The Effect of Some Factors on the Meat Production, Meat Information and Awareness Eating Red Meat Relating to Human Health in Sulaymaniah Province

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1 Food nd Pulic Helth 2014, 4(3): DOI: /j.fph The Effect of Some Fctors on the Met Production, Met Informtion nd Awreness Eting Red Met Relting to Humn Helth in Sulymnih Province Hozn Jlil Hmslim Fculty of griculturl science, University of Sulimni, Sulymnih, Irq Astrct Bckground: knowledge eting met in Sulymnih province is poorly ssessed nd there is generl lck of documented knowledge out the chllenges fcing this field nd the needs for its development. In the lst few yers, economy of Irqi Sulymnih city is dominted y oil industry, griculture nd tourism sectors clm in the Kurdistn region; it hs mssive economic development in comprison to the other Irqi cities. Unfortuntely, this cse cused n increse in hert diseses for instnce, high lood pressure, nd high cholesterol level nd so on in this region prticulrly in Sulymnih province ccording to some reports tht hve een pulished y Sttistics Directorte of Helth Sulymnih province from 2008 to Methods: In this reserch, people were rndomly (sex, ge, eduction level nd lifestyle) chosen in Sulymnih province. All prticipnts re hving hert prolem nd high lood cholesterol Firstly, lood smples were tested for the prticipnts, where the cholesterol type ws LDL (low density lipoprotein), nd prticipnts who hve higher LDL ove norml the level 190 mg/dl where chosen for the present study. Results: The study reveled significnt prolems fcing the informtion out met production in Sulymnih province, knowledge eting met, informtion out the dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous of red met, dily red met requirement, knowledge out the level of cholesterol in met, do not sources tht give you enough informtion out red met nd there is strong reltionship etween cholesterol nd hert nd lood prolems. In ddition, sex, eductionl level, ge nd life style were lso showed significnt different (p <0.05) in the knowledge level out the red met production, eting red met ehviors, nd the red met nutrition relting to humn helth. Keywords Red Met, Eting Met, Awreness nd Humn Helth 1. Introduction The domestiction of nimls nd the development of niml husndry ensured more relile source of met nd coincidentlly reduced the numer of species from which it ws otined to out two dozen or so, of which hlf re now significnt sources of met. These include not only mmmls such s cttle, sheep, gots, pigs, uffloes, cmels, yks, llms, deer nd rits ut lso irds, especilly domestic fowls nd turkeys, geese nd ducks [32]. Red met is n importnt source of high iologicl vlue protein s it contins the protein, Ft, Ash, crohydrte nd energy nd importnt micronutrients those re needed for good helth throughout life [11]. But Humn must introduce met helth production ecuse Contmintion of niml crcsses nd rw met y microorgnisms, including spoilge nd pthogenic types, is prcticlly unvoidle. * Corresponding uthor: hozn_jlil@yhoo.com (Hozn Jlil Hmslim) Pulished online t Copyright 2014 Scientific & Acdemic Pulishing. All Rights Reserved Sources of contmintion of crcsses during the slughtering process, of met products during processing, storge nd hndling, or of wter nd other foods through contminted mnure [17, 18, 28, 29, 30 nd 31]. Met is n importnt source of niml protein nd other nutritionl components ut cholesterol in met is potentil cuse of humn diseses. Met generlly contins moderte quntities of cholesterol nd the vlues typiclly rnge from 7 to 90 (mg/100 g) except in the cse of some edile offl where the concentrtions re much higher [3,24] Cholesterol plys vriety of importnt roles in cellulr function nd vriety of significnt roles in iologicl system. Cholesterol is eukryotic sterol tht, in higher nimls, is the precursor of ile cids, vitmin D3 nd steroid hormones [14]. Dietry cholesterol comes minly from niml products such s eggs, sefood, met of slughter nimls nd milk [24]. Cholesterol LDL is closely relted to dietry disorders [22], wheres the HDL cholesterol is known s.good. Cholesterol ecuse it tends to crry d cholesterol (LDL) wy from the rteries nd ck to the liver, where it is

2 76 Hozn Jlil Hmslim: The Effect of Some Fctors on the Met Production, Met Informtion nd Awreness Eting Red Met Relting to Humn Helth in Sulymnih Province removed from the ody. High lood levels of cholesterol correlte with different crdiovsculr diseses [23] such s therosclerosis, coronry hert disese nd hypertension [10]. The reltionship etween dietry diseses nd the content of cholesterol is one of the min reserch prolems in 21th century. Economic nd socil fctors ffecting the consumption of food (met), such s, ctering plce, individul economic level, the price of food, eduction, religion, socil occsions, religious occsions, the distriution of food mong fmily memers, trvel nd tourism nd medi [34]. The knowledge of Sulymnih city s residentil out red met production process nd the dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous of red met were studied. Also, nother importnt point ws to inform consumers how to get proper nutrition eduction (Red met) to hve mximum enefits from met to uild helthy ody. And the messge to ll mss medi nd the Kurdistn government, s they re spred knowledge out locl nd imported red met nd the production process. 2. Mterils nd Methods Prticipnts: In this reserch, people were rndomly (sex, ge, eduction level nd lifestyle) chosen in Sulymnih province. All prticipnts re hving hert prolem nd high lood cholesterol, Blood smples were tested for the prticipnts, where the cholesterol type ws LDL (low density lipoprotein), which they were confirmed y the center of helth nd the min lortory in emergency hospitl-sulymnih. And the elow questionnire form ws filled y the prticipnt who the LDL level ws higher thn the norml level 190 mg/dl. Fculty of Agriculture Animl production deprtment The effect of some fctors on the met production, met informtion nd wreness eting red met relting to humn helth in Sulymnih province Bsic informtion: 1) Sex: Mle (2) Femle (1) 2) Eductionl level: Illiterte(1) Primry(2) high school(3) Diplom(4) Bchelor(5) Mster(6). 3) Ages group: 10-20(5) 21-31(4) 32-42(3) 43-53(2) ove 54 (1). 4) Sulymnih province Avenue ( ) 5) Life style: Very good (5) Good (4) Medium (3) poor (2) very poor (1). Kindly tick the ox tht you will choose. 1) Do you hve scientific knowledge out met texture? Very much (5) much (4) medium (3) little (2) very little (1) 2) Do hve informtion out the process of red met production in Sulymnih? 3) Do you hve enough informtion out dvntges of red met? 4) Do you hve informtion out the disdvntgeous of red met? 5) Do you know how much dily red met requirement (Animl proteins)? 6) Do you relly need to know out the source of red met when you hve it? Very much (5) much(4) medium (3) little (2) very little (1) 7) When you uy red met do you depend on; Tempttion (3) prize (2) imittion (1) 8) When you uy nd et red met do you depend on: Locl met (4) Imported met (3) oth (2) 9) Do you hve knowledge out levels of cholesterol in met? 10) Do you know there is strong reltionship etween cholesterol nd hert nd lood prolems? 11) Do you hve sources tht give you enough informtion out red met? 12) The responsiility of giving informtion out dily mel nd met is elonging to People (5) fmily (4) mss medi (3) eductionl centers (2) cdemic centers (1) 13) Frequency red met eten ws Mel (4) dily (3) weekly (2) monthly (1) 14) Is red met the min prt of your mels? 15) Do you ccount red met s min source of protein or insted of: White met (2) protein of the legume fmily (1) 16) According to your helth record, do you think your sickness is relted to: Fmily history (4) food (3) I do not know (2) other fctors (1) Sttisticl nlysis: The percentge of ech fctor nd the influence of some fctors on the questionnire s result were found y using JMP7 progrm t significnt level (p< 0.05). In ddition, Duncn test ws used to find the significnce etween fctors. 3. Results nd Discussion Blood tests were conducted for the prticipnts, the cholesterol types were LDL nd ove norml level 190 mg/dl [21]. In this reserch (Bsic informtion), 39.5% nd 60.5% of the prticipnts were mle nd femle, respectively. Also, 3.5%, 14.5%, 26.5% nd 55.5% of the prticipnts were

3 Food nd Pulic Helth 2014, 4(3): (31-21), (42-32), (53-43) nd ove 54 yer in ges, respectively. In terms of eductionl ttinment (non-educted people, primry degree, high school degree, Diplom, chelor nd mster), 51% of prticipnts were hving non-educted, 30.5% were hving primry degree, 9% were hving high school degree, 4.5%of prticipnts were hving Diplom, 4.5% were hving chelor degree nd 0.5% hving mster degree. Different cost of living ws shown in this investigtion. 1.5% of prticipnts were very poor, 8.5% were poor, 49.5% were mild, 38.5% were good nd 2% were very good. The mjority of prticipnts were ove 54 yers nd hving high level of cholesterol. [34] Showed tht food ws not eqully dividing mong fmily. The children should hve food more thn others s they need to grow. Eductionl ttinment ws ffected on incresing cholesterol level in the lood. Eductionl ttinment hs direct reltionship with food eting policy mong fmily, reported y [34]. Also, [1] demonstrted tht ge, gender nd eductionl ttinment, hve n effect on food eting policy. It cn e seen esily from our results tht the cost of living ws ffected on high level of cholesterol. Our studies corroorte with [34] tht economic prolems such s food price, cost of living ffect qulity nd quntity of foods tht were consumed y humn. The effects of sex (mle nd femle) on red met productions met nd eting hve een shown in tle 1. Results showed tht sex ffected on red met production in Sulymnih. Also, it ffected on dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous of red met on humn helth nd cholesterol level in met t level (p <0.05). In contrst, gender did not ffected on humn dily need for red met. It found ll prticipnts were hving little informtion out the production of red met in Sulymnih, the eneficil nd deleterious of red met on humn helth. These results re in confirmtion with the results reported the ge nd sex more impct on dietry ehviors nd food eting ( met ) nd ffect the Improve the qulity of nutrition nd food wreness progrms. The mount of met eten lso vries etween different popultion sugroups, For exmple, show tht men tend to consume more red met thn women: on verge, men ged yers te 96g of red met per dy compred with intkes of 57g per dy in women of the sme ge [2]. Similr trends re oserved in teengers ged yers, with round 75g nd 54g of red met eing eten dily y mles nd femles, respectively. For children ged 4-10 yers, dily intke of red met is round 47g for oth sexes [2]. Len red met is rich in protein of high iologicl vlue, nd represents good source of B vitmins, iron, zinc nd selenium [19]. Vel is low in ft nd, long with pork, is low in sturted ft ccording to Europen Union [9] regultions. Although red met contins some sturted fts, the predominnt type is steric cid, which hs not een found to increse serum cholesterol levels [6]. Steric cid lso ppers to hve no effect on other metolic fctors tht my influence crdiovsculr disese risk, such s plsm glucose nd insulin [13]. Tle 2 presented the effect of eductionl ttinment (non-educted people, primry, high school, diplom, chelor nd mster) on red met production, dietry ehviors (met) nd effects on humn helth. It is cler from the tle 2 tht eductionl ttinment ws significntly ffect (p<0.05) on red met eting eduction. The prticipnts hving chelor degrees were wre of on dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous of red met on humn helth, cholesterol level in met nd the process of red met production in Sulymnih. Generlly, the mjority of the prticipnts elieved tht mss Medis` should tke responsiility to pulish more informtion out red met through TV progrmmes, work-shops, reports in the newsppers nd leflets. This result degree with [19], Medi rticles out met nd helth cn e confusing for ptients, prticulrly when they clim tht eting red met is detrimentl to helth s occurred following n erlier [33] report. The verge contriution of met to totl ft intkes hs declined considerly over the pst few decdes ecuse of chnges in frming nd reeding prctices, such s selecting reeding livestock with genetic potentil for len growth nd lower ft deposition, developing feeds tht promote len growth s opposed to simple weight gin, nd skilled selection of livestock for slughter t the right stge in their growth. Improvements in utchery hve llowed intrmusculr ft to e lmost entirely removed. The result hs een significnt reduction in the ft content of met y 30% for pork, 15% for eef nd 10% for lm [12]. The reltions of met intke with mjor helth outcomes, nd on which key nutrients this reltionship depends, is essentil for guiding consumer choices, setting nd prioritizing dietry guidelines, nd informing food reformultions to reduce risks [25]. Red met is source of ft-solule vitmins including vitmin A, which is essentil for the n norml functioning of the eyes nd immune system [4] Red met is lso one of the few foods tht contin vitmin D in the form tht is est used [5]. With regrd to micronutrients, len red met contins rnge of essentil vitmins nd minerls tht re importnt for ll life stges [35]. Red met lso contins sustntil mounts of vitmin B 12 which is known to enefit older people nd ptients with intestinl diseses [15], nd the enefits of met protein re to uild the cells of the ody nd the composition of some importnt hormones such s the thyroxin hormone, insulin hormone nd drenline hormone. But Met is mjor source of protein nd ft in most diets. Sustntil evidence from epidemiologicl Studies shows tht consumption of met, prticulrly red met, is ssocited with incresed risks of dietes, crdiovsculr disese (CVD), nd certin cncers. Severl studies lso suggest n elevted risk of mortlity ssocited with red met intke. However, most of these studies hve een performed in popultions with prticulrly high proportion of vegetrins [20]. Crdiovsculr disese (CVD) refers to rnge of medicl conditions tht ffect the hert nd vsculr system, for exmple coronry hert disese, stroke nd

4 78 Hozn Jlil Hmslim: The Effect of Some Fctors on the Met Production, Met Informtion nd Awreness Eting Red Met Relting to Humn Helth in Sulymnih Province myocrdil infrction. Prospective oservtionl studies hve linked high met intkes with n incresed risk of CVD [35]. Tle 3 presented the influence of cost of living on the informtion of red met, production of red met nd the effect of red met on humn helth were demonstrted. It is pprent from this tle tht cost of living ws ffected on the process of red met production in Sulymnih, dily need red met nd cholesterol level in red met (p<0.05). The living cost for fmily lso ffects food consumption, nd therefore in the nutritionl sttus of the memers of the community. High consumers of red nd processed mets should consider reducing intkes to 500g per week, ws interpreted wrongly y some medi s n indiction tht met consumption ws hrmful. The est dvice for ptients is to et red met s prt of lnced diet in mounts tht fll within the new recommended rnges: no more thn 500g per week, or 70g per dy [26]. These guidelines cn e chieved esily y monitoring portion sizes nd eting processed mets less often. A 70g portion of met, for exmple, includes one lm chop, two slices of rost lm, eef or pork, nd two stndrd eef urgers, three slices of hm or six pieces of slmi susge [7]. The effect of ge on met production nd the construction of red met eting on humn helth were shown in tle 4. It reveled tht ge ws ffected on the percentge of informtion out red met, nd production process in Sulymnih (p<0.05). The interesting thing tht the prticipnts were rnging etween (32-42) in ge hs enough knowledge out dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous of red met nd relted humn helth. The ge more effect on dietry ehviours nd food eting nd ffect the Improve the qulity of nutrition nd food wreness progrms. Cholesterol in met is potentil cuse of humn diseses nd little is known out the cholesterol content in muscles. It should e emphsized tht the mount of cholesterol in met cn vry extensively, depending on mny fctors such s ge, sex, the niml species, the diet of the niml nd the prticulr cut of met [16]. Tle 1. The effect of sex on the met production, met informtion, eting red met relting to humn helth in Sulymnih province Gender Mle Femle Level of significnt * * * * N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. * * * * * * N.S. N.S. Mens hving different letters in the sme column re significntly different within sme types The differences t p<0.05. N.S.: non-significnt. *: significnt. Tle 2. The effect of Eductionl level on the met production, met informtion, eting red met relting to humn helth in Sulymnih province Eductionl level Level of Illiterte Primry high school Diplom Bchelor Mster significnt c c c c * c c c c * c c * * * N.S N.S * c c c c * N.S c c * N.S * c * N.S N.S. Mens hving different letters in the sme row re significntly different within sme types differences t p<0.05. N.S.: non-significnt. *: significnt

5 Food nd Pulic Helth 2014, 4(3): Tle 3. The effect of Life style l on the met production, met informtion, eting red met relting to humn helth in Sulymnih province Life style Very good Good Medium poor very poor Level of significnt * * N.S N.S * N.S N.S N.S * N.S * N.S N.S N.S N.S N.S. Mens hving different letters in the sme row re significntly different within sme types The differences t p<0.05. N.S.: non-significnt. *: significnt Tle 4. The effect of ge on the met production, met informtion, eting red met relting to humn helth in Sulymnih province Ages group, yers Aove 54 Level of significnt * * * * * * N.S N.S * N.S * * * * N.S * Mens hving different letters in the sme row re significntly different within sme types The differences t p<0.05 N.S.: non-significnt. *: significnt. A considerle numer of studies hve reported different quntities of cholesterol content in the muscles of different species. Most mets contin moderte quntities of cholesterol nd vlues generlly rnge from 70 to 90 (mg/100 g), except for the cses of some edile offl such s kidney, hert nd rins, where the concentrtions re much higher [3 nd 24]. And [8] indicte tht cholesterol content in eef met remins t level of (mg/100 g) of tissue. For instnce, lm hs een reported to contin (mg/100 g) (15), vel 70 (mg/100 g) nd pork (mg/100 g) [3]. 4. Conclusions The mjority of voluntries hd little knowledge out the mechnism of red met production, dvntgeous nd disdvntgeous viewpoints of red met in Sulymnih. Also, they elieved the mss medi should hve mssive role to educte people out this issue. Both, gender nd eductionl levels hve effects on knowledge out red met,

6 80 Hozn Jlil Hmslim: The Effect of Some Fctors on the Met Production, Met Informtion nd Awreness Eting Red Met Relting to Humn Helth in Sulymnih Province especilly chelor degrees. Economic condition hs little effect on red met production nd the red met eting eduction. Although, ges hve n effective effect on this issue, prticulrly these voluntries were etween yers. According to some helth reports most of the voluntries tht hve high cholesterol level relted to food policy nd niml sources. These show tht multi-directionl spects nd strtegies such s extension progrms nd interior medi must e ctivted nd followed y the government nd hence the study of the role of knowledge in the lowering the rte of these cses. REFERENCES [1] Al-shwi, A., 1989, Widespred food eliefs mong kuwities. EDUC.J.KUWAIT, 20: [2] Btes, B., Lennox, A., nd Swn, G., 2010, Ntionl Diet nd Nutrition Survey. Hedline results from Yer 1 of the Rolling Progrmme (2008/2009). Food Stndrds Agency nd Deprtment of Helth, London. 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