The biochemistry of wood degradation. Kari Steffen
|
|
|
- Sylvia Robertson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The biochemistry of wood degradation Kari Steffen
2 verview Degradation of dead wood focuses on fungal activity Enzymatic attack of natural biopolymers The main organic components of dead wood Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin thers
3 Facts Wood exposed to any environment will degrade over time In conductive conditions decomposition may be swift and extensive With limiting factors decay will be slow and wood survives for long periods Wood is more recalcitrant than many other organic material Complex structural components: lignin, extractives
4 Conditions dictating decay Water xygen Temperature ther nutrients for microbes e.g. nitrogen Type of wood (soft and hard wood) Content of lignin and extractives Cell structure
5 Types of Wood Degradation Fungal degradation White-rot Brown-rot Soft-rot Bacterial degradation Erosion Tunneling Cavitation Scavengers
6 Structure of lignocellulose
7 Components of lignocellulose
8 Fungal decay As wood decays, color of substrate changes White-rot fungi can degrade all cell wall components Use of nonspecific extracellular enzymes Picture: Jurgens
9 Selective white-rot Lignin removal predominant Utilization of hemicellulose as C Cellulose remains Whitish appearance Picture: Jurgens
10 Brown-rot Common wood destroyers Problems of buildings and wood in service Degrade hemicellulose and cellulose Alter lignin Brownish appearance
11 Soft-rot fungi Found in terrestrial and aquatic environments Like extreme environmental conditions Appears brown and soft Progressive from the edges to the center
12 Bacteria
13 Extracellular enzymes Mycelium secretes extracellular enzymes and organic acids that break down lignin and cellulose. Hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes H 2 2 producing oxidases Breakdown products (sugars) are taken up. Note!: The breakdown of lignin does not produce utilizable carbon for the fungus. The C-source are cellulose and hemicelluloses.
14 Hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases) Catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of compounds like, proteins, nucleic acids, starch, fats, phosphate esters, and other macromolecular substances. Cellulase is an enzyme complex which breaks down cellulose to beta-glucose. Hemicellulases are enzymes that hydrolyzes hemicelluloses to smaller mono- or disaccharides. thers: lipases, esterases, peptidases etc.
15 Cellulose A linear polymer of (beta 1-4)-linked beta- D-glucose units Cellulose is a straight chain polymer Most abundant of all naturally occurring substances. Cellulose constitutes approximately a third of all vegetable matter and thus it exists in far greater quantity than any other polysaccharide.
16 Cellulose 15% of cellulose has an amorphous structure
17 Cellulases (a complex) Cellobiohydrolase Endoglucanase Beta-glucosidase
18 3D model of an endoglucanase
19 Cellobiohydrolase I acting on cellulose linker catalytic center CBD (cellulose binding domain) cb cellulose chain
20 Hemicellulose Any of several hetero-polymers (matrix polysaccharides) present in almost all cell walls along with cellulose. While cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis, hemicellulose has a random, amorphous structure with little strength. Contains different sugar monomers, in contrast to cellulose which contains only glucose. Contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L- sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannose (mannuronic acid) and galactose (galacturonic acid) also tend to be present.
21 Hemicellulose Deciduous wood hemicellulose contains ¾ pentoses and ¼ hexoses.
22 Hemicellulases Xylanase, mannanase, galactosidase and more Names are according to the sugars they release. There are more enzymes needed for the degradation of a hemicellulose then for a cellulose.
23 Fungal xylan-degrading system Hardwood xylan Ac MeGlcA MeGlcA Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl 3 2 Ac Ac Xyl Xyl Softwood xylan MeGlcA Ara Araf Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl Xyl ß-xylanase ß-xylosidase -glucuronidase -arabinosidase -arabinofuranosidase acetylxylanesterase
24 Fungal mannan-degrading system Softwood galactoglucomannan Ac Gal Gal Glc Man Man Gal Man Man Man Glc Man Man Man ß-mannanase ß-mannosidase ß-glucosidase -galactosidase acetylmannanesterase
25 Lignin A complex polymer, binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens the cell walls of plants. Lignin is a large, cross-linked macromolecule with molecular mass in excess of 10,000 Da. It is largely hydrophobic and aromatic in nature. The molecule consists of various types of substructures which appear to repeat in random manner. After cellulose, it is the most abundant organic material on Earth, making up one-fourth to onethird of the dry weight of wood.
26 The structure of lignin Amorphic 3-D polymer Precursors are coniferyl, sinapyl and p-coumaryl alcohol Guaiacyl, syringyl and p-h-phenyl substructures Lignin contains a 8- ring dibenzodioxocin structure H Lignin- ß--4 ether linkage H H H quinoide structure Me H H H Me Me Me Me H Me H H H H n H H Me Me Me H Lignin Me Me H H H H H CH H Me dibenzodioxocin structure Me phenolic hydroxyl group furanoid structure aromatic ring (phenyl) alcoholic hydroxyl group methoxyl side chain propanoid structure aldehyde functionality
27 The Fenton reaction This free radical would cleave long chain cellulose into smaller fragments. Illman BL in E Pell, K Steffen, eds, 1991, American Society of Plant Physiologists
28 xidoreductases Phenol oxidase Laccase Peroxidases Manganese peroxidase Lignin peroxidase Independent peroxidase ther peroxidases Haloperoxidase Mycena peroxidase
29 Laccase Copper containing oxidase found in many plants, fungi and microorganisms. Copper is usually bound in several sites, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. When types 2 and 3 are together, they form a trinuclear cluster. Enzymatically active on phenols and similar molecules and perform a one electron oxidation.
30 Manganese peroxidase (MnP) Described 1984 (Gold), 3 D structure 1990 s Resembles lignin peroxidase (LiP), protoporphyrin IX, MW D Requires H 2 2, MnII, organic acids, e.g. malonate, lactate, oxalate (stabilizes Mn(III)-complex) White-rot fungi produce organic acids MnP oxidizes phenol red, o-dianisidine, polymeric dyes and more
31 Manganese binding site of MnP MnP blue residues LiP red residues (Sollewijn Gelpke et al. (2000) ABB 381:16-24)
32
33
34
35 Lignin peroxidase (LiP) Discovered 1982, published 1993 (Kirk, Gold), Phanerochaete chrysosporium Hemeprotein (protoporphyrin IX), MW d Glycoprotein 3 D structure is known ptimum-ph 2.5-3, pi P. chrysosporium produces LiP during secondary metabolism Several isoforms known (6-15) P. chrysosporium Described from several fungi: Phlebia radiata, Trametes versicolor, Agrocybe praecox
36 Glyoxal oxidase H H H 2 2 H Reactions of LiP H L L Lignin peroxidase + H 2 2 Veratryl alcohol H +. L L 2 H 2 many products Cation radical Manganese peroxidase + H 2 2 Reactions of MnP and laccase H H H L Mn 3+ laccase + 2 Mn 2+ H. H L many products Lignin Phenoxy radical
37 ther peroxidases Mn-independent peroxidase Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus spp. Haloperoxidase Agrocybe aegerita Mycena peroxidase Possible hybrid of LiP and horseradish peroxidase
38 x
PRODUCTION OF LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES BY MUSHROOMS
PRODUCTION OF LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES BY MUSHROOMS PETR BALDRIAN Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic,
The Chemistry of Wood and Kraft Pulping. 1
The Chemistry of Wood and Kraft Pulping ragauskas@hotmail.com 1 Typical Composition of Wood Cellulose (41-53%) Hemicellulose (25-41%) Lignin (16-33%) Extractives (2-5%) Inorganics (
Hetero polysaccharides
Hetero polysaccharides Up to 1/3 rd of biomass is composed of hemicelluloses What is hemicellulose? riginally believed to be a precursor to cellulose, denoted by hemi Better referred to as hetero polysaccharide
IRG Secretariat Box 5607 S Stockholm Sweden
IRG/WP 96-10172 THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON WOOD PRESERVATION Section 1 Biology Redox Regulation of Enzyme Activity During Wood Decay Philip J. Kersten 1, Bernard Kurek 2 and James W. Whittaker
Non-enzymatic Deconstruction Systems in the Brown Rot Fungi
Non-enzymatic Deconstruction Systems in the Brown Rot Fungi presented to the Society of Wood Science and Technology, 2014 International Convention Zvolen, Slovakia by Barry Goodell 1, Valdeir Arantes 2,
Lignin and the General Phenylpropanoid Pathway. Introduction and Importance:
Lignin and the General Phenylpropanoid Pathway 13. Phenolics and Lignin p. 1 Introduction and Importance: Phenolic: a compound consisting of an aromatic ring plus at least one hydroxyl [= phenyl group],
Saccharification of corncob using cellulolytic bacteria - Titi Candra Sunarti et al.
Saccharification of corncob using cellulolytic bacteria - Titi Candra Sunarti et al. Figure 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) Microscopic structures of (a) corncob, (b) delignified corncob, (c) cellulose fraction, (d)
Definition of a Carbohydrate
* Atoms held together by covalent bonds Definition of a Carbohydrate * Organic macromolecules * Consist of C, H, & O atoms * Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H : O Functions Performed by Carbohydrates Used
Enzyme Applications in Pulp and Paper Manufacturing
Enzyme Applications in Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Mike Paice Lakehead University Symposium September 27, 2005 2005 Paprican 1 utline Background on status of biotech in P&P Enzymes in Kraft pulping Enzymes
2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington
2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of hemical Engineering, University of Washington baneyx@u.washington.edu arbohydrates or saccharides are abundant compounds that play regulatory
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 16 Lignocellulose is the predominant component of woody plants and dead plant materials and the most abundant biomass on earth. It is a major renewable natural resource of the world
Hetero-polysaccharides
etero-polysaccharides Up to 1/3 rd of biomass is composed of hemicelluloses What is hemicellulose? riginally believed to be a precursor to cellulose, denoted by hemi Better referred to as hetero-polysaccharide
Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts
C Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts Thomas E. Amidon Christopher D. Wood, Jian Xu, Yang Wang, Mitchell Graves and Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and
A Novel Method to Facilitate Biodethatching Using Fungal Laccases. Final Report. April 27, 2011
A Novel Method to Facilitate Biodethatching Using Fungal Laccases Final Report April 27, 2011 Qingguo Huang Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin INTRODUCTION The proposed
Lecture 19: Soil Organic Matter
Lecture 19: Soil Organic Matter Effects of OM Properties on Soil Property Dark color Excellent water retention Binds to clay minerals Metal chelation Low water solubility ph buffering High CEC Nutrient
Structural Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates & ATP Carbohydrates include both sugars and polymers of sugars. The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or simple sugars; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates
ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Carbohydrate Chemistry
I. General structures A. D-Aldoses ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest
ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES
I. General structures ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES A. D-Aldoses 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest
Chapter 1. Chemistry of Life - Advanced TABLE 1.2: title
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation reactions are the chemical processes by which large organic compounds are synthesized from their monomeric units. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse process.
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules o macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: o Carbohydrates o
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions. ne_content/animations/reaction_types.ht ml
Glucose Molecule Macromolecules Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers long molecules made from building blocks linked by covalent bonds Monomers the building blocks to polymers
Fungal Degradation of Lignin
Fungal Degradation of Lignin K.E. Hammel Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Depatiment of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53705, USA Importance
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Lignin Lignin is a complex aromatic amorphous polymer, most commonly derived from wood and an integral part of plant cell walls. The term was introduced in 1819 by De
Carbohydrates. 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds.
Name: Class: Date: Grade 10 Science Related Reading/Biology Carbohydrates Biology Gr10 1. Using the terms provided below, complete the concept map showing the characteristics of organic compounds. maltose
Carbohydrates. Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O. C x (H 2 O) y
Carbohydrates Organic compounds which comprise of only C, H and O C x (H 2 O) y Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Soluble in water Precursors in synthesis triose sugars of other (C3) molecules
Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF
Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Outline
Sheet #8 Dr. Nafeth Abu-Tarboush
1 arbohydrates There are two topic goals in our study of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: to recognize their structure, properties, & their stereochemistry. The nature of di-, oligo- & polysaccharides.
Biochemistry: Macromolecules
1 Biology: Macromolecules 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants
FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF LIGNIFIED PLANT CELL WALL - FACTORS CONTROLLING LIGNIN STRUCTURE DURING ITS FORMATION
69 FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF LIGNIFIED PLANT CELL WALL - FACTORS CONTROLLING LIGNIN STRUCTURE DURING ITS FORMATION Noritsugu Terashima and Rajai H. Atalla USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE OXIDATION OF LIGNIN BY PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM
Biotech Advs Vol. 2, pp 183-199, 1984 BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE OXIDATION OF LIGNIN BY PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM T. KENT KIRK, MING TIEN* and BRENDLYN D. FAISON Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service,
189,311, , ,561, ,639, ,679, Ch13; , Carbohydrates. Oligosaccharides: Determination of Sequence
Lecture (2//7) Reading: Chs4,6,8,0,4,6,7,8; 28-29, 89,,77-80,555-557,56,62-622,69,662-66,679, 69-694 Ch; 497-50, 507-54 Problems: Ch (text); 5,6,9,0,22,24 Ch7 (study-guide: applying); 4 Ch7 (study-guide:
Chapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS
BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES PT. 3 FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP LIVING THINGS 1. 2. 3. 4. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS (fats) PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS We call these four main types of carbon- based molecules
Biochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 10 Carbohydrates 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 10 Outline Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones that contain two or
MODIFICATION OF WHEAT STRAW LIGNIN BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION WITH WHITE-ROT FUNGI
MODIFICATION OF WHEAT STRAW LIGNIN BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION WITH WHITE-ROT FUNGI Maria J. Dinis a, Rui M. F. Bezerra b, Fernando Nunes c, Albino A. Dias b, Cristina V. Guedes a, Luís M. M. Ferreira
Ch. 5 Macromolecules. Overview: The Molecules of Life. Macromolecules BIOL 222. Macromolecules
Ch. 5 Macromolecules BIOL 222 Overview: The Molecules of Life Macromolecules large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Built from carbon backbone Also contain large numbers of
Chemistry of Carbon. Building Blocks of Life
Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life 2007-2008 Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl,
Macromolecules. Ch. 5 Macromolecules BIOL 222. Overview: The Molecules of Life. Macromolecules
Ch. 5 Macromolecules BIOL 222 Overview: The Molecules of Life Macromolecules large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Built from carbon backbone Also contain large numbers of
Carbohydrates. What are they? What do cells do with carbs? Where do carbs come from? O) n. Formula = (CH 2
Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (C 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for energy Store them to oxidize later for energy Use
IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012
+ IB Biology SBI3U7 BIOCHEMISTRY Topic 3 Biological Macromolecules Essential Questions: 1.What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2.How does the
Deutscher Tropentag - Bonn, 9-11 October 2001
Deutscher Tropentag - Bonn, 9-11 October 21 Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development Tropical wood-decaying fungi as a means of conversion of agricultural plant residues: Influence
Soil organic matter composition, decomposition, mineralization and immobilization
Soil organic matter composition, decomposition, mineralization and immobilization SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Substances containing carbon are organic matter. Soil organic matter consists of decomposing plant
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers. Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis
I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis 1 Dehydration Synthesis: Figure 3: Depolymerization via Hydrolysis Hydrolysis:
Macromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl
Macromolecules. The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1.
Macromolecules The four groups of biomolecules or macromolecules found in living things which are essential to life are: 1. PROTEINS 1. CARBOHYDRATES 1. LIPIDS 1. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbon Compounds All compounds
Reactive oxygen species as agents of wood decay by fungi
ENZYME and MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY ELSEVIER Enzyme and Microbial Technology 30 (2002) 445-453 www.elsevier.com/locate/enzmictec Review Reactive oxygen species as agents of wood decay by fungi Kenneth E. Hammel*,
Chemical Composition of the Cell. B. Balen
Chemical Composition of the Cell B. Balen Table 2-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) 1. Water the most abundant substance in the cell! Where did it come from? several hypothesis: -
Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic
Learning Target: Describe characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Compare and contrast the classes of organic compounds. What are inorganic molecules? Molecules that CANNOT
Cellulose - Hemicellulose
Lecture in line with the course Biotechnology of trees and fungi Cellulose - Hemicellulose Dr. Christian Schöpper Phone: 0551-39 9745 mailto: cschoep@gwdg.de Major cell wall polysaccharides Celluloses
A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
Biological Substances found in Living Tissues Lecture Series 3 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Lipids can form large biological molecules, but these aggregations
Physiological regulation of glyoxal oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium by peroxidase systems
Physiological regulation of glyoxal oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium by peroxidase systems Bernard Kurek* and Philip J. Kersten *Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Centre de Biotechnologies Agro-lndustrielles,
Chapter 16: Carbohydrates
Vocabulary Aldose: a sugar that contains an aldehyde group as part of its structure Amylopectin: a form of starch; a branched chain polymer of glucose Amylose: a form of starch; a linear polymer of glucose
Biochemistry. Biome. & Compound. Macromolecules
Biochemistry Biome Macromolecules & Compound 1 ATOMS the smallest unit of an element. Ex: Carbon- C MOLECULE A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. EX: O 2 (Oxygen Gas) 2
Ch13. Sugars. What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0
Ch13 Sugars What biology does with monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides. version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch13 Sugars Haworth Structures Saccharides can form rings. That creates a
2 3 Carbon Compounds (Macromolecules)
2 3 Carbon Compounds (Macromolecules) Slide 1 of 37 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Slide 2 of 37 Carbon Living organisms are
The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates
The Structure and Func.on of Macromolecules: GRU1L4 Carbohydrates Do Now: WHAT IS TABLE SUGAR MADE UP OF? Sucrose (table sugar) Composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule Please draw the structure
BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) CARBOHYDRATES
AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Part 4 ACTIVITY #4 (Chapter 5) NAME DATE PERIOD CARBOHYDRATES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Polymers of simple sugars Classified according to number of simple sugars Sugars 3
Biology. Slide 1 of 37. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 37 2 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. 3 of 37 Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
The Star of The Show (Ch. 3)
The Star of The Show (Ch. 3) Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids ~3% salts Na, Cl, K Chemistry of Life Organic
Details of Organic Chem! Date. Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Details of Organic Chem! Date Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules Functional Groups, I Attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules I. Polymers What is a polymer? Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. What is a monomer?
Chapter 3. Table of Contents. Section 1 Carbon Compounds. Section 2 Molecules of Life. Biochemistry
Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of
UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE NOTES Chapter 6 pg
UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE NOTES Chapter 6 pg. 146-173 Name Date Class Warm-up: List the percentages of each: Total Fats Saturated Fats Carbohydrates Protein What biomolecule would cholesterol be classified
Redefine the Role of Lignin in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Redefine the Role of Lignin in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Maobing Tu Auburn University Background Biomass pretreatment is needed Break down the recalcitrant structure of cell walls
BIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES ( use with printout from zerobio website) Note: images from internet and used for educational purposes only CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES H GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE
The Chemistry of Life
The Chemistry of Life Biomolecules Warm-up List the percentages of each: Total Fats Saturated Fats 25% Carbohydrates 10% Protein 7% 20% What Biomolecule would cholesterol be classified as? Lipids (fats)
Why Carbon? What does a carbon atom look like?
Biomolecules Organic Chemistry In the 1800 s it was believed to be impossible to recreate molecules in a lab Thus, the study of organic chemistry was originally the study of molecules in living organisms
AP BIOLOGY: READING ASSIGNMENT FOR CHAPTER 5
1) Complete the following table: Class Monomer Functions Carbohydrates 1. 3. Lipids 1. 3. Proteins 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nucleic Acids 1. 2) Circle the atoms of these two glucose molecules that will be removed
Soil Organic Matter. Unit 2. Forms of Soil Organic Matter: OM OC x (assumes 30% C) (1.72 typically used as a conversion factor)
Unit 2 Soil Organic Matter OM OC x 1.7-2.0 (assumes 30% C) (1.72 typically used as a conversion factor) Histosol Alfisol Spodosol Forms of Soil Organic Matter: - dissolved (soil solution): DOM Nonliving
Time scale dynamics of proteome and transcriptome of the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata: growth on spruce wood and decay effect on lignocellulose
DOI 10.1186/s13068-016-0608-9 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Time scale dynamics of proteome and transcriptome of the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata: growth on spruce wood and decay
Guided Notes: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Guided Notes: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Overview: The Molecules of Life All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules:,,, and. are large molecules
Name: Period: Date: Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab
Testing for Biological Macromolecules Lab Introduction: All living organisms are composed of various types of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, starches, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These
A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY
A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO BIOCHEMISTRY Life is basically a chemical process Organic substances: contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atom 4 classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Chemical
Molecular Structure and Function Polysaccharides as Energy Storage. Biochemistry
1 1.Objectives Dr. Vijaya Khader Dr. MC Varadaraj To understand how polysaccharides act as energy source To understand the structure and energy generation process from glycogen To understand the structure
Features of polysaccarides and their interaction with proteins for the course of degradation and targeting (part 1)
Features of polysaccarides and their interaction with proteins for the course of degradation and targeting (part 1) H. Schrempf University Osnabrück, Germany 1 Soil without and soil with organisms leading
Carbon. p Has four valence electrons p Can bond with many elements p Can bond to other carbon atoms
Organic Compounds Carbon p Has four valence electrons p Can bond with many elements p Can bond to other carbon atoms n Gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. p Organic
Macro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:
Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2
Topic 4 - #2 Carbohydrates Topic 2 Biologically Important Monosaccharide Derivatives There are a large number of monosaccharide derivatives. A variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions produce these
Biological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
Carbohydrates suga. AP Biology
Carbohydrates suga Carbohydrates energyo molecules C 2 O O O O O *4 Cal/gram Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C,, O carbo - hydr - ate C 2 O (C 12 2 O) x C 6 12 O 6 Function: energy energy storage
The. Crash Course. Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O)
The Biochemistry Crash Course Basically, almost all living things are made up of these 4 Elements: - Carbon (C) - Nitrogen (N) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) This exercise is designed to familiarize you with
Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long
Do Now: Sort the following into the order of life from smallest to largest:
Do Now: Sort the following into the order of life from smallest to largest: organ, molecule, atom, organelle, cell, organ system, tissue, organism Correct Order: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY. Delignification by White Rot Fungi. Ranjani Kannaiyan A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Nutrient Regulation and Combined Pretreatment Strategies to Improve the Rate of Delignification by White Rot Fungi by Ranjani Kannaiyan A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE
Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions (part 1)
14 Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions (part 1) Introduction Many cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix which is consist of insoluble secreted macromolecules. Cells of bacteria,
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Olive Industry Solid Waste into Glucose, the Precursor of Bioethanol
An- Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Olive Industry Solid Waste into Glucose, the Precursor of Bioethanol By Israa Jamal Mohammad Dagher Supervisor Prof. Shehdeh
Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules. They may be extremely small but they are still macro.
Ch. 5 The S & F of Macromolecules They may be extremely small but they are still macro. Background Information Cells join small molecules together to form larger molecules. Macromolecules may be composed
Chapter 11. Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins.
Chapter 11 Learning objectives: Structure and function of monosaccharides, polysaccharide, glycoproteins lectins. Carbohydrates Fuels Structural components Coating of cells Part of extracellular matrix
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud
BCH 445 Biochemistry of nutrition Dr. Mohamed Saad Daoud 1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: Compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen arranged as monosaccharides or multiples of monosaccharides. Most,
Carbohydrates. Learning Objective
, one of the four major classes of biomolecules, are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They function as energy stores, metabolic intermediates and important fuels for the body.
Oxidative Degradation of Wood by Brown-Rot Fungi
Active Oxygen/Oxidative Stress and Plant Metabolism, E Pell, K Steffen, eds, 1991, American Society of Plant Physiologists Oxidative Degradation of Wood by Brown-Rot Fungi Barbara L. Illman Forest Products
OH -lactose OH O CH 2 OH O CH 2 OH OH HO OH HO O HO
Compounds. C A R B Y D R A T E S. DISACARIDES and oligosaccharides Aris Kaksis 0.year Riga Stradin s University http://aris.gusc.lv/utritionbiochem/carbohydratesdisacchari.pdf Most carbohydrates in nature
½ cup of CHEX MIX contains 13 g of carbs = 4% daily value. How much more can you have the rest of the day??? _4_ = X X= 325 g
BIOCHEMISTRY ½ cup of CHEX MIX contains 13 g of carbs = 4% daily value. How much more can you have the rest of the day??? _4_ = 13 100 X X= 325 g These spinach imposters contain less than 2 percent of
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals,
A. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule. B. Incorrect! No, this is not the description of this type of molecule.
Biochemistry - Problem Drill 08: Carbohydrates No. 1 of 10 1. have one aldehyde (-CHO) or one keto (-C=O) group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. (A) Amino acids (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Carbohydrates
Lec.4. Protons from acidic environments. Haem-proteins, cytochromes
Lec.4 Fungal Nutrition Yeasts and fungi have relatively simple nutritional needs and most species would be able to survive quite well in aerobic conditions if supplied with glucose, ammonium salts, inorganic