Prepared By Student. Dania Abed Al-majeed. Rahma Raad Hanna. Balqees Mohammed Aasim. Dania Hisham. Rasha Rafiee

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1 Prepared By Student Rahma Raad Hanna Balqees Mohammed Aasim Dania Hisham Dania Abed Al-majeed Rasha Rafiee

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3 Epithelia Epithelia can be derived from ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm -ectoderm gives rise to the lining of the body surface (i.e. skin) -mesoderm gives rise to the lining of serous body cavities (termed mesothelium) and the lining of vessels (termed endothelium) -endoderm gives rise to the lining of the body's "tubes" (i.e. intestines, bronchi)

4 Epithelia can be classified according to -their type: squamous, glandular, transitional -the number of cell layers: simple, stratified - the shape of the cells: cuboidal, columnar, flattened -whether they have surface specializations: cilia, keratin

5 Glands -are epithelial structures which discharge a secretory product *exocrine glands discharge their secretory product via a duct onto an epithelial surface *endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream -are composed of highly specialized epithelial cells, the appearance of which reflects the nature of their secretory product and mode of secretion

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7 Balqees Mohammed Aasim

8 Epithelia are tissues consisting of closely apposed cells without intervening intercellular substances. Epithelia are avascular, but all epithelia "grow" on an underlying layer of vascular connective tissue. The connective tissue and the epithelium are separated by a basement membrane. Epithelium covers all free surfaces of the body. Epithelium also lines the large internal body cavities, where it is termed mesothelium. Furthermore, the internal surfaces of blood and lymph vessels are lined by epithelium, here called endothelium.

9 Epithelia are classified on the basis of the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells in the surface layer.. Simple squamous epithelium. Simple cuboidal epithelium. Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified

10 Stratified Epithelia 1.Stratified squamous epithelium 2.Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia 3.Transitional epithelium

11 Dania Hisham

12 Free surface and basement membrane: All epithelia have a free surface, that is to say a surface to which no cellular or extracellular formed elements adhere. The free surface may contain specialized modifications, such as microvilli or cilia. Such modifications enhance the function of the epithelium. Microvilli in the intestine greatly increase the absorptive surface, while cilia in the respiratory tract beat mucous secretions and entrapped particles away from the lungs toward the pharynx.

13 All epithelia rest on a basement membrane, through which it is attached to the underlying tissue. The basement membrane is generally not identifiable with the light microscope using standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. That is because it is thin and also stains with eosin, which makes it blend in with the connective tissue immediately adjacent to it. When a "basement membrane" appears unusually thick, as in the trachea, it is due to a dense layer of closely spaced and aligned collagen fibrils belonging to the underlying connective tissue. The basement membrane can be identified in light microscopy with periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining,

14 Dania Abed Al-majeed

15 Protection Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.

16 Sensation Sensory stimuli penetrate specialized epithelial cells. Specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue.

17 Secretion In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.

18 Absorption Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of food.

19 Excretion Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands.

20 Diffusion Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients. Because they form such a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion of gases (e.g. walls of capillaries and lungs).

21 Cleaning Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust particles and foreign bodies which have entered the air passages.

22 Reduces Friction The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial cells that line the entire circulatory system reduce friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels.

23 Rasha Rafiee

24 Stratified columnar epithelium A stratified columnar epithelium consists of at least two layers of cells, with the cells in the outer layer being taller than they are wide. The largest ducts of some exocrine glands have areas of stratified columnar epithelium. It is also found along some areas of the anorectal junction. Figure 10 (from slide #48 of your collection) shows an excretory duct of the submandibular gland, with a layer of tall cells resting on a layer of cuboidal cells. The structure of the epithelium is seen most clearly in the area between the two arrows, where a layer of columnar cells with more elongated nuclei is resting on a layer of cuboidal cells with rounder nuclei.

25 The material in the lumen is the secretory product of the salivary gland. The red staining material is the connective tissue underlying the epithelium. A basement membrane is not identifiable.

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