The Science of nutrition and its

Transcription

1 The Science of nutrition and its scope Why proper knowledge of nutrition of domesticated animals is required? Wild Animals Spend most of their time in search of food Variety of food..choice feeding Low productivity Domesticated Animals. Kept in captivity Don t have choice for food items High productivity Farm animals and poultry Transform feeds into meat, milk, eggs, wool, hair, work Efficiency of conversion Economics Application of Principles of Animal Nutrition Application of Principles of Animal Nutrition More than 100 chemical elements About 20 makeup the essential feed nutrients C,H,O,P,K,I,N,S,Ca,Fe,Mg,Na,Cl,Co,Cu,F,Mn,Zn, Mo,Se also chromium, silicon, tin, vanadium, nickel These elements make up the FEED NUTRIENTS (any feed constituents that may function in the nutritive support of animal life) 4

2 Job scope Teaching & Research Feed mills: Manager, Prod. Manager, Assist Prod. Manager Poultry and Dairy farms Technical consultant/tech Services NGOs Private industries Nanotechnology for intelligent bird feed /nanotechnology_for_intelligent_bird_feed.html Poultry: Nanotechnology to keep the birds and consumers healthy. Diseases in poultry can be reduced by vaccines and medications but this may pose risks to growers and consumers. In addition, each flock has particular health and immunity profiles, so chicks from different breeders do not respond to vaccines and diseases the same way. Nanotechnology One nanometer (nm) is one billionth (short scale), or 10 9 Researchers are therefore looking for drug free alternatives and Clemson scientists have made a promising discovery using nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is tiny science working with materials 1/100,000th the size of a human hair. Scientists are seeking to shrink materials down to the scale of atoms, creating particles that show promise for making better medicines, faster computers and safer foods. 5 6 Nanotechnology for intelligent bird feed /nanotechnology_for_intelligent_bird_feed.html Intelligent chicken feed Jeremy Tzeng and Clemson colleagues Fred Stutzenberger, Robert Latour Jr. and Ya Ping Sun have built nanoparticles that mimic the host cell surface in poultry and locks to the targeted pathogens. The particles then bind together and are purged through the bowel. Tzeng calls it "intelligent chicken feed." "If we use this physical purging, physical removal, we are not using antibiotics so the chance of the microorganism becoming resistant to it is really small," Tzeng said. To protect the discovery, Clemson technology transfer officials are patenting it. NUTRIGENOMICS It is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression. It provides a basis for understanding the biological activity of food components. Nutrigenomics has also been described by the influence of genetic variation on nutrition by correlating gene expression or single nucleotide polymorphisms with a nutrient's absorption, metabolism, elimination or biological effects. 7 AN 102 8

3 NUTRIGENOMICS Nutrigenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise nutrition, with respect to the subject's genotype. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to public health over the next decade is thought to be major. History and the role of the past scientist in the development of the science of nutrition Eras of development (8 Eras) 1. Naturalistic Era 2. Chemical Energy Era 3. Mineral Era 4. Vitamin Biological Era 5. Feeding Standard Era 6. Amino acid Era 7. Feed Additive and Implant Era 8. Biotechnology Era AN Naturalistic Era Taboos, bizarre superstition, religious precepts Ancient Greek (no exp., only logical reasoning) Hippocrates (physician; BC), father of medicine Child more heat and more food. Very fat are apt to die earlier than slender. Chemical Energy Era Founder of the Sci. of Nutr. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier ( ) Heat loss, O2 consumed, CO2 expired. Respiration: a combustion process It took but a second to cut off his head; yet, a hundred year is not suffice to produce one like it. Chemistry and physiology..foundation for Nutr. After 100 years.ch2o, fats and proteins as energy source for animal body 11 AN

4 Mineral Era Boussingault (1822): Goiter and Iodized salt Berzelius (1838): Iron haemoglobin..oxygen Hart and coworkers (1925): Iron and copper..anemia C. J. Chossat (1840): Calcium for bones J. B. Boussingault (1843): Calcium balance studies Major elements Na, Cl, Ca, P and Fe Trace elements importance.following discovery of vitamins Vitamin Biological Era Until early 1900s Complete diet Unidentified substance, minute in amount Night blindness, Rickets, beriberi (Eijkman, 1897), Scurvy (Lind, 1747) Casimir Funk (1912). VITAL AMINE Vitamine Vitamin Vit. A in 1913 Fat soluble A and water soluble B vitamins : Vitamins identified and synthesized AN Scorbutic gums, a symptom of scurvy A family with rickets. Paris, Girl with a scorbutic tongue Vit C Def. AN rachitis" The "wrist widening" of rickets Radiograph of a two year old rickets sufferer, with a marked genu varum (bowing of the femurs) and decreased bone opacity, suggesting poor bone mineralization. AN

5 Feeding Standard Era Feeding standards? 1810: Thaer Hay values 1859: Grouven Carb. Fat and Protein analyses 1864: Wolff Digestible nutrients 1897: Lehmann modified Wolff s standards 1898: Henry Total Digestible Nutrients 1907: Kellner Starch values 1912: Woll Scandinavian Feed Unit System 1915: Armsby Net energy values Feeding Standard Era Most Widely Used Feeding Standards? USA: National Academy of Sciences»NRC.Net energy England: Agricultural Research Council (ARC)»Metabolizable energy Amino Acid Era 1930: William C. Rose and co workers 10 Amino acid as essential Feed Additive and Implant Era : Wonder drugs (Antibiotics and Diethylstilbestrol)» Growth and feed efficiency» FDA approved drugs Antimicrobial, hormones, enzymes, Antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, ionophores, etc. Withdrawal time before slaughter, milk/egg discard. AN Biotechnology Era Technology concerned with the application of an array of biological and engineering tools, from gene splicing to manipulating cells, tissues and genes so as to control certain characteristics. Single cell protein production Recombinant DNA technology Nutritional Genomics AN