BIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system

Transcription

1 BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1

2 Textbook and required/recommended readings o Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et al; 14 th edition: Chapter 1 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2

3 BIOH111 o Session 8 (Lectures 11 and 12) - Homeostasis and anatomy terminology Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3

4 BIOH111 Lectures 11 and 12 An Introduction to the Human Body Department of Bioscience endeavour.edu.au

5 Preparation for this session o Complete any missing concepts and linking words from Session 6 o NOTE: your Map 1 missing concepts and linking words should now be complete or near complete. Please submit the answers for feedback to your lecturer via a link you will find in Week 5 tab on LMS. Please upload the answers in.pdf format o Review cytoplasm and extracellular matrix structure and functions o Write down any medical terminology you already know Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5

6 Objectives Lecture 11: Homeostasis what is it and why is it important? - negative and positive feedback loops - homeostatic imbalances Lecture 12: Basic medial terminology used for the gross anatomy of the human body - Anatomical positions - regions - directional terminology - planes and sections Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6

7 BASIC LIFE PROCESSES Life processes distinguish living things from nonliving things. o Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism. o Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment. o Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells or even organelles inside cells. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7

8 BASIC LIFE PROCESSES o Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both. o Differentiation is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state. o Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual. What happens when one of these life processes does not occur properly? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8

9 INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Human body can be studied on two different levels: o Anatomy science of structure relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) and imaging techniques o Physiology science of body functions normal adult physiology is studied in this text some genetic variations are described Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9

10 ANATOMY Definition: Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among these structures. Anatomy is divided into subdivisions: surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology and pathological anatomy. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10

11 PHYSIOLOGY Definition: Physiology is the study of how body structures function. Physiology is also divided into subdivisions: cell physiology, systems physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology and reproductive physiology Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11

12 CLINICAL APPLICATION Clinicians use three non-invasive techniques to assess specific aspects of body structure and function: o Palpation - the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands; e.g. pulse and heart rate determination o Auscultation - the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs; e.g. listening to the lungs or heart o Percussion - the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo; e.g. fluid in the lungs Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12

13 HOMEOSTASIS - revision Definition: Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium or balance in the body s internal environment produced by the interplay of all the body s regulatory processes. o o o Dynamic process it is able to maintain the internal environment within specific physiological limits by responding to the changing conditions (e.g. volume and composition of body fluids; blood glucose level is kept within narrow range mmols/L) Homeostasis is able to respond to both internal and external environment disruptions (internal blood pressure; external CO2/O2 levels and temperature) First described by French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1865 and later named Walter Cannon in Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13

14 CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS - revision Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently, using feedback systems. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption; rapid change The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones; slow change Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14

15 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS Feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and reported to a central control region. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. Feedback system consists of three basic parts: o o o Receptor monitors changes Control center sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained Effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition Two types of feedback systems exist negative and positive Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15

16 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS Negative feedback system reverses the original stimulus. E.g: homeostasis of blood pressure (BP; force of blood on walls of vessels) 1. Pressure receptors (baroreceptors) in walls of certain arteries detect an increase in BP (what can be the stimulus?) 2. Brain receives input and then signals heart and blood vessels Heart rate slows and arterioles dilate (increase in diameter) 3. BP returns to normal Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16

17 POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS Positive feedback system enhances the original stimulus. E.g: normal childbirth: 1. Stretch receptors in walls of the uterus send signals to the brain (what is the stimulus?) 2. Brain releases a hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream 3. Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully 4. More stretch more hormone more contraction etc. 5. The cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17

18 HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disorders, diseases and death and can be determined using diagnosis. o Disorder is a general term for any abnormality of structure or function. o Disease (local and systemic) is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; e.g. fever or rash. Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer; e.g. headache or nausea. o Diagnosis is the science of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18

19 BODY FLUIDS o Composition of the surrounding fluids must be precisely maintained at all times. 2 types: 1. Fluid inside body cells is called intracellular fluid. 2. Fluid outside body cells is called extracellular fluid (ECF); since ECF is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells, it is often called the body s internal environment found in two principal places. ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is called interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, or tissue fluid. ECF in blood vessels is termed plasma. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19

20 Review videos o Negative feedback: o Positive feedback: Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20

21 Objectives Lecture 11: Homeostasis what is it and why is it important? - negative and positive feedback loops - homeostatic imbalances Lecture 12: Basic medial terminology used for the gross anatomy of the human body - Anatomical positions - regions - directional terminology - planes and sections Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21

22 BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY This material will also be covered in the tutorial that accompanies this lesson Anatomical position Body Cavities Body positions Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Directional Terms Regions of the body Planes and Sections Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22

23 Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. o When in the anatomical position, the subject stands. standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward (ventral) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23

24 Reclining Position o If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. o If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24

25 Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference. Regional Names For example: cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial (arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head) and gluteal (buttock). Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25

26 Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce lengthy explanations. Directional Terms Commonly used directional terms: dorsal, superior, medial, and distal Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26

27 Directional terms: Superior/Inferior & Dorsal/Ventral o Superior towards the head e.g. eyes are superior to the mouth o Dorsal or Posterior at the back of the body e.g. brain is posterior to the forehead o Inferior away from the head e.g. stomach is inferior to the heart o Ventral or Anterior at the front of the body e.g. sternum is anterior to the heart Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27

28 Directional terms: Medial/Lateral & Proximal/Distal o Medial nearer to the midline of the body e.g. heart lies medial to the lungs o Proximal nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk e.g. knee is proximal to the ankle o Lateral farther from the midline of the body e.g. thumb is on the lateral side of the hand o Distal further away from the attachment of the limb to the trunk e.g. wrist is distal to the elbow Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28

29 Planes Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas. Principal planes are: sagital frontal (coronal) transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal) oblique Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29

30 o Sagittal plane divides the body or an organ into left and right sides; 2 types: 1. Midsagittal plane produces equal halves 2. Parasagittal plane produces unequal halves o Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions o Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions o Oblique plane some combination of 2 other planes Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30

31 Sections Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures based and named according to the plane on which the cut is made (transverse, frontal, and midsagittal sections) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31

32 Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces that enclose internal organs within the body. - function is to protect, separate and support internal organs - separated by bones muscles and ligaments Principal cavities are: cranial vertebral canal thoracic abdominopelvic Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32

33 Near dorsal surface of body Dorsal Body Cavity o Contain 2 cavities: cranial cavity holds the brain formed by skull vertebral or spinal canal contains the spinal cord formed by vertebral column o Meninges line dorsal body cavity Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33

34 Near ventral surface of body Ventral Body Cavity o Contains 2 cavities: thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity o Diaphragm separates the two ventral cavities - large, dome-shaped muscle o Organs called viscera o Organs covered with serous membrane Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34

35 Thoracic Cavity Contains: 1. two pleural cavities that enclose the lungs 2. pericardial cavity enclosed by the mediastinum, which includes and surrounds the heart Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35

36 Abdominopelvic Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior abdominal and an inferior pelvic cavity. Viscera of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine Viscera of the pelvic cavity include the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine and internal female and male reproductive structures. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36

37 revision point BIOH111 Session 5 (lecture 8) Serous Membranes Include the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum: o Pleural membrane surrounds the lungs visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs parietal pleura lines the chest wall o Pericardium is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart parietal pericardium lines the chest wall o Peritoneum is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37

38 1B: SEROUS MEMBRANES - revision Lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside (e.g. chest or abdominal cavity); pleura, peritoneum and pericardium o Epithelial layer: Simple squamous cells that secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant to the underlying organs o Connective tissue: is areolar connective tissue type. o Two layers: parietal layer (attached to the walls of cavity) and visceral layer (covers organs in cavity) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38

39 What is covered by blue box and represents white line? Red box and represents black line? Why are there only 2 boxes on the diagram? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39

40 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants To describe the location of organs or abdominopelvic abnormalities easily, the abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into: quadrants by passing imaginary horizontal and vertical lines through the umbilicus nine regions by drawing four imaginary lines Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40

41 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41

42 Recap of Session 8 The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. Considering all the terminology you just covered why do you think defining anatomical position is so important? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 42

43 Preparation for next session o NO MISSING CONCEPTS OR LINKING WORDS for Session 6 o Review: receptors homeostasis tissue types o Think about cells as immature and specialised (mature) why is there a difference? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43