1. The Endocrine System is a major controlling system of what body processes?
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1 SEMESTER 2
2 1. The Endocrine System is a major controlling system of what body processes? 1. -Mobilizing body defenses 2. Regulating cellular metabolism 3. Maintaining electrolyte balance
3 2. What mechanism regulates the endocrine system? Negative Feedback Mechanism
4 3. Gland Hormone (s) Produced Function(s) of Hormone Pituitary Luteinizing hormone Ovulation Thyroid T3 and T4 Metabolism Pancreas Ovaries Hypothalamus Post-Pituitary Insulin and Glucagon Estrogen Releasing Hormones; inhibiting hormones; antidiuretic Oxytocin; anti-diuretic Stabilizes Glucose levels in the blood Secondary Sex characteristics in female, menstruation, maintain pregnancy Regulate the Anterior Pituitary Stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk letdown reflex; Promotes retention of water by kidneys
5 4. What is hyper-secretion, and hyposecretion? Hyper-Over Hypo-Under
6 5. What is a goiter? Enlargement of the thyroid gland from a decrease in iodine
7 6. What is acromegaly? Hyper-secretion of growth hormone in adulthood after bone growth stops.
8 1. Which one of the four body tissue types does blood belong to? Connective
9 2. What are the physical characteristics of blood? Sticky, opaque, heavier than water, metallic taste
10 3. Create a chart of characteristics and the composition of plasma. 90% Water 1 2 ph Plasma Proteins 4 Hormones 5 Straw-colored
11 4. Create a chart for the characteristics and composition of formed elements. 1 2 RBC Erythrocytes-Most Abundant Leukocytes-WBC; Defense 3 Platelets-Blood Clotting
12 5. What are platelets? Fragments of megakaryocytes
13 6. Describe hemostasis and the disorders of hemostasis. Stoppage of blood loss from injured blood vessel, involving three steps: Platelet plug formation, vascular spasm, coagulation Disorders: Undesirable Clotting-Thrombus, Embolus Bleeding-Thrombocytopenia, Hemophilia
14 7. Describe blood groups, transfusions, and blood clots. Blood groups based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens Transfusions-Blood is typed and donors receive corresponding blood based on the presence or absence of certain surface proteins Blood Clots- within 3 to 6 minutes
15 8. What is agglutination? Binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump
16 9. Create a chart with the different blood types. Specify which types can donate and which can receive.
17 1. Trace the pathway of blood throughout the heart and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
18 2. Where does blood from the body return to? Right Atrium
19 3. What is the function of the Superior Vena Cava? Deoxygenated Blood to the Right Atrium
20 4. What is another name for the Tricuspid Valve? Right AV valve
21 5. Identify the structures of the heart on the diagram.
22 6. Trace the intrinsic conduction pathway of the heart.
23 7. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries and identify disorders that are associated with their malfunction. Arteries-Away from the Heart Veins-To the Heart
24 8. Put in order of blood flow: arterioles, veins, arteries, capillaries, venules. Where is pressure the highest? Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
25 9.Where is the renal vein? Carotid artery? Renal Vein-Empty blood from Kidney Carotid Artery-Located in the neck
26 10. Identify some of the body s major arteries and veins. Name the body regions supplied by each. Examples of Major Arteries: Brachial-Serves the arm; Renal Serves the kidneys; Femoral-Serves the thigh Examples of Major Veins: Jugular-Drains the brain; Hepatic-Drains the digestive tract organs
27 11. What are the layers of a blood vessel? Tunica externa-tunica Media-Tunica Intima
28 12. What are varicose veins? Bulging due to incompetent/ leaky valves
29 1. Describe lymph. Fluid forced out of capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure into tissue spaces.
30 2. How does lymph flow? How does it get back to the body? Lymph flows toward the heart. It returns by pressure in the thorax, smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels.
31 4. Which organ programs T-Cells? Thymus
32 5. Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes. Which line of defense are they considered? 1 st line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms
33 6. Describe the inflammatory process. Pain, redness, heat, and swelling.not FEVER
34 7. What regulates temperature in the body? Hypothalamus
35 8. List the five antibody classes, and briefly describe their roles in the community. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
36 9. Describe autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis, Grave s Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis
37 10. What is AIDS? Viral Infection (HIV) T-Lymphocytes Immunodeficiency
38 1. Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs and describe the function of each. Nose-Air enters this passageway Pharynx-aka: Throat; passageway for food and air Larynx-aka: Voice box; routes air and food into the proper channels; plays a role in speech Trachea-Keep airway open in spite of pressure changes Bronchi/Branches-Routes the air into the lungs Lungs/Aveoli-lobed structures encasing the air; exchange site for gases (at alveoli)
39 2. Identify the structures that belong to the conducting passageway. Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, NOT AVEOLI
40 3. List the function of the conducting passageway. Allow air to reach the lungs, purify air, humidify air, warm air
41 4. What is the epiglottis? Flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx when swallowing
42 5. Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings. Lobed structures, occupying the entire thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum. Surface of each lung covered with visceral serosa called the pulmonary, or visceral, pleura. The walls of the thoracic cavity are lined by the parietal pleura
43 6. Alveoli walls are made of what tissue? Simple squamous epithelium
44 7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Simple Diffusion
45 8. What is internal respiration? Gas exchange between blood and tissues at capillaries
46 9. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood plasma? Bicarbonate ions
47 10. Identify and define respiratory volumes and list their average capacities. Vital capacity-respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air
48 11. What is apnea? Cessation of breathing
49 1. Name the organs of the alimentary canal in order that food travels. Mouth Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus
50 3. What happens in the stomach? Protein digestion begins
51 4. What takes place in the small intestine? Absorption of nutrients
52 5. What takes place in the large intestine? Dry out food, water absorption and feces
53 6. What is the function of amylase? Digest Starch
54 8. What is the function of the gallbladder? Stores Bile
55 9. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion? Mechanical-Food is physically broken down into smaller particles by chewing. Chemical-Large food molecules are broken down into building blocks by catalytic enzymes within hydrolysis reactions.
56 10. Describe how food is mixed and moved along the digestive tract. Peristalsis-Propulsion of food through the digestive tract
57 1. Discuss what other organs aid the kidney in excretion of fluids from the body. The Lungs and Skin
58 2. Describe the major function of the kidneys as well as their other regulatory functions. Production of Urine, Activation of Vitamin D, Disposal of Metabolic Waste
59 3. List the organs found in the urinary system and their function. Kidney, Bladder, Ureter, and Urethra
60 5. Describe the process of urine formation. Occurs in the renal tubule regions: Proximal convoluted tubule-loop of Henle- Distal Convoluted Tubule
61 6. What are nephrons? Where are they located? How many does the average human contain? Units of the kidney responsible for urine formation; Found in the cortex; ~1 million per kidney
62 7. Identify the areas of the nephron that are responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion and their location within the kidney. Filtration: Glomerulus Reabsorption: Proximal Convoluted Renal Tubule Secretion: Peritubular Capillaries
63 8. What are ureters? Slender Tubes each cm long and 6 mm in diameter; connect the renal hilus of the kidney to the bladder
64 9. What controls urination? Voluntary Process: External Urethral Sphincter
65 10. Define micturation. Emptying of the bladder
66 2. What is the function of testes? Production of sperm and testosterone
67 3. Trace the pathway followed by sperm from the testis to the body exterior. Epididymus-Ductus Deferens-Ejaculatory Duct- Urethra
68 4. Define Spermatogenesis. Last stage of sperm production
69 5. How many sperm are needed for pregnancy to take place? ~ 20 million/millimeter
70 6. Where does fertilization take place? Uterine/Fallopian tubes
71 7. What is the function of the cervix? Narrow outlet of the uterus; projects into the vagina
72 8. What are alveolar glands? Cluster of glands that produce milk
73 9. Define ovulation, endometrium, menstruation, menarche, and parturition. Ovulation: Release of an ovum from the ovary Endometrium: The mucous membrane lining of the uterus Menstruation: The periodic; cyclic discharge of blood, secretions, tissue, and mucus from the mature female uterus. Menarche: Establishment of menstrual function Parturition: Child birth
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