Turf Pathology Update, 2006

Transcription

1 Turf Pthology Updte, 2006 Wht we know nd wht we think we know. Lne P. Tredwy Deprtment of Plnt Pthology North Crolin Stte Univeristy

2 Phosphonte Fungicides Contin vrious forms of the ctive ingredient phosphite (PO 3- ) Fungicidl ctivity to oomycete pthogens (Pythium, Phytophthor) nd certin other pthogens Phosphite ion hs direct fungisttic properties Also stimultes nturl defense responses through unknown mechnisms

3 Phosphonte Use in Creeping Bentgrss Used for preventtive control of Pythium folir blight nd root rot Most frequently pplied in combintion with contct fungicides for prevention of summer decline

4 Phosphonte Fungicides for Turfgrss Phosphite Form Trde Nmes fosetyl-al mono- nd di-potssium slts NH 4 nd K slts Signture, Prodigy, Aliette Alude, Resyst Mgelln, Nutri-Grow Mgnum

5 fosetyl-al Differences mong phosphonte phosphite products slts Signture Aliette Alude Mgelln Mgnum

6 Chipco Signture: Pigment or Dye? Pigments re lrge, insoluble molecules Dyes re smll, solubles molecules Chipco Signture contins copper phthlocynine pigment copper phthlocynine

7 Chipco Signture: Pigment or Dye? Becuse of their photoisomerizble nd semiconducting properties, copper phthlocynine pigments hve mny pplictions: inks CD nd DVD printing solr cells orgnic LED displys e-pper werble displys

8 Objectives 1. Evlute the effects of Signture, Aliette, nd phosphite slts on summer qulity of creeping bentgrss 2. Compre the effects of chlorothlonil nd mncozeb s tnk-mix prtners with phosphonte fungicides

9 Experimentl Loctions Country Club of North Crolin Southern Pines, NC A-1/A-4 creeping bentgrss 2003 nd Sndhills Reserch Sttion Jckson Springs, NC A-1 creeping bentgrss Lke Wheeler Turfgrss Field Lbortory Rleigh, NC Penncross creeping bentgrss

10 Tretments nd Appliction Methods Phosphontes Signture (4 oz) Aliette (4 oz) Alude (6 fl oz) Resyst (6 fl oz, 2003 only) Mgelln (6 fl oz) Mgnum (6 fl oz) phosphorous cid (2.3 oz, 2003 only) None Contcts Dconil Ultrex (3.2 oz) Fore WP (4 oz, ) Fore WP (8 oz) None Design/Appliction Methods Split-plot RCB with 4 reps 3.33 x 6 ft subplots Tretments every 14 dys in June, July, nd August Applictions in 2 gl/1000 ft2 t 40 psi

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12 Results: Sndhills Reserch Sttion, 2004 Fctor 1 July 14 July 30 Jul 1 Sept Phosphonte Contct < < < Replicte Phoshonte* Contct

13 Turf Qulity (1-9) Results: Sndhills Reserch Sttion, b b b b Signture Aliette Mgelln Alude Mgnum None 1 0 Dt collected 30 July Mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly difference ccording to the Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test.

14 Turf Qulity (1-9) Results: Sndhills Reserch Sttion, b b b b Dconil (3.2 oz) Fore (8 oz) Fore (4 oz) None 2 c c d July 14 July 30 July Mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly difference ccording to the Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test.

15 Results: Lke Wheeler Field Lb, 2005 Fctor 6 July 20 July 4 Aug 16 Aug Phosphonte < Contct < < < < Replicte Phoshonte* Contct

16 Turf Qulity (1-9) Results: Lke Wheeler Field Lb, b b bc c Signture Aliette Mgelln Alude Mgnum None 1 0 Dt collected 4 August Mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly difference ccording to the Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test.

17 Turf Qulity (1-9) Results: Lke Wheeler Field Lb, b b b b c Signture Aliette Mgelln Alude Mgnum None 1 0 Dt collected 16 August Mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly difference ccording to the Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test.

18 Turf Qulity (1-9) Results: Lke Wheeler Field Lb, b b c b c d Dconil (3.2 oz) Fore (8 oz) Fore (4 oz) None July 4 August Mens followed by the sme letter re not significntly difference ccording to the Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test.

19 Untreted Fore 80WP (8 oz) Dconil Ultrex (3.2 oz)

20 Signture + Dconil Aliette + Dconil Alude + Dconil Mgelln + Dconil

21 Conclusions contct fungicides provide the gretest nd most consistent increse in creeping bentgrss qulity phosphonte fungicides my increse bentgrss qulity in certin yers/vrieties fosetyl-al significntly more effective thn phosphite slts in 2004 nd 2005 no interctions mong contct nd phosphonte mterils phosphontes my induce mild phytotoxicity when pplied during hot wether

22 Anthrcnose Bsl Rot nd Folir Blight

23 Anthrcnose Control in Po nnu Putting Greens, Blowing Rock CC Untreted Compss (0.25 oz) Insigni (0.5 oz) Heritge (0.2 oz) Spectro (4 oz) 26GT (3 fl oz) 3336 (4 fl oz) Dconil Ultrex (3.2 oz) Medllion (0.5 oz) Endorse (4 oz) Alude + Dconil Ultrex ( oz) Alude (6 fl oz) Signture + Dconil ( oz) Signture (4 oz) -d bc bc def b-f c-f -f f g Tretments pplied 5/23, 6/6, 6/20, 7/11, nd 7/25 Dt collected 8/15

24 Anthrcnose Control in Annul Bluegrss Greens, Blowing Rock CC Chipco Signture (4 oz) Alude (6 fl oz)

25 Anthrcnose Control in Annul Bluegrss Greens, Blowing Rock NC Heritge 50WG (0.4 oz) Untreted Control

26 Disese Severity (%) Anthrcnose in Bentgrss Griffin, GA Chipco Signture 4.0 oz. Check b b b b 0 b 6/4 6/18 7/2 7/15 7/29 Courtesy L.L. Burpee Dte

27 Disese Severity Effect of Fungicide Tnk-Mixes on Anthrcnose of Creeping Bentgrss Clery s fl.oz. 100 Clery s Alude 4.0 fl.oz fl.oz. 90 Check b b b b c c 0 5/22 6/6 6/20 7/3 7/17 Courtesy L.L. Burpee Dte

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29 Isoltes (#) Pythium Species Isolted from Roots of Creeping Bentgrss Affected by Unknown Disese P. volutum P. torulosum Myers Prk CC Governors Club Cowns Ford CC Grndover Resort Ronoke CC Old Chthm GC Willohven CC Bllntyne CC

30 Uninoculted P. torulosum P. volutum

31 Pythium Root Dysfunction Initilly observed in Iow in mid-1980 s by Hodges Two Pythium species isolted P. rrhenomenes nd P. ristosporum Abd et l (1994, NC) isolted 33 Pythium species from bentgrss roots. Eight species were most common: P. rrenomenes, P. ctenultum, P. intermedium, P. oligndrum, P. periilum, P. torulosum, nd P. vnterpoolii Feng nd Dernoeden (1999, MD) isolted 8 Pythium species from bentgrss roots: P. ristosporum, P. phnidermtum, P. ctenultum, P. grminicol, P. torulosum, P. vnterpoolii, P. volutum, nd P. ultimum vr. ultimum

32 Preventtive Control of PRD, 2005 Field trils conducted in 4 loctions cross North Crolin in Tretments pplied on Sep 28, Oct 26, Mr 29, Apr 19, nd My 26 Fungicides pplied in 2 gl H 2 O per 1000 ft 2 then wtered-in with 1/8 of irrigtion Plots monitored for disese symptoms throughout 2005 Symptoms observed t Pinehurst loction on July 13, 2005

33 Preventtive Control of PRD, 2005 Untreted Cyzofmid (0.9 fl oz) Compss (0.25 oz) Insigni (0.9 oz) Heritge (0.4 oz) Terrzole (4 oz) Bnol (4 fl oz) Signture (8 oz) Subdue Mxx (1 fl oz) Pinehurst #2 Dt collected 7/13/ Disese Severity (1-9)

34 Cyzofmid Untreted

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36 QoI Fungicides: Beneficil Side-Effects? Pyrclostrobin, QoI s in generl, not noted for control of Pythium Applictions in field crops result in incresed yields nd plnt vigor QoI s re lso thought to control secondry pthogens

37 Pyrclostrobin Does Not Increse Folir Growth Nitrogen Rte (mg kg -1 ) Growth Rte * (mg dy -1 ) Pyrclostrobin Rte (g h -1 ) Growth Rte (mg dy -1 ) * b b c * Averge of 3 collection dtes

38 P. volutum is sensitive to pyrclostrobin EC 50 Vlues (mg kg -1 ) Isolte Genotype Pyrclostrobin Azoxystrobin Mefenoxm PRD 49 PV OC 4 PV PRD 28 PV PRD 6 PV 2 <10 * <10 * <10 * PRD 11 PV b <10 * <10 * * Indicte vlues off regression line.

39 Current Recommendtions for PRD Control Rottion 1. Insigni (0.9 oz, wtered-in) 2. Signture + Bnol (4 + 2 oz) or Signture + Subdue Mxx (4 + 1 oz) Preventtive Schedule 21 to 28 dys between pplictions when bentgrss roots re ctively growing Curtive Schedule 14 to 28 dys between pplictions s needed bsed on symptom expression

40 0 * Pyrclostrobin Pyrclostrobin 0.01 Pyrclostrobin * All rtes re mg kg -1 1 Pyrclostrobin 10 Pyrclostrobin

41 Spring ded spot is the most severe disese of bermudgrss in the Crolins

42 Disese Incidence (%) Effect of Fungicides on Initil Disese Incidence, b b zoxystrobin fenrimol 3 2 b b b myclobutnil propiconzole untreted 1 b 0 c Field #4 Field #5 * Brs followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test (k=100).

43 Disese Incidence (%) Effect of Fungicides on Initil Disese Incidence, zoxystrobin 6 b b b fenrimol myclobutnil propiconzole 4 b untreted 2 0 Field #4 Field #5 * Brs followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test (k=100).

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45 Estimting Rte of Recovery Disese incidence evluted on bi-weekly intervls until recovery complete Disese incidence dt squre-root trnsformed Recovery rte for ech plot estimted through liner regression ANOVA nd mens seprtion performed on recovery rtes to ssess tretment differences

46 Recovery Rte Effect of Fungicides on Rte of Recovery, b b b b zoxystrobin fenrimol myclobutnil propiconzole untreted bc b bc c 0 Field #4 Field #5 * Brs followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test (k=100).

47 Disese Incidence (%) Identifying Optiml Rte nd Timing of Rubign Applictions for b b b b b b SDS Control b b b 6 fl oz fl oz fl oz Untreted 0 Init. dte Aug 1 Aug 15 Sep 1 Sep 15 Oct 1 Soil temp * Brs followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test (k=100).

48 Disese Incidence (%) Optimizing Rubign Appliction Rte nd Timing fl oz fl oz fl oz Untreted b b b 5 0 b b b * Brs followed by the sme letter re not significntly different ccording to Wller-Duncn k-rtio t-test (k=100).

49 From Luc, Cnegllo, & Mrtin, GCM, Sept 2005

50 From Luc, Cnegllo, & Mrtin, GCM, Sept 2005

51 Nemtode popultions re highest in sndy soils.

52 The sting nemtode is most dmging to turfgrsses.

53 Nemtode Thresholds Vry Among Turfgrss Species Creeping Bentgrss* Bermudgrss* Awl Dgger Lnce Ring Root Knot Lesion Sheth Spirl Sting 5 85 Stubby Root Stunt * Per 500 cc of soil

54 Control Options re Dwindling Mocp no longer vilble Nemcur production to cese in My 2007 Sles continue until My 2008 or until supplies lst After My 31, 2005, do not pply Nemcur to hydrologic soil group A soils tht re excessively drined nd predomintely snd or lomy snd with wter tbles less thn 50 feet deep Visit to determine if your site is ffected

55 Curfew (1,3-Dichloropropene) New post-plnt nemticide developed by Dow Currently lbeled in AL, FL, GA, MS, NC nd SC Soil fumignt short-lived, not systemic Applied through soil injection 24 hour re-entry intervl Only pplied by Dow-certified pplictors Interntionl Turf Applictors Hendrix nd Dil Southern Soil Turf Mngement

56 Greens Unit 5 Spcing; 6 Deep

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58 Guidelines for Curfew Applictions Do not pply to drought or nutrient stressed turf Hve roller on stndby to close slits if needed Apply 0.1 to 0.2 of irrigtion immeditely fter ppliction Keep treted res moist for severl dys fter ppliction

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60 Curfew hs high burn potentil. The risk for dmge cn be minimized through regulr irrigtion to keep the ctive ingredient in the soil.

61 Folir burn due to lek on surfce Mild chlorosis, suspect shllow injection

62 Wlnut Creek Country Club, Goldsboro NC Greens Aerified nd Topdressed 7 Dys fter Curfew Appliction Rolled Prior to Topdressing Rolled After Topdressing

63 Nemtodes/500 cc Sting Nemtode Control with Curfew Curfew Untreted b b 3 Green 8 Green 16 Green Curfew pplied t 5 gllons per cre on 26 Apr 2005 Nemtode popultions ssessed on 17 My (15 subsmples NC per STATE plot) TURF PATHOLOGY

64 Root Depth (mm) Bentgrss Rooting in Response to Curfew Appliction Curfew Untreted 50 b b b Green 8 Green 16 Green Curfew pplied t 5 gllons per cre on 26 Apr 2005 Root depth mesured on 5 Jul (5 subsmples per plot)

65 Curfew Untreted 8 Green, CC of Lndfll, 17 My 2005, 21 dys fter ppliction

66 Disdvntges of Curfew Potentil for turf injury Not very effective ginst endoprsites No soil residul cts s fumignt Not n effective rescue tretment, best used s preventtive in spring Custom ppliction only Cost Firwys: $385 per cre Greens: 8 per squre foot

67 The Future of Nemtode Mngement Curfew is likely temporry fix Biologicl mterils nd plnt extrcts hve not provided consistent control Crop protection compnies re investing more in nemticide development Gols: Sfe to environment nd turf Effective ginst endo- nd ectoprsites Applied using stndrd methods Re-entry intervl less thn 24 hours

68 Firy Ring, Type 2/1 Creeping bentgrss

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72 FAIRY RING Chemicl Control Fungicides lone will not provide cceptble control of Type I firy rings Must be pplied in conjunction with cultivtion prctices nd/or soil surfctnt pplictions These prctices my lso be beneficil when controlling Type II nd Type III firy rings

73 Soil Surfctnts (k Wetting Agents) Wter retiners Increse the mount of wter retined in the upper soil profile Exmple: Primer Wter movers Increse the movement of wter though the soil profile Exmple: Cscde, Revolution Sopy types Older products, tend to behve like wter movers, potentil for folir burn Exmple: Surfside

74 Control of Type II Firy Rings with Fungicide- Surfctnt Combintions in Bentgrss Greens Prostr (4.5 oz) Heritge (0.4 oz) Endorse (4 oz) b b b Revolution (6 fl oz) Prostr + Rev cd cd Heritge + Rev d Endorse + Rev cd Untreted Tretments pplied 22 Jul nd 19 Aug Dt collected 2 Sep Wyncote Golf Course, Oxford, PA Fidnz nd Bgwell, F&N Reports, 60:T Firy Ring Incidence (%)

75 Control of Type I Firy Rings with Fungicide- Surfctnt Combintions in Bentgrss Greens ProStr bc Heritge cd ProStr + Primer d Heritge + Primer b Prostr (injected) b Heritge (Injected) cd Untreted Tretments pplied 8 Jul nd 5 Aug Dt collected 2 Sep Texs A&M Reserch Center Fidnz et l, HortTechnology, 15: Firy Ring Incidence (%)