IB Biology BIOCHEMISTRY. Biological Macromolecules SBI3U7. Topic 3. Thursday, October 4, 2012
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1 + IB Biology SBI3U7 BIOCHEMISTRY Topic 3 Biological Macromolecules
2 Essential Questions: 1.What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2.How does the structure of each macromolecule contribute to their function within cells?
3 Carbon: The Central Atom What s so special about? The diversity of life relies on carbon!!! Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based (exceptions H 2 O, CO 2 ) called organic compounds. It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C) C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched chains, rings) Methane CH 4 + CH 2 Ethane + C 4 C 2 H 6 Benzene C 6 H 6
4 Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What s so special about? Isomer an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 C Glucose (simple sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) C C C C C C C C Galactose (milk sugar) Structural isomers Metabolized by cells differently due to structure
5 Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What s so special about? Isomer an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Stereoisomers Structural isomers Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space Same atoms, bonded differently Geometrical Optical
6 Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What s so special about? Isomer an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Stereoisomers Carvone Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space Geometrical Optical
7 Macromolecules What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules? Atoms join together Bonds that form Molecules that form large structures called Macromolecules
8 Macromolecules and their subunits Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = Polymer = Macromolecule smaller subunits long chain of monomers glucose glycogen
9 Macromolecules and their subunits Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) which contain Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, main function main function main function main function ENERGY STORAGE short-term ENERGY STORAGE long-term ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT
10 Carbohydrates Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Carbon Compounds Groupings: C, H, and O atoms 1 2 include 3 4 Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrate 2. Complex Carbohydrates (1 : 2 : 1 ratio) (4 cal/g) Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) which contain Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, main function ENERGY STORAGE short-term
11 Glucose The simplest carbohydrate is a MONOSACCHARIDE (mono = one, saccharide = sugar) Since they are so simple in structure, they are broken down quickly in the body to release energy e.g. GLUCOSE hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7 energy-storing C-H bonds Primary source of energy used by all cells 3 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 (ring structure when dissolved in water)
12 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides: Galactose Fructose - plant sugar, honey Glucose short term energy storage }All have the formula C6H12O6! ALL ISOMERS!!
13 Making & Breaking Carbohydrates monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide Condensation (dehydration) synthesis Hydrolysis Two important biochemical reactions
14 Disaccharides Disaccharides are made of 2 monosaccharides sucrose = glucose + fructose plant transport sugar lactose = glucose + galactose milk sugar maltose = glucose + glucose malt sugar
15 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are made of several monosaccharides all linked together Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Contain many units of glucose in long chains Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Starch = energy storage in plants Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells
16 Glycogen Glycogen (polymer) Glucose (monomer) Glycogen = energy storage in animals liver muscle Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells)
17 Cellulose Cellulose fibers Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Macrofibril Microfibril Chains of cellulose
18 Chitin Chitin = polysaccharide found in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons
19 Starch v. Cellulose What is the difference between starch and cellulose? Starch Cellulose
20 Starch Cellulose Glucose repeat units are facing the same direction Both polymers Same monomer (glucose) Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to Enzymes to digest Soluble Weaker Cannot digest (no enzymes) Same repeat base Insoluble (fiber / roughage) Stronger (good for building)
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