Biological Diversity

Transcription

1 Biological Diversity 1. To interpret diversity among species and within species, and describe how diversity contributes to species survival Outcome 1A: Define biodiversity, species, and population& observe variation among and within species Outcome 1B: Identify examples of niches Outcome 1C: Observe dependencies among species Outcome 1D: Identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions 2. To interpret the nature of reproductive processes and their role in transmitting species characteristics Outcome 2A: Distinguish the types of asexual and sexual reproduction Outcome 2B: Describe examples of variation within a species and identify discrete and continuous variation Outcome 2C: Describe the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring Outcome 2D: Distinguish heritable and non-heritable characteristics 3. To learn the role of genetic material in species survival and variation Outcome 3A: Describe the relationship of DNA, chromosomes, and genes Outcome 3B: Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis and describe what happens at fertilization Outcome 3C: Compare advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction Outcome 3D: Distinguish between examples of natural and artificial selection Outcome 3E: Describe technologies for recombining genetic material 4. Identify the relative abundance of species on earth and analyze issues for personal and public decision making Outcome 4A: Describe the relative abundance of species on Earth and in different environments Outcome 4B: Describe ongoing changes in biodiversity through extinction and extirpation Outcome 4C: Evaluate success and limitations of various strategies for minimizing loss of species diversity Outcome 4D: Identify potential impacts and issues of the use of biotechnology 1. To interpret diversity among species and within species, and describe how diversity contributes to species survival Outcome 1A: Define biodiversity, species, and population Biodiversity is the number and variety of organisms A species is a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another Members of the same species living in the same area make up a population There is great diversity between different species but there is also some variation within a species 1. What are the two requirements you could use to determine if a group of organisms are of the same species? 2. What are the two requirements you could use to determine if two organisms are in the same population?

2 Outcome 1B: Identify examples of niches! Adaptations allow an organism to play a specific role in its environment! An organism s niche includes where an organism lives (its habitat) and what it does! Interspecies competition occurs when two or more species compete for the same resource o Dividing up resources is known as resource partitioning! There are two types of niches: Broad and Narrow o Having a broad niche means that the species can live in a variety of ecosystems and therefore can survive various amounts of change. " Generalists (like wolves) live in broad niches and have a variety of food sources and can survive in a variety of environmental conditions " Generalist populations can rebound more quickly than a specialist because of their many adaptations o Narrow niches means that the species only can live in a specialized ecosystem, such as the Koala bears, who can only live in places with eucalyptus trees. This unfortunately means that if something happens to the eucalyptus trees, the species, being too specialized, will likely die out " Specialists (like the Koala bear) are very good at competing in their specific type of environment, but can t survive if that environment changes 3. An organism s niche includes two parts. What are they? 4. To the right is a map of where 2 different species are found. Write the correct underlined choice in the following sentence on a piece of paper (separate the words with commas) # Species A is a specialist/generalist and occupies a narrower/broader niche. Species B is a specialist/generalist and occupies a narrower/broader niche. Species A/Species B would most likely survive if the climate got much warmer. 5. In the graph to the right: 1)Which species is MOST LIKELY a generalist? 2)Which two are MOST LIKELY specialists? 3)Which one is remaining? Is this one more likely a specialist or a generalist?

3 Outcome 1C: Observe dependencies among species There are two main types of relationships in nature: Predator-Prey, and Symbiosis o Predator-Prey: Predators actually help prey by keeping their numbers down so the food supply doesn t get eaten away. Predators and prey will often have population sizes that are affected by each other. Predators and prey will often have population sizes that are affected by each other. In graph A below it can be seen that the prey population (the worms) is affected by the predator population (the robins). Soon after the predator population starts to go up, you can see that the prey population starts to go down. As the prey population bottoms out, you can see that soon afterwards the predator population starts to go down due to less food being available. This decrease in the predator population causes the prey population to start going up again and the cycle will keep continuing. Graph A is an example where the predator and prey have a strong relationship with each other. Graph B looks similar but the populations of the predator and prey spikes and bottom out at almost identical times. This indicates that there is no (or at least a very weak) relationship between the predator and prey where one is not affecting the other. This may happen because there are many other factors within an ecosystem such as other animals (both predators and prey) that weaken the direct relationship between the robins and the worms. o Symbiosis: An association between members of a different species. There are 3 kinds " Commensalism: One organisms benefits but the other is not benefited or harmed (ex: a bird building it s nest in the tree. The bird benefits while the tree is unaffected) " Mutualism: Both organisms benefit (ex: A bird who eats the bugs off a hippopotamus s back) " Parasitism: One organisms benefits while the other is harmed(ex: a mosquito biting another organism) 6. -An association between members of a different species is known as 7. -Aphids live on the leaves of a flower and suck some of the water from the leaves -What type of symbiosis does the above information refer to?

4 8. Use the following information to answer the next question Sharks eat dolphins Remora have a commensal relationship with sharks as they stick to the side of the shark and eat little pieces of dolphin that fall out of the sharks mouth Dolphins eat fish Fish hide in the coral reefs to avoid getting eaten Fish in the coral reefs scare away small crabs which would normally eat the coral reef Which of the following changes is MOST LIKELY to occur as a result of an increase in the population of dolphins? A. A decrease in the shark population and an increase in the population of fish B. A decrease in the remora population and a decrease in the population of fish C. An increase in the shark population and an increase in the size of the coral reefs D. An increase in the remora population and a decrease in the size of the coral reefs Use the following information to answer the next 2 questions 9. If there were a large increase in the hawk population (which eat robins) in the year of 2004, which of the following would occur. A. There would be an decrease in the worm population due to an increase in predation B. There would be an increase in the worm population due to an decrease in predation C. There would be an increase in the worm population due to a decrease in competition D. There would be an decrease in the worm population due to an increase in competition 10. In what year would you expect to see the robin population to hit a high point? A B C D Use the following information to answer the next questions 11. Which of the following is true? A. The mice population time cycle is larger than the hawks B. The hawk population time cycle is larger than the mice C. An increase in the hawk population caused decreases in the mice population D. An increase in the mice population caused decreases in the hawk population

5 Outcome 1D: Identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions Variation (diversity) within a species is called variability Variability (diversity) helps if the environment of the species changes (ex: it gets colder, a disease starts to affect the species). If an environmental change occurs, it is more likely that some of the individuals will survive the change. 12. Variation (diversity) within a species is crucial so that A. individuals do not become bored with each other B. individuals will be able to distinguish between members which is crucial for reproduction C. some individuals are able to survive under changing environmental conditions D. some individuals are able to become the leaders of their group 13. Use the following graph to answer the next question Scientists are worried about the effect global warming is having on frogs and decide to perform several studies around the world. In one of the studies the scientists go to the island of Madagascar to try and determine the effect global warming is having on the frogs. These frogs can live in various different ecosystems and when they were studied 20 years ago there was minimal variation between the frog populations living in the different ecosystems. The scientists decided to capture 100 adult female frogs from each specific ecosystem on the northeastern part of the island to study. Some populations of frogs were found to be more affected by global warming than others. In the areas with denser foliage (leaves and thick bushes) the frogs were found to be the same size and just as healthy as they were 20 years ago. In the more open areas of the rainforest the frogs were found to be the same size as well but were reported to have several reproductive problems leading to mutation. In the swampy areas the frogs tended to have smaller offspring than the frogs in the dense foliage and were found to be more susceptible to getting diseases. a) What would be the manipulated variable in the above study? b) What would be 2 responding variables in the above study? c) What would be 3 control variables in the above study? 2. To interpret the nature of reproductive processes and their role in transmitting species characteristics Outcome 2A: Distinguish the types of asexual and sexual reproduction Reproductive strategies may be classified into two major types: asexual and sexual o Asexual Reproduction occurs when only one parent supplies the information to the offspring. The offspring will be genetically identical to the parent. Common among bacteria and fungi. There are 4 main types " Binary Fission: The parent grows and then splits into 2 genetically identical offspring. Many one celled organisms such as the amoeba reproduce through binary fission. " Budding: The parent produces a small bud (a smaller version of itself that is genetically identical) " Spore Production: Spores are similar to seeds but spores are produced from only one parent. One individual will produce many spores each with the complete genetic information of the parent. The spores are then blown away by the wind. Where they land, a new plant genetically identical to the parent may grow. " Vegetative Reproduction: Even plants that reproduce sexually through seeds can reproduce asexually where a part of the plant (called a runner) will grow out, take root, and then grow.

6 o Sexual Reproduction involves the genetic information from two individuals joining. Specialized sex cells from each organism are known as gametes. When the gametes join they form a zygote, which is the first cell that contains genetic information form both parents. The zygote divides many times until an embryo is formed. This process is the same in both animals and plants who reproduce sexually " Sexual Reproduction in Animals $ When the sperm and egg join fertilization has taken place. The genetic information is shuffled and then the zygote is formed. Cleavage occurs until the embryo is formed " Sexual Reproduction in Plants $ The male part is called the anther while the female part is called the stigma. Pollen is produced by the anther and contains the male gamete. When the pollen touches the stigma of a different plant, crosspollination has taken place. When it joins with the ovule (egg) cross-fertilization has taken place. o Some species like can reproduce both sexually and asexually. For example, yeast can reproduce either way depending on what the environmental conditions are at that time. Some plants that reproduce sexually (through seeds) can also reproduce asexually through vegetative reproduction What are the types of asexual reproduction shown in order from left to right At what step above (W, X, Y or Z) does fertilization occur? Outcome 2B: Describe examples of variation within a species and identify discrete and continuous variation! Species that reproduce sexually will have all sorts of variations! Two basic type of variation are continuous and discrete o Continuous variations refers to differences in characteristics that have a range of forms (ex: height, skin color, mass, hand size) o Discrete variation refers to differences characteristics that have a limited number of forms (ex: you can either roll your tongue or not, your blood type is either A, B, AB or O) 16. Mass, length of index finger, having a widow s peak, gender, skin color How many of the examples above are examples of discrete variation?: Outcome 2C: Describe the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

7 ! Traits are characteristics (ex: being tall is a trait). A gene is a segment of DNA that provides instructions for a specific trait.! Organisms inherit 2 genes for most traits (one from father, one from mother). Dominant genes for traits will always be expressed if mixed with a recessive gene for the same trait (ex: the gene to bend your thumb back is dominant while the gene for not being able to bend your thumb back is recessive)! A Punnett square can be used to determine the various possible genomes for offspring. If the Punnett square to the right is for black bears being black or white (with B being dominant for black, and b being recessive for white) both parents will be black. 75% of offspring will be black while 25% will be white.! Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance where neither gene is dominant and the offspring s trait is in between the parents (ex: a red flower and a white flower make an offspring that is pink) 17. Which of the traits below is the best example of incomplete dominance? Skin color, ability to roll tongue, gender, blood type 18. A male black mouse mates with a female white mouse and they produce 4 offspring that are black. White is MOST LIKELY dominant/recessive and these two mice will likely produce another offspring that is black/grey/white. 19. Peas can either be smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) Smooth is dominant while wrinkled is recessive If one parent pea is smooth (SS) and the other is wrinkled (ss), what is the chance of these two peas having a wrinkled offspring? Use the Punnett square to help you Outcome 2D: Distinguish heritable and non-heritable characteristics! Traits can be inherited from parents (they are heritable) (ex: blood type, number of fingers, widow s peak)! Some traits are not heritable (ex: scars, any damage to the body)! Traits can be due to genetics, the environment, or a combination of the two. Environment refers to what a person is exposed to throughout their life. (Some examples: blood type is 100% genetic, broken bones are 100% due to environment, mass (weight) is due partly to genetics and partly to environment) 20. Blood type, intelligence, mass, scars, skin color Which of the above traits are due to genetics and which are due to environment. Which are influenced by both? 100% genetics= 100% environment= Both= 21. Julie collected data on the structure of the human ear from four members of her class Which of the following terms describes lobe traits? A. Heritable characteristic and continuous variation B. Heritable characteristic and discrete variation C. Non-heritable characteristic and continuous variation D. Non-heritable characteristic and discrete variation 3. To learn the role of genetic material in species survival and variation

8 Outcome 3A: Describe the relationship of DNA, chromosomes, and genes! DNA contains all the instructions for an organism s characteristic features (traits)! DNA is made of nucleotides, which are the individual building blocks of life. DNA is in the shape of a spiral ladder.! Chromosomes are tightly coiled strands of DNA. There are 46 chromosomes in a human (23 pairs: 23 from father, 23 from mother). The diagram to the right shows 2 chromosomes (1 chromosome pair).! A gene is an uninterrupted segment of DNA, which contains instruction for a trait. For example, a section of your DNA on one of your chromosomes will contain the instructions for your blood type. 22. What is in the shape of a spiral ladder? 23. A is one of the building blocks of DNA called a(n) B is a segment of DNA which codes for a certain trait and is called a(n) C is a whole bunch of DNA bundled up and wound together and called a(n) 24. Which of the following is false? A. Chromosomes come in pairs, and therefore genes for each trait you have also comes in pairs B. You have two genes for each trait, and the two genes always carry identical instructions C. There may be thousands of genes on each chromosome D. Chromosomes are bunched up strands of DNA Outcome 3B: Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis and describe what happens at fertilization

9 ! Humans have 46 chromosomes in all their body cells. The only exception is the sperm and egg cells which have 23.! Mitosis o Occurs in the body cells of multicellular organisms and is responsible for growth and repair. For example, it you cut yourself you will kill millions of cells. The cells around the cut will multiply by mitosis and replace the original cells with ones that are genetically identical. o There is only one stage of cell division during mitosis o One cell double its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical cells both with the original 46 chromosomes! Meiosis o Process by which sexually mature individuals of a species form gametes (sex cells: sperm and egg) o Two stages of cell division o One cell double its chromosomes, then shuffles the genes up, and then splits into 2 cells. Those 2 cells split again to make a total of 4 cells. Each of the four cells (which are now gametes; either sperm or egg) has only 23 chromosomes. Each gamete has a different genetic makeup. o People can have genetic disorders where they have too few or too many chromosomes. This is due to a problem that occurred during meiosis.! When the sperm and egg join a zygote is formed. The zygote is the first cell that has the full set of 46 chromosomes. The zygote will have DNA that is a mixture between the parents DNA but is not identical to either. This results in variation within a species. The zygote divides by mitosis to grow larger into an embryo, a baby, and finally an adult.! Genetic conditions can be due to specific genes or chromosomal abnormalities where an offspring inherits at least one extra chromosomes. Conditions linked to specific genes are predictable as to the chances an offspring will inherit that disease. Chromosomal abnormalities are due to a random mistake during the production of an individual sperm or egg (meiosis) and are therefore not predictable as to whether an individual offspring will have a chromosomal abnormality.

10 25. Mitosis occurs in the cells of multicellular organisms and is responsible for what two things in an organism? 26. In mitosis there is/are stage(s) of cell division(s) and in meiosis there is/are stage(s) of cell division(s) 27. -What process is shown to the left? -How many chromosomes will be in the cell with the arrow pointing to it? 28. -What process is shown above? -How many chromosomes will be in the cell with the arrow pointing to it? Outcome 3C: Compare advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction! Sexual Reproduction o Advantage: Variation in offspring makes it more possible that at least some of the offspring will survive an environmental change o Disadvantages: Gametes must find a way of joining, takes a long time to produce offspring, takes lots of energy (ex: flower has to produce lots of pollen, most of which gets wasted)! Asexual Reproduction o o Advantages: Can produce offspring very quickly which means a lot of offspring can be made in a short period of time (1 bacteria can make millions in 12 hours#see diagram to the right), don t have to find a mate Disadvantage: If environment changes too much, the entire population may be wiped out because they are all genetically identical 29. What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction? (You need a full explanation) 30. Which of the lines above best represents the reproduction of bacteria over a 12- hour period Outcome 3D: Distinguish between examples of natural and artificial selection

11 ! Artificial selection is the process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits (ex: humans arrange for a big male pig to mate with a big female pig so they will more likely make big offspring). This method of producing individuals with desirable traits has been occurring for thousands of years.! Natural selection is the process where the organisms with the most desirable traits in a specific environment are more likely to pass those traits on to their offspring. Individuals without desirable traits are more likely to die and not pass those traits on. Natural selection is summed up in the following 4 steps: o More offspring than needed are made o There is lots of variation in offspring o Some, by chance, have traits that will help them in their environment, and some have traits that don t help o Offspring with helpful traits are more likely to live and pass those traits on. The species is changing as the environment changes. 31. Artificial selecting is the process of and individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have these desired traits 32. Which of the following would NOT be included in the theory of natural selection a. All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive b. Each species has a lot of variation within its individuals c. Some of the variations of characteristics, by chance, help some of the individuals while other variations will be a disadvantage to themselves d. Helpful traits are more likely passed on and this is how a species is able to stay the same for so long 33. Which of the following organisms would have evolved through natural selection? A. Cow B. Peach C. Dog D. Wolf Outcome 3E: Describe technologies for recombining genetic material! Biotechnology is the use of living things to make agricultural, industrial, or medicinal products. It includes artificial selection but it also includes creating plant clones, artificial reproductive technology (artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization) and genetic engineering o Artificial selection: Artificial selection was explained in the previous outcome. It involves selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits. It is an ancient technique used by farmers thousands of years ago. o Artificial insemination: Sperm is harvested from a male with desirable traits and inserted into many females o In-vitro fertilization: Sperm is joined with an egg outside of the females body (ex: in a petri dish) o Cloning: In plants, one or more cuttings is taken from a plant and put into soil. Genetically identical offspring then grow. In animals cloning is a much more complicated procedure. o Genetic engineering: the DNA of an organism is directly altered (ex: the gene for a firefly is spliced into the DNA of a pig when the pig is still a zygote). (When genes are inserted into DNA by humans it is called splicing.) 34. The use of living things to make agricultural, industrial, or medicinal products is called 35. Which biotechnology includes altering the DNA of an organism? 36. Which of the following techniques has been used for the longest history of use? A. Genes are inserted into pigs to make them larger B. Large pigs are put together to breed to produce large offspring C. The sperm of large male pigs is inserted into large female pigs so they will produce large offspring D. The sperm of large male pigs is combined with the eggs of large female pigs in a petri-dish to produce large offspring 37. Which type of biotechnology has the longest history of use? (this question is pretty much the same as above question, except you have to identify the name of the process used) A. Artificial selection B. Artificial insemination C. In vitro fertilization D. Cloning E. Genetic engineering

12 4. Identify the relative abundance of species on earth and analyze issues for personal and public decision making Outcome 4A: Describe the relative abundance of species on Earth and in different environments! Certain species can live in very extreme harsh environments and will have adaptations to survive in those environments. For example, the desert spade foot frog that lives in the deserts of Australia can bury itself in the sand and remain inactive for years waiting for rain.! The number of insect species outnumbers all the other species on the Earth combined.! The species on our planet are not distributed evenly. Areas around the equator have the greatest number of species. As you move to the poles, biodiversity decreases. The graph to the right shows the number of bird species in varying parts of North America. Most species show this trend. 38. Which of the following graphs shows the number of different spider species associated with each latitude on north and south America? 39. What category has the largest number of species? A. Mammals B. Insects C. Birds D. Arachnids 40. You are at the north pole and get pretty bored with the lack of biodiversity there. You decide to walk to the equator. Which graph best illustrates your journey? 41. You are at the equator observing all the biodiversity. You then walk to the south pole to observe the biodiversity there. You are disappointed when you get there and walk back to the equator. Which graph best illustrates your journey?

13 Outcome 4B: Describe ongoing changes in biodiversity through extinction and extirpation! Extinction is the disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planet. Extinction is a natural part of Earth s history! Extirpation is a local extinction, or the disappearance of a species from a particular area! Extinction and extirpation are due to things such as catastrophic events (fire, earthquakes), lack of food, disease, various other changes in the environment. Lately, human causes are to blame (ex: habitat destruction, introduction of a non-native species, overharvesting of plant and animal species) 42. Extirpation refers to the extinction of a species Outcome 4C: Evaluate success and limitations of various strategies for minimizing loss of species diversity! Zoos are more than just a place to display plants and animals from around the world. They are places where individuals of a species that may be endangered can breed with individuals brought in from other zoos. That is why zoos are often referred to as running captive breeding programs.! Seed banks: Seeds are stored at -20⁰ Celsius. This preserves biological diversity. But, there are too many species to collect all their seeds! Global treaties: Laws are made to make it illegal to hunt certain animals or traffic (sell) parts from certain animals to other people! Protected areas: Preserves and national parks are set up to protect wildlife and habitat. 43. Zoos, seed banks, global treaties, protected areas How many of the above methods preserve biological diversity? Outcome 4D: Identify potential impacts and issues of the use of biotechnology! Risks in animals o Many animals who are cloned have health problems o Genetically modified animals are animals that have had the gene from a different animal put in their DNA. Altering genes may lead to unforeseen consequences on ecosystems and humans o Aquaculture is fish farming. This is good for producing a lot of fish for food, however, the selective breeding (artificial selection) of fish leads to a decrease in the genetic diversity of each species. Also, genes can be directly altered through genetic engineering to allow for faster growth. If a fish from a farm got out into a natural habitat, it could alter an ecosystem.! Risks in plants o A monoculture is a field that contains one type of crop and all the individual plants in the crop are genetically similar or identical. A disease could easily wipe out an entire crop because if it affects one of the plants, it will affect all of them since they are so genetically similar. 44. What is the danger of a monoculture?

14 1. -Same basic structure -Can reproduce 2. -If they are the same species -If they are in the same area 3. What an organism does Where an organism lives 4. Generalist, Broader, Specialist, Narrow, Species A B 2. A, D C, generalist 6. symbiosis 7. parasitism 8. D 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. a) The varying ecosystems in Madagascar b) The size of the frogs. The health of the frogs. c) -Using only 1 species of frog -Using only adult female frogs -Gathering frogs from same part of island (northeast) - Using same number of frogs from each population 14. Binary fission, spores, budding, runners 15. X Skin color 18. recessive black 19. 0% 20. genetics= blood type environment= scars Both=intelligence, mass, skin color 21. B 22. DNA 23. A= Nucleotide B= Gene C= Chromosome B 25. Body Growth and repair 26. 1, Mitosis Meiosis Variation in offspring. If the environment changes, there is a better chance that some will survive. 30. A 31. Selecting, breeding 32. D: Species do change as the environment changes 33. D 34. biotechnology 35. Genetic engineering 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. local (all of them) 44. An environmental change could wipe out the entire crop because there is little to no variation in individuals