Disease Management Update Bacterial Spot A New Disease of Almond in California

Transcription

1 Disese Mngement Updte Bcteril Spot A New Disese of Almond in Cliforni Dr. J. E. Adskveg Deprtment of Plnt Pthology University of Cliforni, Riverside

2 Folir nd fruit diseses of lmond in Cliforni Brown rot blossom blight Green fruit rot/jcket rot Shot hole Bcteril spot Anthrcnose Scb Alternri lef spot Rust Hull rot

3 Anilinopyrimidines 9 M1&2 Benzimidzoles 1 Vngrd, Scl 1990s Inorgnics 1970s Copper, Sulfur 1960s Topsin-M, T-Methyl Pre-Mixtures Inspire Super 3+9 Fungicides for Mnging Almond Diseses 11 Inorgnics nd Conventionl Synthetics Dithiocrbmtes Phthlimides Isophthlonitriles Zirm, Mnzte, Cptn Brvo, Echo, Dithne? Equus M3 M4 M5 1940s 1950s 1960s Dicrboximides Rovrl, Iprodione, Nevdo, Meteor s QoIs Abound, Gem, Hedline 1990s Hydroxynilides 17 Sterol inhibitors (DMIs) Elite, Rlly, Indr, Tilt, Bumper, Qush, Inspire, Tebucon, Toledo s s Polyoxins Elevte 1990s Ph-D New: Lun Products & Merivon (2014), Syllit (2014), Vithon (2015), & new products continue to be evluted 19 Qudris Top, Pristine, Lun Senstion, Quilt Xcel, Merivon s Lun Experience 3+7 Gunidines Syllit U s SDHIs Xemium, Lun Privilege, 7 Fontelis 1960s Phosphontes ProPhyt, K-Phite, Fungi-phite, Aliette, Linebcker (non-bering) s 3+33 Vithon

4 Why disese monitoring nd risk ssessment? Determine pthogen popultion size Determine possibility of disese outbreks or increses in disese intensity bsed on generl wether forecsts Assess if, when, nd where disese mngement hs to be implemented Optimize disese mngement - effective nd economicl

5 Optimum timing for implementing mngement prctices Inoculum-bsed Inoculum (disese) levels in the current nd previous sesons re indictors for risk. Inoculum my not be present t high levels nd disese progress cn be monitored. Once inoculum is found, mngement prctices cn be implemented. Exmples: shot hole, scb, rust, bcteril spot Host phenology-bsed Disese occurs on specific host tissues during limited time in the seson Inoculum is commonly present Exmples: blossom blight, Rhizopus hull rot, bcteril spot Microclimte-bsed Pthogen inoculum is commonly present. Climtic conditions determine disese progress. Exmples: Alternri, nthrcnose, bcteril spot Temperture, wetness, wind Cultivr, phenology Presence of inoculum, mono- or polycyclic Bc Spot - History of disese in the orchrd, environment, host development.

6 Exmples of diseses where mngement is bsed primrily on environmentl conditions Alternri lef spot Anthrcnose Bcteril spot Alternri lternt, A. rborescens, A. tenuissim Colletotrichum cuttum Xnthomons rboricol pv. pruni

7 Bcteril spot of lmond Previously unreported. Little is known bout the disese in Cliforni Bcteril spot of pech (estern US) occurs during high moisture conditions. Fritz is one of most susceptible vrieties, but isoltions hve lso been mde from Nonpreil, Butte, Crmel, nd Price. Mngement strtegies re being explored: dormnt nd springtime pplictions with bctericides.

8 Bcteril spot of lmond Cusl gent: Xnthomons rboricol pv. pruni Ws found in spring 2013 on lmond, cherry, nd possibly other stone fruit crops in Colus, Sn Joquin, Stnislus, Merced nd Mder Co.

9 Toxicnts Mterils for Mnging Bcteril Spot of Almond Inorgnics Copper M1 1960s Dithiocrbmtes M3 Inorgnics nd Conventionl Synthetics Mnzte, Dithne 1940s 33 Inhibitors Phosphontes ProPhyt, K-Phite, Fungi-phite, Aliette, Linebcker (nonbering) 1980s Nturl Products nd Biocontrols Vithon 3+33 Phthlimides M4 Cptn 1950s Regli, Actinovte, Serende Mx, Serende Optimum, Tegro Nturl products/biocontrols with ntibcteril or SAR chrcteristics for orgnic lmond production Experimentl Products under Evlution Antibiotics 24-D3 Ksumin 41-D5 Oxytetrcycline Others Cergenin U12 Quintec Tnos Multi-site mode of ction Single-site mode of ction Reduced-risk fungicides FRAC group

10 Dormnt nd In-seson copper tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond 2014 Timing 1 Timing 2 Timing 3 Timing 4 Timing 5 Timing 6 D: 12/17* D: 12/17 D: 12/17 D: 12/17 D: 12/17 D: 12/17 In-seson IS: 2/19, 3/5, IS: 2/19, 4/24 IS: 3/5/14 IS: 3/20/14 IS: 3/31/14 3/21, 3/31 IS: none Trt Avg Dormnt tretment** tretment Dis.^ LSD^^ Dis. LSD Dis. LSD Dis. LSD Dis. LSD Dis. LSD Dis. LSD Control Control b A Kocide lb + 1% oil Kocide b 5 b 7.3 b 15 b 3.8 b B Kocide lb (no oil) Chmp-Ion b 10.5 b 4.8 b 16.8 b 1.8 b B Cuev 2 gl + 1% oil Cuev 24.8 b b 10.8 b A Bdge 7 pt + 1% oil Bdge X2 9.3 b 8.5 b 2.3 b 15.8 b 2.8 b B Cuprofix 4.5 lb+ 1% oil Cuprofix 6 b 19.5 b 3.5 b 11 b 3 b B Timing Avg 20.6 AB 26.0 A 11.8 B 23.8 A 12.5 B 27.2 A *- D= dormnt tretment, IS = in-seson tretment. Copper rtes for IS tretments were reduced by hlf with ech sequentil ppliction (e.g., Kocide , 1.5,0.8 etc.). ^- Fruit were evluted for the presence of bcteril spot on ^^- Sttisticl comprisons for vlues in the shded re re by column using lower cse letters. Tretment verges re vlues for tretments over ll timings nd re sttisticlly compred by column. Timing verges re vlues for ech timing for ll tretments nd re sttisticlly compred within the row.

11 Dormnt copper tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond 2014 Dte of Appliction Incidence (%)

12 In-seson copper tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond 2014 Bdge Dte of Appliction Kocide 3000 Cuprofix Chmp-Ion2+ Cuev Control Incidence (%)

13 In-seson copper tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond 2014 b Dte of Appliction b b Incidence (%)

14 Environmentl conditions t tril sites in Sn Joquin Co Criticl timings * * *? Disese detected Precip. (mm) Tmx Tmin Tvg

15 Effect of Ksumin, new experimentl in-seson tretment, on the incidence of bcteril spot of cv. Fritz lmond Appliction timings Tretment 2/19 3/5 3/18 3/31 4/24 Control Ksumin 2L 64 @ Ksumin 2L 64 fl oz + Mnzte 75DF Incidence of Disese (%) b b Ksumin 2L 64 fl oz + Mnzte 75DF ^-Fruit were evluted for the presence of bcteril spot on ^^- Vlues followed by the sme number re not significntly different bsed on n nlysis of vrince ^^- Vlues followed by the sme number re not significntly different bsed on n nlysis of vrince

16 Ksumin submitted to the IR-4 progrm for registrtion on lmond Sept The most promising new bctericide for control of bcteril diseses This minoglycoside ntibiotic is not used in medicine Antifungl nd ntibcteril ctivity Different mode of ction from other ntibiotics Registered on crops in Asi, Europe, & Centrl Americ US-EPA pproved n import tolernce in 2005 US-EPA pproved registrtion on pome fruit in Sept. 2014

17 Delyed dormnt nd In-seson tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond 2014 Timing 1 Timing 2 Timing 3 Timing 4 Timing 5 Timing 6 D: 1/24* D: 1/24 D: 1/24 D: 1/24 D: 1/24 D: 1/24 IS: 2/19, 4/24 IS: 3/5 IS: 3/18 IS: 3/31 IS: 2/19, 3/5, 3/18, IS: none Trt Avg Dormnt tretment In-seson 3/31, 4/24 tretment tretment Dis^ LSD^^ Dis LSD Dis LSD Dis LSD Dis LSD Dis LSD Dis LSD Control Ks-Mn A Kocide lb Ks-Mn b 13.5 AB Kocide lb + Mnzte 6 lb Ks-Mn b 9.7 B Timing X 12.0 B 21.6 A 7.6 BC 12.6 B 4.7 C 21.3 A *- D= dormnt tretment, IS = in-seson tretment with 64 fl oz Ksumin lb Mnzte 75DF/A ^- Fruit were evluted for the presence of bcteril spot on ^^- Sttisticl comprisons for vlues in the shded re re by column using lower cse letters. Tretment verges re vlues for tretments over ll timings nd re sttisticlly compred by column. Timing verges re vlues for ech timing for ll tretments nd re sttisticlly compred within the row.

18 In-seson tretments for mngement of bcteril spot of lmond wk 4 wk FB PF Tretment Rte (/A) APF APF 2/18 3/5 3/20 4/3 Control Kphite + Widespred Actinovte Actinovte + Buffer Serende Optiv Tegro MycoShield + Chmp-Ion oz oz lb oz lb Ksumin 2L + Mnzte 75DF 64 fl oz fl oz + 4 @ Kocide Mnzte 75DF lb lb Kocide Tnos 3.3 lb lb + 10 oz lb + 10 oz Mgn Bon + Mnzte 75DF 64 fl oz fl oz + 4 @ Orchrd 2 - cv. Fritz, Sn Joquin Co. Evlution on My 21, 2014 Disese incidence (%) d cd bcd bcd cd cd b bcd bc bcd

19 Toxicnts Mterils for Mnging Bcteril Spot of Almond Inorgnics Copper M1 1960s Dithiocrbmtes M3 Inorgnics nd Conventionl Synthetics Mnzte, Dithne 1940s 33 Inhibitors Phosphontes ProPhyt, K-Phite, Fungi-phite, Aliette, Linebcker (nonbering) 1980s Nturl Products nd Biocontrols Vithon 3+33 Phthlimides M4 Cptn 1950s Regli, Actinovte, Serende Mx, Serende Optimum, Tegro Nturl products/biocontrols with ntibcteril or SAR chrcteristics for orgnic lmond production Experimentl Products under Evlution Antibiotics 24-D3 Ksumin 41-D5 Oxytetrcycline Others Cergenin U12 Quintec Tnos Multi-site mode of ction Single-site mode of ction Reduced-risk fungicides FRAC group

20 Summry Bcteril Spot Mngement The pthogen Xnthomons rboricol pv. pruni overwinters in fruit mummies on the tree. Isoltes evluted to dte were ll copper-sensitive. Lte dormnt tretments with copper, copper-mncozeb, or coppermncozeb-cptn significntly reduced the disese. In-seson tretments in the weeks following petl fll were most effective when timed round rin events nd before tempertures strted to rise. All copper products significntly reduced disese. Ksumin (ccepted in IR-4), Fireline/Mycoshield, nd Serende Optiv were lso effective. The most effective mngement progrm in 2014 (lst seson): 1) A lte dormnt ppliction to reduce inoculum; 2) At lest one or two in-seson pplictions round rinfll events nd rising tempertures to prevent new infections.

21 Thnk you Dnke Grcis Merci Cheers 谢谢ありがとう धन यव द спасибо شكرا Dr. J. E. Adskveg Deprtment of Plnt Pthology University of Cliforni, Riverside