INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART I: INTRO & FEEDBACK LOOPS
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1 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART I: INTRO & FEEDBACK LOOPS What is anatomy and physiology? Anatomy Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of, where they are located associated structures Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures individual and cooperative functions Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: cytology: cells and their structures cyt = cell histology: tissues and their structures How are living things organized? From Complex to Simple Organism: is an individual Organ systems: are a group of organs working together Organs: are a group of different tissues working together Tissues: are a group of similar cells working together Cells: are a group of organelles working together Organelles: are a group of molecules working together Molecules: are a group of atoms working together Atoms: are the smallest chemical units
2 How does our body maintain basic functions like temperature, blood pressure, thirst, blood solute concentration, etc.? Homeostasis: Same Staying Negative feedback control Negates or counteracts the original stimulus Positive feedback control Augments the original stimulus Maintaining Normal Limits Receptor: receives the stimulus Control center: processes the signal and sends instructions Effector: carries out instructions Homeostasis: Same Staying Negative feedback control When something is out of range, then the body counteracts that by employing mechanisms to bring it back into range. Positive feedback control Augments the original stimulus Maintaining Normal Limits: Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Negative Feedback Process Action: change, away from normal Receptor: receives the stimulus Control center: processes the signal and sends instructions Effector: carries out instructions Action: change, back to normal Maintaining Normal Limits: Positive Feedback The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
3 INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART II: TERMIS, REGIONS, CAVITIES Anatomical Landmarks (know the names in parenthesis) Surface parts: Names or root terms, Common terms, Anatomical adjectives KEY CONCEPT Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down
4 Quadrants and Regions 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus 9 abdominopelvic regions Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions Which Direction? Superior Inferior (cranial) (caudal) Anterior Posterior (ventral) (dorsal) Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Right Left (patient s) 3 Dimensions Plane: a 3-dimensional axis Divisions: Transverse Frontal Sagittal
5 What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions? The Ventral Body Cavity This cavity is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity The Dorsal Body Cavity The foramen magnum of the occipital bone is the boundary between the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity Isolating the Organs Serous membranes: Serous Membranes of the Body Pericardium (around the heart): Pleura (around the lungs): Peritoneum (around the intestines): Cavities and Serous Membranes Pleural membrane: lines pleural cavities covers lungs Peritoneum: lines peritoneal cavity covers abdominal organs Pericardium: lines pericardial cavity covers heart Dividing the Cavities Thoracic cavity: Divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities and 1 pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity: Divided into a peritoneal cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and retroperitoneal cavity
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