory changes in the IVC diameter are reversed, with an inspiration causing an increase in the diameter. Cyclic respiratory changes in the IVC diameter during mechanical ventilation can be observed only with a normal or low volume status. Recent studies have shown in mechanically ventilated patients exhibiting circulatory failure, with an absence of IVC diameter variation, further fluid boluses would not be of benefit in more than 90% of cases. An increase greater than 12% in the IVC diameter during lung inflation allows discrimination between responders and non-responders to volume loading, with a positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of 92%. 4 US of the IVC therefore can give a non-invasive parameter to evaluate volume loading. It remains to be seen whether this index is still reliable in patients with a significant increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which could limit IVC diameter variations. Although echocardiography is not recommended as a routine imaging test to diagnose suspected pulmonary embolism, echocardiographic findings in a massive pulmonary embolism can be diagnostic. The echographic findings of RV dilation, impairment of the RV free wall contraction, paradoxical septal wall motion, or dilation of the right pulmonary artery, in a patient with circulatory collapse, would be suggestive of massive pulmonary embolism. Prompt treatment with thrombolysis should then be considered. The 2010 ALS resuscitation guidelines recognize the possible advantage of echocardiography during cardiac arrest to detect potentially reversible causes, although no studies have shown that the use of this imaging modality improves outcome. The integration of echocardiography into advanced life support requires training in order to obtain a subcostal view within the 10 s pause for rhythm assessment. This ensures that interruption to chest compressions is minimized. Thoracic US Thoracic US was traditionally thought to be limited because air is not a good transducer of sound waves, and US examination of the normal aerated lung results in an image distorted by artifacts. However, recent work has shown that the presence or absence of these artifacts can correlate with pathology of the lung. Lung US can differentiate a variety of lung pathologies including pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, pneumonia, and alveolar-interstitial syndrome (as seen in pulmonary oedema). Pleural effusions on chest X-ray are often missed or diagnosed as consolidation, or more worryingly, a white-out may be diagnosed as an effusion when the appearance is actually due to collapse/consolidation. US assessment of a pleural effusion can easily reveal a characteristic echo-free space between visceral and parietal layers (Fig. 1). Pneumothorax can also be diagnosed using US and has greater diagnostic utility than plain chest radiography in diagnosing a pneumothorax in the supine patient, where air lies anteriorly and can be difficult to see. 5 Diagnosis of pneumothorax on US is made when normal lung artifacts are absent and the normal movement of the visceral pleura with respiration is lost. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain j Volume 12 Number
3 example, whether a diagnosis can be made or excluded, or when further imaging modalities are required. Abdominal aorta Fig 1 Thoracic US revealing a large pleural effusion (E) that has displaced the lung. The diaphragm (D) and liver (L) are visualized. The depth from the skin to the fluid has been measured. Insertion of the needle at this site is not advised; given the proximity to the liver, a more superior approach should be marked. Abdominal US A number of focused US assessments can be performed on the abdomen. FAST scan As described above, the FAST scan was developed to aid in the diagnosis of blood/free fluid in the abdomen in patients who had suffered blunt trauma with the primary aim to rapidly direct appropriate operative interventions in unstable patients. The use of a FAST scan has replaced diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), despite DPL being more sensitive in detecting small volumes of intraperitoneal blood. This is because a FAST scan is more specific, with a therapeutic laparotomy being performed in % of the patients with a positive FAST scan, compared with 74 94% of the patients with a positive DPL. 6 A therapeutic laparotomy is defined as a laparotomy that reveals pathology requiring surgical intervention. With an increasingly conservative approach to the treatment of splenic and liver injuries, the high-sensitivity and invasive nature of the DPL has become less useful. A negative FAST scan does not exclude injury as in both blunt and penetrating trauma, significant injury may not have associated free fluid, or free fluid may take time to develop. One study found that 22% of abdominal injuries in adults were not associated with free fluid. This increases to 37% in paediatric abdominal trauma. 6 Injuries less frequently associated with significant free fluid would include injuries to bowel and mesentery; the liver and spleen where bleeding may be contained by their capsules; and retroperitoneal injuries including renal and pancreatic injuries. Given the moderate sensitivity of the FAST scan, its use should be part of an algorithm when assessing a patient with abdominal trauma. The FAST scan gives a useful guide as to how other focused US assessments in critical care should be carried out. Information on sensitivity and specificity is required for each US assessment performed as this will guide the decision-making process, for Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) can present with varied symptoms and therefore US should be considered on patients presenting with back pain, flank pain, ureteric colic, syncope, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal bleeding to rule out an AAA. The entire length of the abdominal aorta must be evaluated and shown to be less than 3 cm in diameter before the diagnosis can be excluded. If the US is positive for AAA, the decision for further imaging or immediate operative intervention will be governed by the clinical picture. The most common impediments to visualization of the aorta are bowel gas, obese habitus, and an uncooperative patient in pain. Measurement errors are also common. Renal and bladder The kidneys and the bladder are the most sonographically available organs. Post-renal (or obstructive) acute renal failure (ARF) can complicate the clinical situation of the patient in the intensive care unit (ICU) and a focused assessment of the kidneys and bladder can detect mild or moderate hydronephrosis or a distended bladder. Early detection is important as post-renal ARF can usually be corrected without the need for dialysis. The examination may sometimes reveal the pathological lesion responsible for the obstructive, although US has a very low specificity for identifying ureteric stones. Research of the use of US to monitor renal function in the critically ill is ongoing. Kidney blood flow can be evaluated with colour Doppler and it has been shown in the critically ill that renal vasoconstriction can reduce renal blood flow to 50% of normal. 7 In the future, it may be possible to document these changes in regional renal blood flow and provide prognostic information. Gallbladder US is considered as the first-line tool to diagnose disorders of the gallbladder and biliary tree. Cholelithiasis and any associated inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) may be confirmed with US. A gallbladder wall thickness of.3 mm is considered abnormal, although a number of disease processes can result in a diffuse gallbladder wall thickening. The normal common bile duct is usually,6 mm in diameter, although it can vary with age. If the diameter is.8 mm, there is evidence of obstruction. Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) has been diagnosed with increasing frequency in ICU patients, probably as a result of treating more seriously ill patients for longer. The aetiology is believed to have an ischaemic basis and a gangrenous gallbladder may result. The US findings of AAC are the same as cholecystitis except for the absence of gallstone shadowing. 192 Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain j Volume 12 Number
4 Other focused assessments Deep venous thrombosis The occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is common among patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in the ICU setting, despite the routine use of thromboprophylaxis, up to 20% in some studies. Bedside US of the lower extremity venous system using a simple compression technique with the probe can detect a DVT. Formal anticoagulation may then be appropriate to reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism. Leg US is also useful to help in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. British Thoracic Society guidelines state that the finding of a DVT by leg US in patients with a suspected pulmonary embolism is often sufficient to confirm the diagnosis; however, a normal leg US cannot exclude a pulmonary embolism. Ocular A focused assessment using ocular US to measure the optic nerve sheath diameter can be performed to look for raised intracranial pressure (ICP) which may be reflected through the nerve sheath as in papilloedema (Fig. 2). Research has shown that an optic nerve sheath diameter of.5 mm correlates with evidence of increased ICP shown on CT. 8 Transcranial Doppler Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a non-invasive assessment of cerebral arterial supply. The flow velocity (FV) of cerebral arteries can be calculated using the Doppler probe at various acoustic windows of the skull. The pulsatility index (PI) can then be derived. The FV and PI values of the vasculature alter with different pathologies, such as vasospasm or ischaemic stroke. TCD can not only help in the diagnosis of disorders of the vasculature but also monitor the effects of therapeutic intervention. Neonatal fontanelle scanning Focused US is also an important tool in the paediatric intensive care, and many of the uses described in this article are appropriate for both adult and paediatric intensive care patients. In addition, the anterior fontanelle of the infant provides an additional acoustic window for the assessment of suspected intraventricular haemorrhage or hydrocephalus. Use of US for therapy and treatment US is also used before and during practical procedures in the critical care environment. Vascular access The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends that central venous catheters (CVCs) are inserted using US guidance by practitioners who are appropriately trained. CVC insertion using US has already been discussed in this journal. Its use in long-stay patients is particularly relevant, given the increased risk of venous thrombosis in previously used sites. US can also be used to guide peripheral venous and arterial access when tissue oedema can make palpation of peripheral vessels impossible. Thoracentesis Studies have demonstrated that using US to guide thoracentesis results in a higher success rate than a landmark-based method, and also a lower incidence of pneumothorax. The British Thoracic Society has issued recent guidelines stating that thoracic US is now strongly recommended for all pleural procedures. A suitable site of needle insertion is identified where fluid is seen to persist throughout the respiratory cycle and where there is no incursion of the lung or diaphragm into the sonographic window. The depth from the skin to the fluid should be noted and the skin marked for the site of entry. Fig 2 Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in a healthy subject. The measurement is taken 3 mm posterior to the papilla. A direct communication has been documented between the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve and the chiasmal cistern of the brain. When ICP increases, cerebrospinal fluid flows towards the perineural subarachnoid space and results in expansion of the ONSD. Percutaneous tracheostomy US of the neck may identify structures at risk for haemorrhage, such as aberrant blood vessels. One study showed that based on prior US findings, the site of tracheal puncture had to be changed in 24% of the patients undergoing percutaneous tracheostomy. 9 Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain j Volume 12 Number
5 Regional anaesthesia US-guided regional anaesthesia in intensive care can be an important tool to aid analgesia, especially when pain is contributing to respiratory failure. Training Full training and competence are essential before significant therapeutic decisions are made based on US assessment. As mentioned, guidelines for training in the use of US in anaesthesia and intensive care have been produced by a working party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, and the Intensive Care Society. The guidelines describe three levels of training with Level 1 training (core training) being the expected standard of knowledge and practice that anaesthetic and intensive care consultants should have in the future. It is proposed that for the completion of specialist training in anaesthesia and intensive care, Level 1 accreditation will be mandatory in the following: US for regional anaesthesia and US for vascular procedures and echocardiography, and optional in thoracic US and abdominal US. The training will be split into theoretical and practical domains. Theoretical training Preliminary theoretical training should be undertaken before using US in clinical situations and cover relevant anatomy, the physics of US, machine familiarization, image recording and reporting, artifacts, and the relevance of other imaging modalities to US. This training may be delivered locally, using either Level 1 practitioners with 12 months experience or higher level practitioners, or by distance learning using web-based packages. There are already national courses available that include theoretical training within their programme. Assessment after theoretical training will ensure that the trainee has understood and can apply this knowledge to clinical practice. Practical training Practical training should include both training with phantoms and models before using US in a clinical situation. Practical experience should be gained under the guidance of a named supervisor trained in US (who should at least be a Level 1 practitioner with at least 12 months experience). Practical training will be competencybased, rather than performance of a set number of procedures undertaken. However, to ensure optimal training and timely acquisition of the required competencies, practical training should involve frequent supervised examinations. A logbook of all training cases should be kept and ideally should include a number of more detailed case studies. Most US machines have the ability to store US images (still and video) and these images should form part of the logbook. Although these guidelines may not be implemented into the curriculum for anaesthesia for some time, they provide the trainee with a guide on how they should focus their current training in US. Maintaining a logbook of US experience will allow equivalence of training when this structured training programme is in place. Declaration of interest None declared. References 1. Board of the Faculty of Clinical Radiology. Ultrasound Training Recommendations for Medical and Surgical Specialities. London: Royal College of Radiologists, Joint working party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Intensive Care Society. Ultrasound in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care: A Guide to Training. London: The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, The Royal College of Anaesthetists, and The Intensive Care Society, Beaulieu Y. Specific skill set and goals of focused echocardiography for critical care clinicians. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: S Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C et al. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: Noble V, Nelson B, Sutingco AN. Manual of Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, Rippey JCR, Royse AG. Ultrasound in trauma. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: Barozzi L, Valentino M, Santoro A, Mancini E, Pavlica P. Renal ultrasonography in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: S Blaivas M, Theodoro D, Sierzenski PR. Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10: Kollig E, Heydenreich U, Roetman B, Hopf F, Muhr G. Ultrasound and bronchoscopic controlled percutaneous tracheostomy on trauma ICU. Injury 2000; 30: Please see multiple choice questions Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain j Volume 12 Number
Ultrasound. FAST Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma
Ultrasound FAST Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma Rohit Patel, MD University of Florida Health Director, Critical Care Ultrasound Surgical ICU Center for Intensive Care Gainesville, Florida
More informationA Practical Approach to Ultrasound Assessment of Respiratory Distress
A Practical Approach to Ultrasound Assessment of Respiratory Distress Yanick Beaulieu, MD, FRCPC Director, Bedside Ultrasound Curriculum Division of Cardiology and Critical Care Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Rapid Cardiac Echo (RCE)
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Rapid Cardiac Echo (RCE) Purpose: Rapid Cardiac Echocardiography (RCE) This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum
More informationEFAST. Extended Focussed Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. Ultrasound Logbook. Name
EFAST Extended Focussed Assessment with Sonography for Trauma Ultrasound Logbook ame Contents EFAST Accreditation Requirements 25 Abdominal Aorta Report Forms 3 Formative Assessments 1 Summative Assessment
More informationPerioperative Ultrasonography Ehab Farag, MD, FRCA Hesham Elsharkawy David G. Anthony, M.D.
Perioperative Ultrasonography Ehab Farag, MD, FRCA Hesham Elsharkawy David G. Anthony, M.D. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 1 Complications during central venous catheterization (CVC) occur 2% -15% of the
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Biliary
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Biliary Page 1 of 6 12/18 Biliary Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum for basic ultrasound
More informationThe faculty will include physicians with international reputations as outstanding ultrasound educators.
Ultrasound Courses Course Description Whether you re a beginner or a seasoned sonographer, this year s AAEM pre-conference ultrasound course will be worth your time. We will be offering a half day course
More informationMy Patient Has Abdominal Pain PoCUS of the Biliary Tract and the Urinary Tract
My Patient Has Abdominal Pain PoCUS of the Biliary Tract and the Urinary Tract Objectives PoCUS for Biliary Disease PoCUS for Renal Colic PoCUS for Urinary Retention Biliary Disease A patient presents
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Basic Echocardiography in Life Support
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Basic Echocardiography in Life Support Page 1 of 7 05/18 ACN 001 679 161 ABN 64 001 679 Basic Echocardiography in Life Support (BELS) Syllabus
More informationPoint of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS)
Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) Competency Assessment Forms AORTA Competency A Focussed Assessment of the Aorta (AAA) Guidance Please follow this guidance as closely as possible to ensure consistency
More informationJFICMI Basic Critical Care Echocardiography (BCCE)
JFICMI Basic Critical Care Echocardiography (BCCE) 2017 Introduction The International expert statement on training standards for critical care ultrasonography position paper published in Intensive Care
More informationRadiological Investigations of Abdominal Trauma
76 77 Investigations of Abdominal Trauma Introduction: Trauma to abdominal organs is a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality among trauma patients. Causes of abdominal trauma include blunt injuries,
More informationCertificate in Allied Health Performed Ultrasound (CAHPU)
Certificate in Allied Health Performed Ultrasound (CAHPU) Syllabus Advanced Allied Health Performed Neonatal Ultrasound Advanced Allied Health Performed Neonatal Ultrasound Purpose: Prerequisites: Training:
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute coronary syndrome(s), anticoagulant therapy in, 706, 707 antiplatelet therapy in, 702 ß-blockers in, 703 cardiac biomarkers in,
More informationUltrasound in the ICU
Ultrasound in the ICU Kristine E. W. Breyer, MD Assistant Professor Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine UCSF DISCLOSURES: NONE Definition The Ultrasound Exam Types & Uses Training Clinical Examples Objectives
More informationAppendix 5. EFSUMB Newsletter. Gastroenterological Ultrasound
EFSUMB Newsletter 87 Examinations should encompass the full range of pathological conditions listed below A log book listing the types of examinations undertaken should be kept Training should usually
More informationHepatobiliary Ultrasound Rimon Bengiamin, MD, RDMS Assistant Clinical Professor Director of Emergency Ultrasound UCSF Fresno. Objectives. Why?
Hepatobiliary Ultrasound Rimon Bengiamin, MD, RDMS Assistant Clinical Professor Director of Emergency Ultrasound UCSF Fresno Objectives Discuss the goals of point-of-care biliary ultrasound Review the
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Extended Focussed Abdominal Scan for Trauma (E-FAST)
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Extended Focussed Abdominal Scan for Trauma (E-FAST) Page 1 of 6 01/17 ACN 001 679 161 ABN 64 001 679 Extended Focussed Abdominal Scan for
More informationThe 2 nd Cambridge Advanced Emergency Ultrasound Course
The 2 nd Cambridge Advanced Emergency Ultrasound Course Addenbrooke s Hospital Cambridge Sept 2008 1 2 Faculty! UK! USA! Australia! Toshiba! Emergency Medicine! Radiology 3 Programme! Day 1 Introduction
More informationSession 2: Ultrasonography for Primary Care Clinicians Learning Objectives
Session 2: Ultrasonography for Primary Care Clinicians Learning Objectives 1. Assess the main components and functions of a portable ultrasound unit. 2. Identify three clinical applications of portable
More informationEmergency Ultrasound Standard Reporting Guidelines
Emergency Ultrasound Standard Reporting Guidelines October 2011 *heterogenous corrected to heterogeneous on pages 9 & 11, January 2016 Emergency Ultrasound Standard Reporting Guidelines: Introduction and
More informationEchocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies
Echocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies Frank van der Heusen MD Department of Anesthesia and perioperative Care UCSF Medical Center Objective of this presentation Indications
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Lung
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Lung Page 1 of 8 01/17 Lung Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum for lung ultrasound in
More informationUltrasound basics Part 1
Ultrasound basics Part 1 'Ultrasound enhanced critical care medicine' Rohit Patel, MD University of Florida Health Director, Critical Care Ultrasound Surgical ICU Center for Intensive Care Gainesville,
More informationExtended FAST Exam. Goal of Trauma Care. Golden Hour of Trauma
Extended FAST Exam Goal of Trauma Care Golden Hour of Trauma Best INITIAL screening modality in trauma efast 2014 LLSA Article (ACEP Policy Statement) Level B Recommendation: In hemodynamically unstable
More informationAAENP US WORKSHOP 2/25/17
Know the components of the Rapid Ultrasound for Shock & Hypotension & Extended Focused Assessment Sonography in Trauma & how they can help quickly determine diagnosis. Be comfortable obtaining and interpreting
More informationUltrasound-enhanced, catheter-directed thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE Interventional procedure consultation document Ultrasound-enhanced, catheter-directed thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism A pulmonary embolism (PE) is
More informationGuidelines, Policies and Statements D5 Statement on Abdominal Scanning
Guidelines, Policies and Statements D5 Statement on Abdominal Scanning Disclaimer and Copyright The ASUM Standards of Practice Board have made every effort to ensure that this Guideline/Policy/Statement
More informationObjectives. The Extended FAST Exam. Focused Assessment e With Sonography In. Trauma (FAST)
Northern California Emergency Ultrasound Course Objectives The Extended FAST Exam Rimon Bengiamin, MD, RDMS UC SF Discuss the components of the EFAST exam Evaluate the utility of the EFAST Review how to
More informationThe Shocked Patient. Adapted from Lichtenstein's FALLS protocol, with permission
The Shocked Patient Adapted from Lichtenstein's FALLS protocol, with permission 1 Summary 1. (Ongoing resus) Clinical assessment: formulate the question 2. Rapid shock screen 3. Form a working diagnosis
More informationPoint-of-Care Ultrasound Guide for Landmarks, Recording, and Report Content. TJUH/MHD EM Ultrasound Division 2012
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Guide for Landmarks, Recording, and Report Content TJUH/MHD EM Ultrasound Division 2012 Table of Contents 1 - Objectives 2 - Procedural 3 - AAA 4 - Abdominal OB 5 - Transvaginal
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Vascular Access (venous (peripheral and central) and arterial)
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Vascular Access (venous (peripheral and central) and arterial) Page 1 of 8 04/16 Vascular Access (venous (peripheral and central) and arterial)
More informationLung sonography in the diagnosis of pneumothorax.
Lung sonography in the diagnosis of pneumothorax. Poster No.: C-0526 Congress: ECR 2011 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: K. Stefanidis, K. Vintzilaios, D. D. Cokkinos, E. Antypa, S. Dimopoulos, S. Nanas,
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Page 1 of 6 03/17 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical
More informationFocused Assessment Sonography of Trauma (FAST) Scanning Protocol
Focused Assessment Sonography of Trauma (FAST) Scanning Protocol Romolo Gaspari CHAPTER 3 GOAL OF THE FAST EXAM Demonstrate free fluid in abdomen, pleural space, or pericardial space. EMERGENCY ULTRASOUND
More informationBedside Ultrasound. US Guided Fluid Resuscitation. Michiel J. van Veelen, Emergency Physician, DTM&H
Bedside Ultrasound US Guided Fluid Resuscitation Michiel J. van Veelen, Emergency Physician, DTM&H Outline Shock and Fluid Resuscitation in ICU Ultrasound in Shock Ultrasound Guided Fluid Resuscitation
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Lung
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Lung Page 1 of 8 12/15 Lung Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum for lung ultrasound in
More informationPulmonary Embolism. Thoracic radiologist Helena Lauri
Pulmonary Embolism Thoracic radiologist Helena Lauri 8.5.2017 Statistics 1-2 out of 1000 adults annually are diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) About half of patients
More informationAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Ultrasound Logbook. Name
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Logbook ame Contents AAA Accreditation Requirements 15 Abdominal Aorta Report Records 3 Formative Assessments 1 Summative Assessment AAA Accreditation Abdominal Aortic
More informationAbdominal Ultrasonography
Abdominal Ultrasonography David A. Masneri, DO, FACEP, FAAEM Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine Assistant Director, Emergency Medicine Residency Medical Director, Operational Medicine Division Center
More informationIn ESH we usually see blunt chest trauma but penetrating injuries also treated here (usually as single injuries, like stab wound)
Chest Trauma Dr Csaba Dioszeghy MD PhD FRCEM FFICM FERC East Surrey Hospital Emergency Department Scope Thoracic injuries are common and can be life threatening In ESH we usually see blunt chest trauma
More informationAbdominal ultrasound:
Abdominal ultrasound: Non-traumatic acute abdomen Wittanee Na-ChiangMai, MD Department of Radiology ChiangMai University 26/04/2017 Contents Technique of examination Normal anatomy Emergency conditions
More informationObjectives. Hepatobiliary Ultrasound: Anatomy, Technique, Pathology. RUQ: Normal Anatomy. Emergency Ultrasound: Gallbladder Location
Hepatobiliary Ultrasound: Anatomy, Technique, Pathology Laleh Gharahbaghian, MD FAAEM Associate Director, EM Ultrasound Co-Director, EM Ultrasound Fellowship Stanford University Medical Center Seric Cusick,
More informationAppendix 9: Endoscopic Ultrasound in Gastroenterology
Appendix 9: Endoscopic Ultrasound in Gastroenterology This curriculum is intended for clinicians who perform endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in gastroenterology. It includes standards for theoretical
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Lung
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Lung ASUM Quality CCPU Syllabi Released: 21 March 2013 Approved by: CEO Lung Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Renal Hydronephrosis & Calculi
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Renal Hydronephrosis & Calculi Page 1 of 6 01/17 Renal Hydronephrosis and Calculi Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Hepatic Procedural
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Hepatic Procedural Page 1 of 6 12/18 Hepatic Procedural Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum
More informationRealistic simulation in Point of Care Ultrasound
Realistic simulation in Point of Care Ultrasound 2 Preparing for PoCUS... BodyWorks Eve is an ultra-realistic female patient simulator designed for interactive and immersive Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS)
More informationTransthoracic Echocardiography:
Transthoracic Echocardiography: An essential tool for the obstetric anaesthetist? Brendan Carvalho MBBCh, FRCA Department of Anesthesiology Stanford University, California Focused TTE Stethoscope of the
More informationL o o k L i s t e n F e e l S c a n. Your Pocus Cards For Your Every Day Scanning.
L o o k L i s t e n F e e l S c a n Your Pocus Cards For Your Every Day Scanning E-FAST Extended Focused Assessment by Sonography in Trauma Subcostal Heart View Pleural Sliding on M-mode (Sea-shore sign)
More informationLooking Outside the Box: Incidental Extracardiac Finding in Echo
Looking Outside the Box: Incidental Extracardiac Finding in Echo Dr. Aijaz Shah Head of Division, Adult Echocardiography Laboratory Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre Riyadh Case 1 17 year old boy presented
More informationBasic of Ultrasound Physics E FAST & Renal Examination. Dr Muhammad Umer Ihsan MBBS,MD, DCH CCPU,DDU1,FACEM
Basic of Ultrasound Physics E FAST & Renal Examination Dr Muhammad Umer Ihsan MBBS,MD, DCH CCPU,DDU1,FACEM What is Sound? Sound is Mechanical pressure waves What is Ultrasound? Ultrasounds are sound waves
More informationFAST Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma
FAST Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma Wilma Rodriguez Mojica,MD,FACR Professor of Radiology UPR School of Medicine Ultrasound Section - Radiological Sciences Department OBJECTIVES Understand
More informationB-I-2 CARDIAC AND VASCULAR RADIOLOGY
(YEARS 1 3) CURRICULUM FOR RADIOLOGY 13 B-I-2 CARDIAC AND VASCULAR RADIOLOGY KNOWLEDGE To describe the normal anatomy of the heart and vessels including the lymphatic system as demonstrated by radiographs,
More informationPericardial Diseases. Smonporn Boonyaratavej, MD. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University
Pericardial Diseases Smonporn Boonyaratavej, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital 21 AUGUST 2016 Pericardial
More informationPoint-of-Care Ultrasound Closer look at the Inferior Vena Cavae &
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Closer look at the Inferior Vena Cavae & Brief Introduction to Gross Systolic Function Omar S. Darwish, MS, DO Certified in Point-of-Care Ultrasound Hospitalist University of California,
More informationAbdomen Sonography Examination Content Outline
Abdomen Sonography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 Anatomy, Perfusion, and Function Pathology, Vascular Abnormalities, Trauma, and Postoperative Anatomy
More informationLung ultrasound in the critically ill patient Pleural Effusions
Lung ultrasound in the critically ill patient Pleural Effusions Rohit Patel, MD University of Florida Health Director, Critical Care Ultrasound Surgical ICU Center for Intensive Care Gainesville, Florida
More informationDr. Rami M. Adil Al-Hayali Assistant Professor in Medicine
Dr. Rami M. Adil Al-Hayali Assistant Professor in Medicine Venous thromboembolism: pulmonary embolism (PE) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 1% of all patients admitted to hospital 5% of in-hospital mortality
More informationBrugge Mars 2009 P.R.E.P. Programme Rapide Échographie Polytraumatisé. Aalst - December 2009 C.F.F.E.
Brugge Mars 2009 Programme Rapide Échographie Polytraumatisé www.ultrason.com Aalst - December 2009 C.F.F.E. PREVIOUSLY! About «formal ultrasonography»! Ultrasonography for the diagnosis! Performed by
More informationRadiology Rotation Educational Goals & Objectives for Internal Medicine
Radiology Rotation Educational Goals & Objectives for Internal Medicine Internists provide continuing care for patients with a myriad of medical and psychosocial problems. During many patient encounters,
More informationAbdominal Ultrasound. Diane Hallinen, MD. Bloodroot
Abdominal Ultrasound Diane Hallinen, MD Bloodroot Abdominal Ultrasound Vasculature Hepatobiliary Spleen Kidney Bladder Bowel Where to put the probe? Vasculature We are going to talk about Celiac Trunk
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Hepatic Procedural Hepatic Procedural Purpose: Prerequisites: Training: Assessments: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical
More informationManual of Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound
Manual of Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound Second Edition Manual of Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound Second Edition Vicki E. Noble MD, RDMS, FACEP Director, Division of Emergency Ultrasound,
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Page 1 of 6 12/18 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Syllabus Purpose: This unit is designed to cover the theoretical
More informationIntro Case. Outline What We ll Cover. What we won t cover. Cardiac Ultrasound and The RUSH Exam: Bedside Ultrasound in Resuscitation and Shock
Cardiac Ultrasound and The RUSH Exam: Bedside Ultrasound in Resuscitation and Shock Justin Davis, MD, MPH, RDMS Associate Physician Subchief for Emergency Ultrasound Services Kaiser Oakland Medical Center
More informationNON INVASIVE LIFE SAVERS. Ultrasound in PICU
VOL 1 NO.1 Jan March 2014 54 Table 1. Selected Applications of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography, According to Medical Specialty. Specialty Ultrasound Applications Anesthesia Cardiology Guidance for vascular
More informationShock, Monitoring Invasive Vs. Non Invasive
Shock, Monitoring Invasive Vs. Non Invasive Paula Ferrada MD Assistant Professor Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University Shock Fluid Pressors Ionotrope Intervention
More informationPatient Management Code Blue in the CT Suite
Patient Management Code Blue in the CT Suite David Stultz, MD November 28, 2001 Case Presentation A 53-year-old woman experienced acute respiratory distress during an IV contrast enhanced CT scan of the
More informationBackground & Indications Probe Selection
Teresa S. Wu, MD, FACEP Director, EM Ultrasound Program & Fellowship Co-Director, Simulation Based Training Program & Fellowship Associate Program Director, EM Residency Program Maricopa Medical Center
More informationCURRICULUM FOR FELLOWSHIP IN CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
CURRICULUM FOR FELLOWSHIP IN CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE AIM: The course has been designed to train candidates by the anesthesiologists in the principles and practice of intensive care & artificial ventilation
More informationVascular Technology Examination Content Outline
Vascular Technology Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 Normal Anatomy, Perfusion, and Function Evaluate normal anatomy, perfusion, function 2 Pathology, Perfusion,
More informationThe FAST Exam! Dr. David Easton MD FRCPC Critical Care and Emergency Medicine University of Manitoba Canada
The FAST Exam! Dr. David Easton MD FRCPC Critical Care and Emergency Medicine University of Manitoba Canada Dr. David Easton MD FRCPC Assistant Professor Section of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
More informationPatrick C. Cullinan, DO, NBPNS, FCCM, FACOEP, FACOI Associate Clinical Professor, UIWSOM, San Antonio, Texas Adjunct Assistant Professor, University
Patrick C. Cullinan, DO, NBPNS, FCCM, FACOEP, FACOI Associate Clinical Professor, UIWSOM, San Antonio, Texas Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Emergency
More informationLearning Radiology: Recognizing the Basics. Text with Student Consult Online Access Code
Learning Radiology: Recognizing the Basics. Text with Student Consult Online Access Code Herring, W ISBN-13: 9780323074445 Table of Contents 1. Recognizing Anything The "colorful" world of radiology A
More informationClinical Guideline. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. November Approved by Board: 22nd September 2016
Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Recognition of Competency in Thoracic Ultrasound Clinical Guideline November 2016 Approved by Board: 22nd September 2016 Document Review Date: November 2021
More informationJanuary Details of the fee code revisions can be found highlighted in Schedule A, attached.
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Health and Community Services January 2018 18-01 TO: RE: ALL FEE-FOR-SERVICE PHYSICIANS CHANGES TO DOPPLER ULTRASOUND FEE CODES The Department of Health
More informationPediatric Lung Ultrasound (PLUS) In Diagnosis of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Pediatric Lung Ultrasound (PLUS) In Diagnosis of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Dr Neetu Talwar Senior Consultant, Pediatric Pulmonology Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram Study To compare
More informationComputed tomography of the chest: I. Basic principles
BJA Education, 15 (6): 299 304 (2015) doi: 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mku063 Advance Access Publication Date: 2 February 2015 Matrix reference 1A03, 2A12 Computed tomography of the chest: I. Basic principles P
More informationCLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RADIOLOGY QUIZ QUESTION
Donald L. Renfrew, MD Radiology Associates of the Fox Valley, 333 N. Commercial Street, Suite 100, Neenah, WI 54956 6/23/2012 Radiology Quiz of the Week # 78 Page 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RADIOLOGY
More informationWe are now going to review the diagnosis and management of pericardial collections and tamponade
We are now going to review the diagnosis and management of pericardial collections and tamponade FEEL COURSE PAGE 1 Paying particular attention to the difference between a collection and cardiac tamponade
More informationChest Ultrasound: Pneumothorax
WINFOCUS BASIC ECHO (WBE) Chest Ultrasound: Pneumothorax Mark Hamlin, MD, MS Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Surgery University of Vermont College of Medicine Co-Director of Surgical Critical
More informationPhysician s Vascular Interpretation Examination Content Outline
Physician s Vascular Interpretation Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cerebrovascular Abdominal Peripheral Arterial - Duplex Imaging Peripheral Arterial
More informationBackground & Indications Probe Selection
Teresa S. Wu, MD, FACEP Director, EM Ultrasound Program & Fellowship Co-Director, Simulation Based Training Program & Fellowship Associate Program Director, EM Residency Program Maricopa Medical Center
More informationCopyright 2017 American College of Emergency Physicians. All rights reserved.
POLICY Approved April 2017 Guidelines for the Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) in the ED for Cardiac Arrest Approved by the ACEP Board of Directors April 2017 1. Introduction The American
More informationASSESSING THE PLAIN ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPH M A A M E F O S U A A M P O F O
ASSESSING THE PLAIN ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPH M A A M E F O S U A A M P O F O Introduction The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, is that part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis,
More informationJob Task Analysis for ARDMS Abdomen Data Collected: June 30, 2011
Job Task Analysis for ARDMS Abdomen Data Collected: June 30, 2011 Reported: Analysis Summary for: Abdomen Examination Survey Dates 06/13/2011-06/26/2011 Invited Respondents 6,000 Surveys with Demographics
More informationPolicies, Standards, and Guidelines. Guidelines for Abdominal Ultrasound Examination
Policies, Standards, and Guidelines Guidelines for Abdominal Ultrasound Examination Approved by Council Feb 2018 Disclaimer and Copyright The ASUM Standards of Practice Board have made every effort to
More informationBEDSIDE ULTRASOUND BEDSIDE ULTRASOUND. Deep Vein Thrombosis. Probe used
BEDSIDE ULTRASOUND Part 2 Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis Kishore Kumar Pichamuthu, Professor, Department of Critical Care, CMC, Vellore Summary: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a problem encountered in
More informationElastography in the. technically difficult patient. EPIQ ultrasound system. Ultrasound
Ultrasound Elastography in the technically difficult patient EPIQ ultrasound system Chairman Department of Diagnostic Radiology Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA You can offer more information
More informationAbdomen and Retroperitoneum Ultrasound Protocols
Abdomen and Retroperitoneum Ultrasound Protocols Reviewed By: Anna Ellermeier, MD Last Reviewed: March 2018 Contact: (866) 761-4200, Option 1 **NOTE for all examinations: 1. If documenting possible flow
More informationChest X-ray Interpretation
Chest X-ray Interpretation Introduction Routinely obtained Pulmonary specialist consultation Inherent physical exam limitations Chest x-ray limitations Physical exam and chest x-ray provide compliment
More informationDiagnostic Bedside Ultrasound for the Hospitalist
Diagnostic Bedside Ultrasound for the Hospitalist Trevor Jensen MD MS Assistant Professor, UCSF Nima Afshar MD Associate Professor, UCSF Diagnostic Bedside Ultrasound AKA Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
More informationClinical Indications for Echocardiography
Clinical Indications for Echocardiography Echocardiography is widely utilised and potential applications are increasing with advances in technology. The aim of this document is two-fold: 1) To define clinical
More informationPutting it all together: 1. The arrested patient 2. The shocked patient 3. The breathless patient
Putting it all together: 1. The arrested patient 2. The shocked patient 3. The breathless patient 1 The Arrested Patient Adapted from Lichtenstein's SESAME protocol, with permission 2 Summary 1. (Ongoing
More informationSURGICAL ULTRASOUND (University Diploma)
SURGICAL ULTRASOUND (University Diploma) Note: the whole course will be delivered in English. Objectives : The purpose of this University Diploma is to teach candidates about the basic principles of ultrasound
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD Disclosure No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests Fetal Echo: How to do it? Timing of Study -optimally between 22-24 weeks
More informationPractical Echocardiography and Ultrasound in Critical Care
WINFOCUS BASIC ECHO (WBE) Practical Echocardiography and Ultrasound in Critical Care Colin K. Grissom, MD Critical Care Medicine, Shock Trauma ICU Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah Professor of
More informationPOCUS for the Internist: Lungs & Pericardial Effusions
POCUS for the Internist: Lungs & Pericardial Effusions Jeremy S. Boyd, MD, FACEP Asst. Professor of Emergency Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Illustrations courtesy of Robinson Ferre, MD, FACEP
More informationWhich Blunt Trauma Patients Should Be Studied by Abdominal CT?
MDCT of Bowel and Mesenteric Injury: How Findings Influence Management 4 th Nordic Trauma Radiology Course 2006 4 th Nordic Trauma Radiology Course 2006 Stuart E. Mirvis, M.D., FACR Department of Radiology
More information