Prefinal Grades. check the web to verify your grades were registered accurately

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2 Prefinal Grades check the web to verify your grades were registered accurately Remember the research participation requirement must be completed by April 16 all or none: <5 credits means you lose 10% Don t ask me about your credits Check the web Contact Helen Harris about any issues hmharris@uwo.ca Contact Jon Cant to do alternative credit assignments (journal article Q&A) jcant@uwo.ca

3 Three Minute Review SIGMUND FREUD defense mechanisms denial repression reaction formation projection displacement rationalization conversion psychopathology of everyday life Freudian slips suppressed intentions dreams

4 psychosexual stages of development 1. oral oral fixation 2. anal anal expressive anal retentive 3. phallic Oedipus complex Electra complex penis envy 4. latent 5. genital Neo-Freudians Carl Jung collective unconscious archetypes (e.g., God, mother, earth, birth, gender) criticisms of Freudian theory

5 PERSONALITY distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize an individual Barnum effect watch out for generalities, even if they are accurate Trait theories assume that traits are consistent over situations and time Non-psychological Hippocrates four humors (5 th century B.C.) personality due to overabundance of one of the four humors sanguine vs. melancholic (optimistic vs. pessimistic), phlegmatic vs. choleric (mellow vs. angry) Astrology Psychological Sheldon s body types personality related to physique ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph

6 Stress reactivity Type A: driven, urgent, angry Type B: laid-back Type C: bottled-up Optimists are healthier Sensation Seekers Factor Analytic Techniques Cattell s 16 Trait Model Eysenck s 3 Factors Extroversion (vs. Introversion) Neuroticism (vs. stability) Psychoticism (vs. non-psychoticism) The Big 5 Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

7 Test Yourself A man who sometimes has homosexual fantasies makes many derogatory comments about gay men and frequently tells homophobic jokes. Freud would say this is an instance of: A. denial B. repression C. reaction formation D. projection E. conversion

8 Up Give me a child until he is seven and I will show you the man. -- Jesuit maxim Documentary series (Michael Apted) follows British children through interviews at ages 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 (1998) people s personalities are quite consistent

9 Does the situation matter? Trait theories assume that traits are consistent over situations and time -- but are they really? Experiment (Hartshorne & May, 1928) Are children who are dishonest in one situation dishonest in others? Not necessarily. Children who cheat in one situation (e.g., class test) may not cheat in another (e.g., athletic competition) Average correlation: +.30 Do personality psychologists make the Fundamental Attribution Error?! personality > situation

10 Situationism Situationism theory that situation > personality Consistency over time may be better than originally thought If experiments take multiple measures within each of several situations, responses across situations are wellcorrelated (+.80) If we know how someone behaved for a single hour, we have little basis for predicting how he will behave during any other hour. But if we know how someone behaved for a whole week, then we can, with reasonable accuracy, predict what he ll do in a subsequent week. -- Gleitman, 1999 Interactionism theory that situation x personality determines behavior

11 Is Consistency a Trait? Self monitoring (Snyder, 1974) Gray, p. 544 High self-monitors people who modify their behavior based on the situation Low self-monitors people who behave in a consistent manner regardless of the situation

12 Effects of Age For most of us, by age 30, the character has set in plaster and will never soften again. -- William James, 1890 As people age between the teens and age 30, they become: less neurotic less extroverted less open to experience more conscientious more agreeable After age 30, people are more consistent

13 Where Do Traits Come From? The usual nature/nurture debate Genes dog breeds have very different personalities no people breeders but can genetics account for personality traits? twin studies Environment effects of birth order

14 Twins Case study two identical twins separated at 4 weeks of age coincidentally, both named Jim by their adoptive families met in adulthood were the inspiration for the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart both clerical workers both enjoyed woodworking both volunteered for police agencies both liked vacationing in Florida both had married and divorced women named Linda both owned dogs named Toy both drove Chevrolets both liked math and hated spelling both had migraines and shared identical pulse rates and blood pressure both gained weight at same time both had built benches around trees in yard

15 Twin Studies Identical twins are much more alike on Big Five than are fraternal twins

16 Firstborns Birth Order more conscientious, extroverted & neurotic less agreeable and open to experience assertive, dominant, responsible, achievement-oriented, anxious, jealous Later-borns more prone to rebellion, more liberal more open to novelty, new ideas Middle-borns less connected to family than others (Frank Sulloway)

17 Temperaments biologically-based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways broader than traits

18 Extroverts vs. Introverts Baseline arousal for extroverts Baseline arousal for introverts QUALITY OF PERFORMANCE Extroverts seek more external arousal Introverts seek less external arousal Low Medium High LEVEL OF AROUSAL (Hans Eysenck, 1967)

19 Brain basis? Introverts (vs. Extroverts) respond more strongly to stimuli more sensitive to pain of electric shocks salivate more when tasting lemon juice show more arousal to a sudden noise perform worse in noisy settings are impaired by caffeine (vs. extroverts who are enhanced) have more activation in frontal lobes (inhibition of impulses?) and amygdala (emotional responses)

20 Shyness chronically shy people = ~40% of population suffer impairments in pursuing life goals, making friends or entering relationships low self esteem, blame selves for failures, pessimistic strong evidence for heritability evidence of inhibition (aversion to new situations) at 2 mos. predicts shyness in teen years temperament at age 3 predicts psychopathy, criminality, alcoholism, and depression shy children are more reactive to stress ¼ of shy children are not shy adults supportive environment? much cultural variability (many shy Japanese, few shy Israelis) drug treatment (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapies seem to help

21 Is there a Woody Allen Gene? genes for dopamine receptors may be related to sensation-seeking (controversial) neuroticism may be related to genes for serotonin and GABA a genetic impairment of GABA receptors in mice led them to avoid threats (unfamiliar, elevated or brightly lit areas) and to treat ambiguous cues as threats there even relationships between genes and TV watching, getting divorced, feelings about capital punishment and appreciation of jazz music

22 Investment Strategies bonds Canadian stocks Nortel Air Canada tech stocks global stocks Martha Stewart Inc. Smart Strategy: Diversified Portfolio Dumb Strategy: Single Investment

23 Evolutionary Explanations for Trait Variability Why is there so much variability in traits and temperaments? groups with high variability are more adaptable Example: Sensation-seeking different individuals, different niches would you want an unconscientious extrovert as your accountant? would a disagreeable, neurotic introvert succeed as a car salesman?

24 Theories of Personality Psychodynamic theories (Freud and others) personality arises from unconscious drives and early experiences sex & aggression id, ego, superego defense mechanisms early experiences Behaviorist theories (Skinner and others) personality arises from reinforcement history Social-Cognitive theories (Bandura and others) personality is determined by both the consequences of our behavior and our perception of them Humanistic theories (Maslow, Rogers and others) humans have a drive toward self-improvement that affects personality

25 Social-Cognitive Theories personality is determined by both the consequences of our behavior and our perception of them

26 Locus of Control internal locus of control attribute outcomes to their own behavior external locus of control attribute outcomes to external factors relative to externals, internals get better grades are more likely to suceed are more likely to engage in healthy activities (exercising, eating well, wearing seatbelts, not smoking) are more likely to deal with problems are less likely to become depressed

27 Humanistic Theories 1950s backlash against behaviorism and psychodynamic theories which were considered dehumanizing Freudians see people as conflict-ridden emotional cripples Skinnerians put too much emphasis on animal research and see people as dumb animals or unthinking automatons Trait theorists see people as no more than grab bags of descriptors to file in sterile pigeon holes (quotes from Gleitman) emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth positive, optimistic view of human nature

28 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow Once basic needs have been satisfied, people seek psychological needs and growth

29 Self-actualization I m quite fulfilled. I always wanted to be a chicken. finding and fulfilling one s potential Maslow evaluated people who he considered to be the most fulfilled A self-actualized person (partial list): perceives reality accurately is spontaneous and natural has a sense of humor is capable of childlike delight at the ordinary needs privacy, but feels connected to others has a few good friends is autonomous and independent in thought and action knows right from wrong is absorbed in a cause (and perhaps a different one tomorrow) has mystical experiences and seeks peak experiences

30 Carl Rogers Carl Rogers applied humanistic principles to psychotherapy personality depends on selfconcept self-concept may not be consistent with actual experiences incongruence undermines personal well-being unconditional love fosters congruence people go to great lengths to protect self-concept