The Living Environment Units 18, 19, and 20 Human Body Test
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1 The Living Environment Units 18, 19, and 20 Human Body Test Please read the following directions. This test comprises ten (10) questions of which you will choose and answer only five (5) questions. If you answer more than one question in each section, only the first answer will be scored in each section. Write all your answers directly in this test booklet. If you need more space, you may use white lined paper. Make sure that you have written the question on the white lined paper if you use extra. If your written answer is not readable, it cannot be graded. Please write legibly! By printing and signing your name below you accept all responsibilities for this test and the actions you take during the test. No communication (electronically, verbally, visually, etc.) will be allowed, and any communication between students may result in your test being collected and a grade of zero (0) awarded. 1 hour (maximum). Good luck and enjoy. PRINT your name: Key Signature: Page 1 of 13
2 Scoring: Part A question 4 of 4= 100 % Part B question 8 of 8= 100 % Part C question 6 of 6= 100 % Part D question 4 of 4= 100 % Part E question 3 of 3= 100 % Total: _25_ of 25= 100 % Page 2 of 13
3 Part A: Circle only one of the questions in this section and answer it in the space provided. 4 pts. a) Describe two of the five functions of the skeletal system. b) Describe two of the five functions of human skin. c) Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. Skin-Functions: 1)-Homeostasis (temp); 2)-Sensory organ; 3)-Produces Vitamin D; 4)-Protective Layer; 5)-Excretion Skeletal-Functions: 1)-Muscle framework; 2)-Protection of organs; 3)-Blood production; 4)-Fat storage; 5)-Mineral storage Epidermis/Dermis: Epidermis - outer epi* is layers of DEAD cells containing keratin (protection) Inner epi* grows (replacement) cells; keratin in inner epi* has melanin pigment (protection) Dermis - Dermis is thicker; contains blood vessels, nerves, follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands Dermis maintains homeostasis by blood regulation, sweating, hair-raising Page 3 of 13
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5 Part B: Circle only one of the questions in this section and answer it in the space provided. 8 pts. a) Describe the structure and function of a neuron, including the synapse, dendrite, axon, and terminal buds, and describe its function and how the components of a neuron interact. b) Name and describe the major components and important functions of the human brain and the central nervous system. c) Name the three types of neurons, and describe how they function together. Neurons (structure/fx): Neuron consists of dendrites, cell body, axon, & terminal buds 1. Dendrite-receiving end of neurotransmitter; chemical to electrical signal; stimulates cell body 2. Cell body-passes signal to axon; contains organelles 3. Axon-transfers signal by depolarization; may have myelin to protect axon/speed signal 4. Terminal buds-convert electrical signal to neurotransmitters; passes to next neuron dendrites 5. Synapse-space between terminal buds and dendrites Brain: 1. Cerebrum: Higher intelligence functions (conscious, memory, language, voluntary activities) 2. Cerebellum: Muscle control, muscle/body coordination 3. Midbrain: instincts, emotions 4. Hindbrain/brainstem: reflexes, breathing, heart regulation CNS: 1. Brain & Spinal cord 2. Higher functions in brain; reflex arcs in spinal cord Page 5 of 13
6 Neurons (types): 3 types of neurons: 1. Sensory-detect/receive change in environment and send signal towards the CNS 2. Interneuron-complete reflex arc; send signal higher up CNS 3. Motor/effector-sends signal towards a gland or muscle; has an action Page 6 of 13
7 Part C: Circle only one of the questions in this section and answer it in the space provided. 6 pts. a) Compare and contrast the structures and functions of arteries and veins. b) Describe the structure and function of the human heart and why it requires four separate chambers. Arteries: Veins: 1. Thick, resilient muscular tubes; resist blood pressure pulses 2. Arteries carry OXYGENATED blood AWAY from heart (except pulmonary arteries) 1. Thinner, flexible tubes; affected by pulse pressure changes 2. Veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart (except pulmonary veins) 3. One-way valves prevent blood from reversing Heart: Blood pump 1. Atria-pump blood into ventricles a) Right atria - fills deoxygenated body blood into right ventricle b) Left atria - fills oxygenated lung blood into left ventricle 2. Ventricles-pump blood out of heart a) Right ventricle - pumps deoxygenated to lungs b) Left ventricle - largest, most muscular; pumps oxygenated blood to entire body systems 4-chambered 1. Keeps deoxygenated blood in a separate circulatory system from oxygenated blood 2. More efficient Page 7 of 13
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9 Part D: Answer the question below in the space provided. 4 pts. Describe the structures, functions, and control systems for the human respiratory system, including air filtration. Respiratory system: 1. Structures: a) Nose, pharynx/larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli 2. Functions: a) Nose-filters (hairs), entrance b) Pharynx/larynx-separates from nutrients c) Trachea-stiff tube, filters with cilia d) Bronchi/bronchioles-splits, directs air into/within lungs e) Alveoli-very thin; allows gas exchange in/out of capillaries Controls: 1. Mostly involuntary 2. Medulla (brain) monitors blood ph; too high CO2 increases breathing rate 3. Contraction of diaphragm and rib muscles expands lungs; air flows in 4. Relaxation of diaphragm and rib muscles; air pushes out Page 9 of 13
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11 Part E: Answer the question below in the space provided. 3 pts. Describe the function and components of one system in the human excretory system. Excretory system: Removal of protein (urea) wastes 1. Kidneys: a) Twin organs filter most water from blood and concentrate the salts and urea to make urine b) Ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra: simple tubes to pass concentrated urine outside 2. Skin: a) Release of urea, salts, lactic acid, & water (for salt removal, NOT temp control) from skin b) Sebaceous glands release lipids from skin Page 11 of 13
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