(O2) when we exhale (breath out) its carbon dioxide.

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Georgia Moore
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1 One of the keys to being healthy and fit is exercise. During exercise your body systems accelerate, because your body needs oxygen and nutrients. These systems include the Respiratory system, which passes oxygen to the blood, then the lungs removes the carbon dioxide, which is what you breath out. The Circulatory system, which includes blood, which gets oxygen and nutrients and, then is pumped through the heart and then around the body. The last system is the Muscular system, which uses oxygen and nutrients in the blood, this is used for power and energy. All three of these systems need to work together during exercise. The first system that involved during exercise is the respiratory system. This system helps supply with oxygen (O2) it needs and gets rid of carbon dioxide that we don t need. Breathing The first thing in the presses of the respiratory is breathing. We automatically all the time, because we need oxygen to stay alive. We inhale (breath in) oxygen

(O2) when we exhale (breath out) its carbon dioxide. Once we have breathed in, the fresh oxygen down the trachea, another name for the trachea is windpipe.

2 (O2) when we exhale (breath out) its carbon dioxide. Once we have breathed in, the fresh oxygen down the trachea, another name for the trachea is windpipe. There are tiny microscopic hairs in your windpipe, these hairs are called cilia. The cilia in your windpipe catch mucus and dirt before it enters the lungs, while the cilia catch the mucus and dirt they move, but very gently. Some people wonder what helps use breath, well the diaphragm is one of the things that helps use breathe. The diaphragm is a big muscle located under your lungs. When you breathe in it contracts (flattens out) while your lungs expand, when you exhale your diaphragm your diaphragm relaxes and your lungs deflate. Lungs The next important part of the respiratory system is the lungs. The lungs are located, in your chest your rib cage. The rib cage protects the lungs. The lungs rest on top of your diaphragm. The lungs help you breath, they re both pink and squishy like a sponge. The left is a bite smaller than the right. Why? Because there has to be room for the heart that site behind your lungs. That s why the left lung is a bite smaller than the right lung.

3 The first part in the lungs the bronchi. The air travels through the bronchus so it can enter the lungs. The bronchi connect to the trachea, then splits into two, one goes to the right and the other goes to the right. The bronchi are the main tubes that go directly to the lungs. Next are the bronchioles, the bronchioles, the bronchioles are connected to the bronchus. They re tiny tubes the size of a strand of your hair, they keep on getting smaller and smaller. There are 30,000 in each of your lungs, which is a lot. The bronchioles allow the oxygen (O2) to travel to the alveoli and the carbon dioxide goes the other way. The alveoli is connected to your bronchioles, there are clumps, at the end of each 30,000 bronchioles. They re tiny air sacs that fill up with air when you inhale, there are 600,000,000 in your lungs, and the alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels called capillaries. Alveoli allow the oxygen to pass into the blood, when blood has oxygen it is oxygenated. The blood cells also drop of carbon dioxide. Blood Blood is also a part of the respiratory system. The blood vessels are called capillaries. The blood transports

4 oxygenated blood around the body then to the heart. It does all that, in one minute. Carbon dioxide is produced by the body. Blood transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs and it will exit your body though your mouth. Blood vessels are so small, that the blood has to be in single file. The oxygenated blood travels to cells around your body, to give them oxygen. Exercise Finally, when you go for a short run or jog, you start breathing deeper and faster. That s because your body needs more oxygen. Did you know when you exercise you need 3 litres of air, 50 times more or more a minute. Another system that s involved during exercise is the Circulatory system. This system is responsible for pumping nutrients and oxygen to your body cells, then picks up waste and carbon dioxide.

Heart The heart is the most important part in the Circulatory system. It is located in your chest, behind your rib cage and your left lung, to provide protection.

5 Heart The heart is the most important part in the Circulatory system. It is located in your chest, behind your rib cage and your left lung, to provide protection. The left lung is a bite smaller than the right. Your heart sights there because it is closer to all your important organs, your organs constantly need oxygen and it s also easier to pump to your upper body. The heart is the size of its owner s clenched fist. It is a hollow bag, but also a muscle. It s red and also called the cardiac muscle or myocardium, this muscle is special and different to other muscles. The muscle fibbers have a special pattern like a spiral instead of straight, this makes it easier to pump and squeeze. The heart is a pump made with 4 chambers. The left side has a left atrium that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and there is also a left ventricle that pumps blood to the aorta, a valve called the bicuspid valve, which sights between the left ventricle and the left atrium to allow blood into the left ventricle. The right side has a right atrium that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

and the right tricuspid valve sights between the right atrium and the right ventricle, which also allows blood from the to the ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary artery.

6 and the right tricuspid valve sights between the right atrium and the right ventricle, which also allows blood from the to the ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary artery. There are two different kinds of nerves around the heart. One of the nerves is called the sympathetic Nerve, which receives impulses from the brain, that tells the heart to beat, and also tells the heart rate and force to increase when needed. The second nerve in the circulatory system is called the parasympathetic nerve. This nerve is a part of the braking system. The nerve tells the heart to slow when needed. This nerve is connected to the autonomic system. The system works automatically without thought. 3 Circulations There are three circulations within the circulatory system. The first circulation is called the Coronary Circulation this is, a circulation of blood to the cardiac muscle (heart), vessels called Coronary vessels, which carry blood around the heart. This circulation needs oxygen and nutrients just like different circulations, and works automatically.

7 The second circulation is called the pulmonary circulation. This circulation carries blood to and from the heart and the lungs. Bronchial circulation, which supplies blood to the tissue of lager airways in the lungs. The last circulation is called the Systemic Circulation. The circulation sends blood around the body and also supplies the body with oxygen and nutrients, then takes waste and unwanted substance away. Blood Vessels There are three main blood vessels called Arteries, Capillaries and Veins. The Arteries contain 4 main layers called Tunica Adventitia, Tunica Media, Tunica Intina and the Lumen. The Tunica Adventitia is an outer layer with nerve cells, and cotans blood vessels to supply it with oxygen and nutrients. Next, the Tunica media is a muscular layer, which is like elastic. The muscular layer is thicker in the arteries which creates a higher pressure. The tunica media is like elastic so it can move when heart the beats. The last parts of the Artery, is called the Lumen. The Lumen is the hollow centre of the vessel and,it not as wide as veins, so it creates a higher

pressure, which makes the blood travel around the body faster. The third blood vessel is called the veins, the veins have the same structure as Arteries but there are some differences.

8 pressure, which makes the blood travel around the body faster. The third blood vessel is called the veins, the veins have the same structure as Arteries but there are some differences. The leman is wider so it has a lower pressure, it also has a thinner tunica media. It has a muscle pump, that helps blood move through the veins. The veins also contain its own valves, the valves stop the blood from going the wrong direction and acts like reservoirs. Valves also allow blood to pool. The appearance of the veins and arteries are a whitish colour, but as you look at your skin the veins are blue, this is because light can t penetrate the skin, so it s like the vein is a shadow. There are three different types of blood vessels called Arteries, Capillaries and Veins. The arteries sit deep in the body, so they re protected, Arteries job is to transport oxygenated blood from the heart. High pressure in the Arteries help push blood through the Arteries quicker, when you pierce an Artery the blood could probably squirt 10 meters or more. If you put your 2 fingers on your wrist you can fell a slight bump with every heartbeat, but don t use your thumb because there is a pulse in your thumb. Arteries get smaller

9 and are called Arterials. The Arteries are in the same spot in all people. The second type of blood vessels is called Capillaries. Capillaries allow the blood to deposit nutrients and oxygen to cells around the body, then trades nutrients and oxygen for carbon dioxide and waste. The Arteries filter the blood into the Capillaries for use. The last type of blood vessels is called the Veins. Veins are a part of the Venous system, they only carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Veins are a low pressure system and when cut it will just dribble. From Capillaries they grow into Venues then become Veins. Minor Veins vary from person to person, but the main Veins are in the same position. There are various types of vessels around the heart, like the Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Vein, Aorta and Veana Cava. The pulmonary Artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The second vessel around the heart is called the Pulmonary Vein. This vein carries oxygenated blood from the Lungs to the Heart. The next vessel around the heart is called the Aorta. The Aorta is the largest artery in the body, the Aorta takes oxygenated from the left ventricle to the body. The last vessel around the heart is called Vena Cava. The Vena Cava has 2 main parts. The first one is called Superior Vena Cava, which returns blood from the upper body to the heart. The second is

called the Inferior Veana Cava, which returns blood from lower body to the heart. Blood There are four main parts in the blood, and did you know blood is what heats our body.

10 called the Inferior Veana Cava, which returns blood from lower body to the heart. Blood There are four main parts in the blood, and did you know blood is what heats our body. How does blood heat our body?, well this is how, it takes heat from busier places like, heart, lungs and liver, then spreads it around the body evenly. Next, the four main parts are called red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. The first part is called red blood cells. The red cells is what makes blood red and half of the volume of blood is made up of billions and billions red cells. Red cells in your body transport things like oxygen to all your cells in your body and also carries carbon dioxide away. The second part, is white blood cells, the white cells are the biggest cells in the blood. There are two jobs that they do, they clean blood, and fights diseases and germs. The third part is called platelets, the platelets are the smallest part in the blood but there s billions of them in the blood. Their job is to help blood clot when you have a cut.

11 The last in the blood is called the plasma. Plasma is a watery substance that help other parts float, plasma is what makes blood a liquid. It carries nutrients to cells around the body, and carries waste substance to the kidneys. Plasma also carries body control substance like hormones. Kidneys The Kidneys are a part to the urinary system, but play an important part in the circulatory system. Their job is to clean the blood and dispose of the waist though urine. Exercise When you exercise your heart accelerates which pumps faster and harder. Your heart pumps faster because your body needs more oxygen and nutrients. Also when you exercise, body cells dispose of more waste than normal. How does your heart know when to accelerates or slow down, well the Sympathetic nerve is the nerve that tells the heart to accelerate or slow down.

The first type of muscle is called the Voluntary muscle, this muscle is also known as the Skeletal muscle.

12 Another system that s involved during exercise is the muscular system. This system helps you preform simple tasks like writing and walking. Other muscles help you live such as the heart and the intestines. Types There are three types of muscles called Voluntary, Involuntary and Cardiac. The first type of muscle is called the Voluntary muscle, this muscle is also known as the Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles are very adaptable and are used in different situations, like writing and walking. The voluntary muscle is used to help move your body, but only moves when needed. The next type of muscles are Involuntary, or smooth muscle. This type of muscle moves without concise thought and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The smooth muscle is responsible for vital body possess like the heart, breathing and digesting.

13 The last type of muscle is called the Cardiac muscle, but is also known as the heart. This type of muscle is classified as an involuntary muscle. But this important muscle is like a smooth muscle on the inside, however is like a Skeletal muscle on the outside. Appearance Each type of muscle has a different appearance. The smooth muscle for example has a smooth surface, but he skeletal muscle is striated. The Skeletal muscles have a different structure and a different appearance. There are more than 640 skeletal muscles in the body, making up half of the bodies weight. This particular muscle is red in couler because of all the blood in the muscle fibres. There are different layers to these muscles, under the skin is the Superficial layer, the second layer is called the Deeper layer, some of the muscles have a third layer the medical layer. Skeletal muscles come in different shapes and sizes, but is still the same appearance on the inside even though it s a different shape or size. Not all muscles are long and slim, but there are many other shapes like the pectorals, they re a fan shaped muscle. Some are broad and wide, for example the Abdominal walls.

Interesting Facts There are many interesting facts about the appearance of muscles. The Glutemas Maximus (your but) are the biggest muscle in your body. Thigh muscles are 30cm in length.

Each fibre is slightly smaller than a hair, and are made up of dozens of fibres called fibrils.

14 Interesting Facts There are many interesting facts about the appearance of muscles. The Glutemas Maximus (your but) are the biggest muscle in your body. Thigh muscles are 30cm in length. Parts Muscles are made up of different parts, Skeletal muscles are made up of fibres and tendons, the fibres are bundled together. Each fibre is slightly smaller than a hair, and are made up of dozens of fibres called fibrils. These fibrils are bound together by a connective tissue called epimysium, fibres are divided into groups by a sheath called perimysium. Within these groups, each fibre is surrounded by endemism, this is also known as a connective tissue. Every fibre contains thinner threads, the groups are converts into blood vessels. Bigger muscles around the body have more fibres than smaller muscles. Skeletal fibres are striated (striped) at microscopic level. Tendons attach muscles to the bones, and they re located at the end of each muscle. This tendon is strengthened by strong thick fibres of Collage. This fibre is stronger than super glue. The second muscle, is called Smooth muscles are

15 different. Fibres in the smooth muscles are not striated which makes them smooth. They re made of groups of smaller muscle cells, this helps them to move differently. This muscle doesn t have tendons, so smooth muscles can t help move your body. The muscle part is in the hollow structures in your body and you need this to move them, for example the gut and intestines. The last muscle is the Cardiac muscle and this is also different The fibres are a special form of striated fibres and are only found in the heart and adjoining vessels. They re arrayed in a spiral pattern which helps to squeeze blood through, the adjoining vessels and the heart. This muscle has no tendons because it is constantly moving and not connected to any bones. Movement Many muscles have a different movement like the Skeletal muscle. This muscle moves with conscious thought and is controlled by the brain. Firstly, you think about moving a muscle, then your brain sends an impulse (electric signal) along the spinal nerve cord, then to the muscle you want to move. When muscles contract they can t get longer. They contract 70% of their relaxed length. Skeletal muscles are very adaptable and exert a small force, for example, picking up a feather. It also exerts a great force, for example, picking up a heavy object. This muscle tiers easily, and needs a sertan period of rest. It uses

glucose (sugar) as a type of fuel. This muscle can also reacts to certain things, almost instantly. Smooth muscles move in a different movement then other muscles.

16 glucose (sugar) as a type of fuel. This muscle can also reacts to certain things, almost instantly. Smooth muscles move in a different movement then other muscles. This muscle functions without thought, and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. These muscles are also involved in the regulation of your body s internal environment. Smooth muscles contract in a synchronised manner, they synchronised manner can accrue in a wave like manner. The wave like manner can also occurs in organs, such as the gut and intestines. As this muscle works all the time it doesn t tier, and keeps you steady, and also contracts for a long period of time, examples are the eyes controlling the size of your pupils and lens, digestion and the muscles in your body reacts to the hairs and sudden touches. The muscle responds to stress, and changes body function at different situations, some examples are excited and angry. Another muscle that moves differently is the cardiac muscle. This muscle works automatically even though it s striated like the skeletal muscles, it s also tireless, because it s constantly working. The muscle also contracts like a wave to push blood through blood vessels. The muscle has the ability to contract

spontaneously. An interesting fact is, that the heart will beat for a short time when removed from the body. Exercise All three muscles are involved in exercise.

17 spontaneously. An interesting fact is, that the heart will beat for a short time when removed from the body. Exercise All three muscles are involved in exercise. When you exercise your muscles work faster and harder, so you constantly need to think to move quicker. So when you exercise your muscles use more glucose than usual, because there using more energy. If your muscles tier or over tier you can get a cramp. When you exercise it s like lifting weights, you damage muscle fibres which helps build bigger muscles. When they ve healed they become more stronger and thicker. When you exercise other systems accelerate and as you exercise, your using more energy and oxygen while you exercise. Your heart beats faster because your body needs more oxygen and nutrients. They also need to get rid of more carbon dioxide, that s why you breathe a lot quicker. All these systems are involved in exercise. There are many more systems that are involved in exercise, like the integumentary system which is the system of

18 skin, skeletal system which helps move your body and the nervous system which controls everything in the body. These systems work together all at the same time.

By Semih. The first system is about the respiratory system. It provides our body with the oxygen it needs and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

By Semih. The first system is about the respiratory system. It provides our body with the oxygen it needs and gets rid of carbon dioxide. By Semih Exercise is very important to our body. Exercise is an everyday activity and it keeps your body fit and healthy. There are 3 main systems involved are the respiratory system, the circulatory system