Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 1 ) Name:

Transcription

1 Latency to door-opening (sec) Latency to door-opening (sec) Latency to door-opening (sec) Latency to door-opening (sec) Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 1 ) Name: Please write the first letter of your last name in the box; 5 points will be deducted if your name is hard to read or the box does not contain the correct letter. The exam has 200 points 1. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY. Empathy is often considered a uniquely human trait, but does helpful behavior based on empathy exist in other organisms? In 2015, Sato et al (Animal Cognition 18: ) studied whether rats would assist other rats who appeared to be in distress. Cages were set up in which a "focal" rat would be in a dry "ground" area while another "soaked" rat was placed into water in a "pool" area and had to swim for up to 5 minutes (which they do not like at all). In experiment #1 the researchers then measured the time taken (the "latency") for the focal rat to open the door to the pool area and allow the soaked rat to escape. They gave each rat 12 sessions of 300 seconds and measured how long it took them to open the door. Since this behavior may just reflect helpfulness and not empathy, they then reversed roles and then did the same test with the soaked rats from the first trials in the ground area - the reasoning being that if they demonstrated the helpful behavior more quickly after experiencing the soaking, then this may be due to increased empathy. (a, 3 pts ea) In the pair of figures below draw data that does (left) and does not (right) support the hypothesis that rats feel empathy for other rats in distress and that this is enhanced when they have experienced the same distress themselves. Use dark and open circles to represent the mean values for the two treatments in order (i.e., initial naive rats in dark and role-reversed rats with open circles) These results are not enough because this helpful behavior may also arise just from a pro-social behavior in which the rats just want companionship, regardless of what's happening to the other rat. The experiment was therefore repeated, Experiment #2, but there was no water in the pool area. (b, 3 pts ea) In the pair of figures below draw data that does (left) and does not (right) support the hypothesis that the helpful behavior was driven by empathy for other rats in distress instead of just a desire for companionship. Use dark circles to represent the mean values for the treatment

2 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 2 ) Name: 2. HUMAN EVOLUTION. I claimed that evidence exists that implies that Homo neanderthalensis individuals were some of the first humans to truly consider the wellbeing and metal state of their fellows as well as have thoughts about abstract ideas about situations they could not see or hadn't experienced. These are key steps in the achievement of true conscious being. List the two pieces of evidence and what they each may imply. (4 pts each) Piece of evidence 1: Piece of evidence 2: When looking at the fossil skulls of our relatives and ancestors, I described three general trends in the evolution of the human skull over time. Two of these trends are apparent from a lateral view of the skull while the other is best observed from underneath. These trends indicate changes in lifestyle and behavior of our ancestors. Describe the changes in the skull due to each of the following inferred changes in the lifestyle or other traits of our ancestor. (4 pts each) (a, trend associated with intelligence): (b, trend associated with food): (c, trend associated with upright posture):

3 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 3 ) Name: 3. HETEROZYGOTE DISADVANTAGE. Consider Genotype Fitness a scenario of asymmetric underdominance with fitness values AA 1 represented as in the box to the right. Aa 1-s aa 1+t (a, 4 pts) Derive the equation for p, the equilibrium frequency of the "A" allele. (Show all steps in your derivation) (b, 2 pts) If s=0.1 and t=0.2, what would the equilibrium frequency of the "A" allele be?. (You must show your work) (c, 4 pts) If p=0.7 and using the values for s and t from part (b), what is p, the change in the value of p in a single generation? (Show all steps in your calculation) (d, 2 pts) What does your answer in (c) imply for the stability of the equilibrium you calculated in part (b) and why?

4 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 4 ) Name: 4. PHYLOGENETICS. Consider a set of eight taxa - A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H - for which the phylogeny can be described using the following: - Taxa A, B, D, and G constitute a monophyletic group. - Taxa A, B, and G constitute a paraphyletic group. - Taxa C, F, and H constitute a monophyletic group. - Taxon E is the outgroup. - There are two sets of sister taxa: B and G, F and H. In the two boxes below draw the correct phylogeny for these eight taxa. In the box on the left use orthogonal lines with more recent events further to the right. (4 pts) In the box on the right use angled lines with more recent events closer to the top. (4 pts) (A miniature diagram of the desired format is shown in each box) 5. BREEDER'S EQUATION. Consider a situation in which a population of 284 individuals has a range of values for a quantitative trait like mass. (a, 5 pts) Consider a scenario in which the mean of the overall population is 280 Kg and a subset with a mean mass of 290 Kg is chosen for mating, if they produce an offspring generation with a mean mass of 283 Kg, what is the narrow sense heritability of the population? (provide answer to nearest 0.001) (b, 5 pts) Now consider a scenario in which we choose a subset on individuals with a mean mass of 286 Kg from the offspring generation and mate them, what is the expected mean mass of the third generation? (provide answer to nearest 0.001) h 2 = Mean =

5 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 5 ) Name: 6. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. Use the list of taxon scientific names below to fill in the blanks (one has been filled in for you for reference) for the phylogenetic tree shown. (8 pts) Annelida Homo Pongo Arthropoda Mollusca Porifera Dipnoi Nematoda Platyhelminthes Echinodermata Onychophora Sirenia Gorilla Pan Tyrannosaurus platyhelminthes Also, answer these questions (2 pts ea): Note that in the phylogeny above, the protostomia taxa are split into two groups. Each of these two groups has a technical name, they are the and the Note that the bottom eight taxa all belong to the same monophyletic group, this group is called the Note that the bottom five taxa all belong to the same monophyletic group, this group is called the

6 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 6 ) Name: 7. POPULATION GENETICS (a, 3 pts) If a recessive lethal disease is observed to afflict 1 in om every 200,000 babies what is the frequency of this allele? freq. = (b, 3 pts) If a dominant deleterious disease has a fitness cost of 10% and arises due to mutations that occur at a rate of 10-6 per locus per generation, what is the expected frequency of the allele that causes this disease? freq. = (c, 3 pts) Why is inbreeding bad for a population? (be precise in the cause of its negative effects) For the remaining questions, assume a single "Aa" mutant individual in a population otherwise consisting entirely of "aa" individuals. The population size is 200 individuals and the generation time is 6 years. (d, 3 pts) If the "A" allele is fully dominant and provides a fitness advantage of 4%, what is the probability that the A allele will fix? prob. = % (e, 3 pts) If the "A" allele is fully neutral (i.e., provides no fitness advantage), what is the probability that the A allele will fix? prob. = % (f, 3 pts) If the allele in part (d) does fix, how long would this take? time. = years

7 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 7 ) Name: 8. FILL IN THE BLANK (2 pts each) Fill in the blank with the term that best describes or defines the phrase given. An evolutionary constraint imposed by the lack of the production for a heritable genetic variant is termed a evolutionary constraint whereas one imposed by physical limitations is termed a constraint. Darwin is often credited with identifying natural selection as the causal mechanism of evolution, this discovery is actually shared with a contemporary individual named George. The Phanerozoic eon is divided into 3 eras. From oldest to most recent, they are the,, and the. The Mesozoic era is divided into 3 periods. From oldest to most recent, they are the,, and the. Dinosaurs went extinct approximately million years ago. The Cambrian explosion occurred approximately million years ago. Broadly speaking, selection can be divided into selection for adaptations that increase survival and those that increase reproduction. Selection solely on the former is termed selection whereas selection solely on the second is termed selection When we study populations from the perspective of quantitative genetics the overall morphological variance is represented by the mathematical term. This variance is due to two major causes; variation caused by and variation caused by. The numerical contributions of these sources are represented by the mathematical terms and.. Phylogenies are constructed using shared derived traits, such traits are termed which are distinct from shared ancestral traits termed Similarity due to common ancestry is termed whereas similarity due to present function is termed and is often the result of evolution. The accepted reason that altruism is so rare (or even nonexistent) is because selection at the level of the overwhelms selection at the level of the.

8 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 8 ) Name: FOR THE REMAINING QUESTIONS USE YOUR SCANTRON FORM. MULTIPLE CHOICE: (2 pts each). (1) Based on their current locations and what you know about human evolutionary history, where did the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees live? (A) Africa (C) Australia (E) The Americas (B) Asia (D) Europe (2) Consider the sequence of skulls shown. Which of the sequences below is the correct one that names the species, from left to right? (A) Chimpanzee... Human... Gorilla... Orangutan. (B) Chimpanzee... Orangutan... Human... Gorilla. (C) Human... Chimpanzee... Gorilla... Orangutan. (D) Human... Gorilla... Orangutan... Chimpanzee. (E) Human... Orangutan... Chimpanzee... Gorilla. (3) Complete the following sentence in a way that makes a true statement. Linkage disequilibrium... (A) describes when two alleles are duplicated. (D) is when alleles are not random. (B) describes when two loci are duplicated. (E) can be caused by strong selection. (C) is increased by recombination. (4) Which of the following violations of the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions does NOT change allele frequencies? (A) Assortative mating (C) Migration (E) Selection (B) Finite population size (D) Mutation (5) Which of the following was NOT discussed as providing evidence for evolution? (A) Artificial selection experiments that caused large changes in morphological characters. (B) The essentially perfect design of most morphological characters. (C) The widespread presence of rudimentary or vestigial characters. (D) Modern geographic distributions of extant organisms consistent with continental drift. (E) The observation that apparently distinct species can mate and produce viable offspring. (6) Which of the following was the principle of female choice illustrated by examples of behaviors in penguins and hangingflies? (A) Direct benefit (C) Handicap principle (E) Pre-existing bias (B) Good genes hypothesis (D) Hybridization avoidance (7) This person, along with J.B.S Haldane and R.A. Fisher Sewell Wright, was responsible for the development of population genetics and showed that particulate inheritance is consistent with evolutionary change. These three were the major figures in the "Modern Synthesis" of evolution and genetics. (A) Haeckel (C) Mendel (E) Wright (B) Lamarck (D) Ohta

9 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 9 ) Name: Use the following information for the next 3 questions The MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins are involved in the immune response of many animals, including humans. These proteins bind with antigens and are used by antigen presenting cells to activate T-cells as part of the immune response. Different MHC proteins bind with different antigens with different efficiencies. Evidence suggests that individuals with more distinct MHC proteins (higher degrees of heterozygosity) seem to be better at resisting disease due to their ability to efficiently recognize a wider variety of antigens. (8) Studies with mice and birds have shown that mate preference often favors the choice of individuals with MHC alleles that are different from those of the chooser. What type of assortative mating is generated by this behavior? (A) Positive (C) Negative (E) Viability (B) Neutral (D) Sexual (9) Studies with humans have shown that females prefer the odor of T-shirts worn by males possessing MHC alleles different from their own. What kind of female choice factor discussed in class is most likely involved in human female mate choice with regard to their choice of mates based on MHC alleles? (A) Direct benefit (C) Handicap principle (E) Pre-existing bias (B) Good genes hypothesis (D) Hybridization avoidance (10) If we were to calculate the F value for MHC loci in mice, birds, and humans what type of values would we generally expect? (A) F -1 (B) -1 < F < 0 (C) F 0 (D) 0 < F < 1 (E) F 1 (11) Primates lack a good accepted single synapomorphy so a suite of traits is used instead; which of the following was NOT described as one of the traits used to distinguish primates from other groups? (A) Eye position (D) Presence of a clavicle (B) Heterodont dentition (E) Thinner lighter skeletons (C) Nails instead of claws (12) In some species, individuals stop reproducing completely and assist their relatives in their reproduction instead. We call this species a(n) species. (A) Diploid (C) Haplo (E) Symbiotic (B) Eusocial (D) Mutualist (13) Although there are many underground fungi, there are essentially no underground plants. This is due to an evolutionary constraint, which of the 4 broad categories of constraints we discussed is this most likely an example of? (A) Developmental (C) Pleiotropic (E) Transitive (B) Functional (D) Selective (14) Which of the following ancestors or relatives of humans is the most ancient? (A) Ardipithecus ramidus (C) Javensis (E) Sahelanthropus (B) Australopithecus afarensis (D) Orrorin

10 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 10 ) Name: (15) Some species exhibit a "lock-and-key" system of reproductive organs, where only the penis from males of the same species fit inside and are capable of delivering sperm to the vaginal tract of the females. The sort of selection that this creates is best described as an example of which of the following types of selection? (A) Allopatric selection (D) Post-mating sexual selection (B) Disruptive selection (E) Pre-mating sexual selection (C) Fecundity selection (16) Which of the following was NOT described as a source of difficulty in human fossil studies? (A) The choice of ancestral living environment. (B) The deliberate burial of the dead by human ancestors. (C) The modern political situation where humans evolved. (D) The relatively lighter skeleton of human ancestors. (E) The small historical population size of human ancestors. (17) This person argued for the idea of uniformatarianism, the idea that apparently dramatic changes in the fossil and geologic record were explainable merely by extrapolating current gradual changes over long periods of time. (A) Cuvier (C) Newton (E) Wallace (B) Lyell (D) Plato (18) A severe winter storm kills many chickadees. An investigation comparing the body size of dead birds with that of survivors reveals that the dead birds included mainly the medium members of the population, smaller and larger ones survived better. This winter storm is an example of... (A) Balancing selection (C) Disruptive selection (E) Stabilizing selection (B) Directional selection (D) Sexual selection (19) Which of the following is the best definition of a fitness valley? (A) A region of morphospace in which individuals have lower fitness than other regions of morphospace. (B) A region in which individuals experience lower fitness due to geographic factors. (C) The region between two mountain in which populations have a hard time thriving due to the low altitude. (D) The region in which hybrids do better than pure populations. (E) Also known as the uncanny valley, it is when organisms look too perfect and therefore unnatural; experiencing lower fitness due to sexual selection against them. (20) Microbiologists often study bacteria that individually reproduce asexually, but regularly exchange genetic material easily between members within the same "strain." Which of the following species definitions would be the least accurate to describe such a "strain" of microbes? (A) Biological (C) Evolutionary (E) Phylogenetic (B) Essentialist (D) Nomialist (21) A mutation that converts a purine nucleotide into a pyrimidine is termed a(n): (A) Frameshift (C) Transition (E) Variable (B) Nonsense (D) Transversion (22) When a gene has two effects, one good and one bad, the best way to describe it is... (A) Advantageous (C) Deleterious (E) Polymorphic (B) Antagonistically pleiotropic (D) Overdominant

11 Bio 312, Spring 2018 Exam 4 ( 11 ) Name: The following 3 questions are about the website you were asked to read through for this exam. (23) The study of how animals behave is called. (A) Animal psychology (C) Metacognition (E) Xenopsychology (B) Ethology (D) Psychology (24) Some behaviors must be learned within a certain time period during an organism's life. This period of time is termed the period. (A) Developmental (C) Learning (E) Training (B) Imprinting (D) Sensitive (25) The second full page described a number of different activities that animals perform and organizes them into four "general types of behaviors." Which of the following was not one of the "general types of behaviors." described? (A) Escaping from predators (D) Hiding from predators (B) Finding a mate (E) Moving around (C) Foraging for food The following 3 questions are about the video you were asked to watch for this exam. (26) Which of the following is the name of the picture the host of this video talks about? (A) Mankind's ascension. (C) Striving for success. (E) Your evolutionary ancestors (B) Our family tree. (D) The March of Progress. (27) Hank provided a definition of what makes a species "evolutionarily successful" in his monologue. What was his definition? (A) Its beats out its competitors. (B) It continues to exist and evolve. (C) It increases in population size over time. (D) It migrates to new locations other than the starting one. (E) It spreads across the world. (28) The host criticizes the video for only portraying males by saying, "teaching the history of our development with only one sex is like... (A) trying to clap with only one hand." (B) trying to eat sushi with only one chopstick." (C) trying to fly a plane with only one wing." (D) trying to ride a bicycle with only one wheel." (E) trying to row a boat with only one oar."