Trends in swine nutrition science
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1 Trends in swine nutrition science Opening Nutreco SRC, September 19, 2013 Walter Gerrits, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University
2 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution
3 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution
4 Curiosity driven research Infused urea efficiently used when NEAA are limiting N retained, linear, P< 0.01 control low urea unfusion high urea infusion Mansilla et al., N retained, g/d Efficiency use urea N, % Intramuscular fat, % Lysine, not threonine deficiency induces intramuscular fat % b a Lys control Low Lys Thr control Low Thr b b Katsumata et al., 2013
5 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution
6 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution
7 Annual % increase in pork consumption Developing countries World FAO report, Alexandratos & Bruinsma, 2012
8 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution
9 Sales antibiotics in NL
10 Antibiotic sales in food producing animals (incl horses) in mg/population corrected unit Others Pleuromutilins Polymyxins Aminoglycosides Other quinolones Fluoroquinolones Lincosamides Macrolides Trimethoprim Sulfonamides 3/4 gen cefalosporins 1/2 gen cefalosporins Penicillins Amphenicols Tetracyclines ESVAC, 2010
11 What is driving pig research Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments Limiting resources Resistance to Antibiotics Environmental pollution -omics Customized nutrition Nutrition & Health
12 Trends in swine nutrition science Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition
13 Customized nutrition Selecting populations (on farm, between farms) that differ in nutrient requirements, based on: Breed / sex Performance (within farm) Health status (between farms)
14 Customized nutrition: focus on postabsorptive events Fixing a mismatch between amino acids or protein and energy Van Kempen en van Heugten (2000)
15 Customized nutrition:estimating amino acid requirement in individual pigs Kampman van de Hoek et al., 2013
16 Customized nutrition 1: breed / sex Breed x nutrient interactions (Campbell & Taverner, 1988)
17 Customized nutrition 2: low vs high performers BW, kg BW development of piglets with low or normal birth weight P < 0.05 at all times 0 50 Age, d From Krueger et al., 2013 Weight, g Weights of fat and muscle at 130 d of low BiW age 0 normal BiW Fat: NS; muscle: P<0.05 low BiW kj/bw0.62.d Normal 35 BiW Low BiW Weight fat depots, g Weight 3 muscles, g Fat and carbohydrate oxidation during feed restriction P<0.05 Normal BiW Fat oxidation, kj/bw0.62.d CHO oxidation, kj/bw0.62.d
18 Customized nutrition 3: health status 21% Average daily gain, 1109 farms % of farms 20% 19% 18% Agrovision, 2011
19 Customized nutrition 3, on-farm Krus Farm Farm 1 Hans Farm Arts 2 Timmerhuis Farm 3 Lommen Farm 4
20 Trends in swine nutrition science Customized nutrition Nutrition & health: feeding or modulating the immune system Omics in pig nutrition
21 Nutrition & Health Feeding the immune system or immunomodulation? P<0,01 longen (g/kg BW) Control Infl basal Infl Trp Le Floc h et al., 2007 Le Floc h et al., 2008
22 Feeding the immune system Size systemic immune system at maintenance Direct protein requirement, % of lysine of a medium sized egg Increase after LPS challenge Liver response, 24h post challenge Antibody response... the amount of nutrients diverted to protective processes accounts for a minor portion of the depression in growth or reproduction. Clearly decreased appetite, increased metabolic rate and metabolic inefficiencies dominate the nutritional costs of the immune response... From Klasing, 2013
23 Nutrition & Health: immunomodulation Calories N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids Vitamin A, D, E Caroteinoids (eg lutein) Phytonutrients (eg CLA, curcumin, capsicum, genistein) Tryptophan, Arginine, Glutamine...
24 Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA 1970: n-3 pufa suppress immune responsiveness 1980: eicanosoids from from n-6 and n-3 PUFA stimulate and suppress inflammatory responses, respectively 1990: n-3 and cytokine responsiveness >2000: Molecular mechanisms Fritsche, 2006; Klasing, 2013
25 Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA n-3 PUFA and inflammation/immune-mediated disease in humans; meta analysis of randomized control trials Inflammatory bowl disease Rheumanoid arthritis Renal disease Asthma No consistent effects! Many inconsistencies between in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo research Fritsche, 2006
26 Efficacy of feed additives Some work almost always (phytase) Most do not (see example n-3 PUFA) Research bias Positive outcome bias Citation advantage positive results
27 Research bias: positive outcome bias % of papers testing a hypothesis publishing a positive result Higher in plant and animal sciences; higher in applied sciences Fanelli, 2012
28 Research bias:citation advantage Citation advantage of positive results; PA = plant & animal sci Higher in applied sciences Higher in biological sciences Fanelli, 2013
29 Trends in swine nutrition science Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition
30 Omics in pig nutrition physiological homeostasis Claus and Swann, 2013
31 the pig genome sequenced... Groenen et al., Analyses of pig genome provide insight into porcine demography and evolution, Nature, 2012 established using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) 6 and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequences (see Methods and Supplementary Information). The assembly (Sscrofa10.2) comprises 2.60 gigabases (Gb) assigned to chromosomes with a further 212 megabases (Mb) in unplaced scaffolds
32 Omics in pig nutrition Largely driven by open questions and available technology Systems biology tools needed for data analysis and interpretation In humans moving towards preventive health and personalized nutrition; in pigs towards customized nutrition? Provides a snapshot, no quantitative fluxes
33 Fluxes of macronutrients in growing pigs Blood/ Lymph faeces Fat Fatty Acids NSP faeces Starch Glucose faeces Protein Amino acids faeces Tissues/ Organs Fatty acids Glucose Acetyl-CoA amino acids Body Fat Body Protein Heat urea in urine
34 Omics in pig nutrition Combination with true quantitative measurements needed Animal performance Nitrogen balance Energy balance Digestibility, passage rates (Portal) fluxes Combining these expertises is a challenge
35 Thanks for listening Increasingly limiting resources urge efficient use, customized nutrition provides solutions Reduction of antibiotic drives investigations into novel feed additives for improving / stabilizing health. Watch out for research bias Omics approaches offer (almost) infinite toolbox for addressing open questions, exploring mechanisms. In pig nutrition reseach, these should be combined with true quantitative approaches Ruimte voor partnerlogo s (plaats een wit vlak achter de logo s om deze tekst en het kader te verbergen)
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