Anatomy & Physiology Final

Transcription

1 Anatomy & Physiology Final Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. About how many total muscles are there in the body? a. 50 b. 100 c. 300 d. 500 p. 72 There are more than 500 large and small muscles in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body's weight. 2. What is the function of the excretory system? a. allow procreation of a living organism b. break food down to be absorbed by the body c. allow the body to intake oxygen d. eliminate solid, liquid and gaseous waste products p. 87 The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body. 3. All of the following bones help make up the chest EXCEPT: a. ribs b. sternum c. mandible d. thoracic vertebrae p. 71 The chest, or thorax, is the bony cage composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and ribs. 4. The study of the functions of the organs and systems of the body is known as: a. anatomy b. physiology c. biology d. gross anatomy p. 65 Physiology is the study of the functions the organs and systems perform. 1

2 5. What is the name of the skeleton of the head that encloses and protects the brain? a. parietal b. skull c. cranium d. mandible p. 69 The skull is the skeleton of the head that encloses and protects the brain and primary sensory organs. 6. Which arteries supply blood to the head, face and neck? a. submental b. common carotid c. external carotid d. internal carotid p. 80 Blood is supplied to the head, face and neck by the common carotid arteries. 7. Which triangle-shaped muscle covers the shoulder, lifts or turns the arm? a. bicep b. deltoid c. tricep d. pectoralis p. 76 The deltoid covers the shoulder. This triangle-shaped muscle lifts the arm or turns it. 8. What is another name for red blood cells? a. plasma b. leukocytes c. hemoglobin d. erythrocytes p. 78 Another name for red blood cells is erythrocytes. 9. Which mastication muscle is located above and in front of the ear and opens and closes the jaw? a. masseter b. buccinator c. temporalis d. latissimus dorsi p. 75 The temporalis is located above and in front of the ear and performs both opening and closing the jaw, as in chewing (mastication). 2

3 10. Muscles produce movement through tightening and: a. massaging b. contracting c. relaxing d. dilating p. 73 Muscles produce movement through contracting (tightening) and expansion (relaxing). 11. If you draw your hand back from touching a hot stove, what is this interaction between sensory and motor nerves called? a. reflex action b. sensory action c. receptor action d. trifacial action p. 83 Reflex action is the interaction of sensory and motor nerves. 12. Neurology is the study of the: a. nervous system b. respiratory system c. digestive system d. endocrine system p. 81 The study of the nervous system is called neurology. 13. The system that breaks food down to either be easily absorbed by cells or to become waste products is the: a. digestive system b. nervous system c. excretory system d. respiratory system p. 86 The digestive system breaks down food into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products. 14. The fluid part of the blood, also known as plasma, is what percentage of water? a. 40 b. 55 c. 75 d. 90 p. 78 Plasma is about 90 % water. 3

4 15. What is the function of white blood cells? a. they carry oxygen b. help clot blood c. fight bacteria d. regulate the heart p. 78 White blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body. 16. The part of the brain that controls and coordinates muscle movements is the: a. pons b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. spinal cord p. 82 The cerebellum is responsible for the control and coordination of muscle movement. 17. All of the following are muscle areas a cosmetologist is primarily concerned with EXCEPT for the: a. neck b. arms c. face d. back p. 72 The cosmetologist is primarily concerned with the voluntary muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands. 18. The extensor, which is located mid-forearm on the outside of the arm, performs which action? a. lifts the arm b. turns the palm of the hand c. straightens the fingers and wrists d. swings the arms back and forth p. 76 The extensor is located mid-forearm, on the outside of the arm. This muscle straightens the fingers and wrists. 4

5 19. Which mouth muscle is located between the jaws and cheek and is responsible for compressing the cheek to release air outwardly, as in blowing? a. platysma b. caninus c. buccinator d. zygomaticus p. 75 The buccinator, located between the jaws and cheek, is responsible for compressing the cheek to release air outwardly, as in blowing. 20. The chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for cell growth and reproduction is known as: a. anabolism b. physiology c. metabolism d. catabolism p. 66 The chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for cell growth and reproduction is known as metabolism. 21. The entire process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart is called: a. vein circulation b. local circulation c. arterial circulation d. general circulation p. 79 The entire process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart is referred to as systemic or general circulation. 22. The muscle that circles the mouth is responsible for contracting, puckering or wrinkling the lips is the: a. buccinator b. zygomaticus c. oris orbicularis d. quadratus labii superioris p. 74 The oris orbicularis circles the mouth and is responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips, as in kissing or whistling. 5

6 23. These types of vessels take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells: a. capillaries b. veins c. varicose veins d. ventricles p. 79 Capillaries are small vessels that take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells and take waste products from the cells to the veins. 24. The two sub-systems of the circulatory system are the lymph-vascular system and the: a. cardiac system b. lymph system c. cardiovascular system d. pericardium system p. 77 The circulatory system is divided into two sub-systems called the cardiovascular and the lymph-vascular systems. 25. Which of the following structures is NOT an organ? a. brain b. heart c. eyes d. feet p. 67 Feet are not considered an organ of primary importance. 26. What types of nerves are found in the arm and hand? a. cranial nerves b. mixed nerves c. motor nerves only d. sensory nerves only p. 85 All four of the primary nerves found in the arm and/or hand are mixed nerves. 27. The occipitalis muscle is located at the nape of the neck and draws the scalp: a. back b. forward c. to the left d. to the right p. 73 The occipitalis muscle is located at the nape of the neck and draws the scalp back. 6

7 28. Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue? a. nerve tissue b. liquid tissue c. epithelial tissue d. skeletal tissue p. 67 Primary types of tissue include epithelial, connective, nerve, muscular and liquid tissue. 29. The nervous system is divided into how many subsystems? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 p. 81 The nervous system is divided into three subsystems: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 30. The spongy bone found between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity is called the: a. frontal b. ethmoid c. occipital d. temporal p. 70 The ethmoid is the spongy bone between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity. 31. What is the name of the largest bone of the facial skeleton and consists of the lower jaw? a. nasal b. maxillae c. mandible d. cranium p. 70 The mandible is the lower jaw and the largest bone of the facial skeleton. 32. Which of the following methods is NOT used to stimulate muscles? a. massage b. moist heat c. electric current d. sleep p. 73 Massage, electric current, light and heat rays, moist heat, nerve impulses and chemicals are all used to stimulate muscle tissue. 7

8 33. This body system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body is the: a. circulatory b. muscular c. endocrine d. lymph-vascular p. 77 The circulatory or vascular system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body. 34. The colorless liquid produced as a byproduct when plasma passes nourishment to capillaries and cells is known as: a. lymph b. protein c. blood d. blood platelets p. 81 Lymph is a colorless liquid produced as a byproduct in the process through which plasma passes nourishment to capillaries and cells. 35. Which two muscles in the neck and upper back draw the head back, rotate the shoulder blades and control the swinging of the arm? a. platysma and risorius b. temporalis and masseter c. platysma and sternocleido mastoideus d. trapezius and latissimus dorsi p. 75 The trapezius and latissimus dorsi cover the back of the neck and upper back. These muscles draw the head back, rotate the shoulder blades and control the swinging of the arm. 36. Which of the following facial bones is NOT involved in facial massage? a. nasal b. lacrimal c. vomer d. maxillae p. 70 The vomer is unaffected by facial massage while the mandible, the maxillae, the nasal, the zygomatic and the lacrimal are involved in facial massage. 8

9 37. The body system that controls the body's breathing is the: a. skeletal system b. circulatory system c. respiratory system d. integumentary system p. 68 The respiratory system controls the body's breathing. 38. The seventh cranial nerve is also known as the: a. facial nerve b. trifacial nerve c. sensory nerve d. fifth cranial nerve p. 84 The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve. 39. The muscle located at the corner of the mouth and draws the mouth up and out as in grinning is called the: a. risorius b. mentalis c. triangularis d. platysma p. 75 The risorius located at the corner of the mouth, draws the mouth up and out, as in grinning. 40. Which of the following is NOT a primary component of the nervous system? a. brain b. muscles c. nerves d. spinal cord p. 81 Primary components of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord and nerves. 41. The fourteen bones that form the digits or fingers are called: a. ulna b. carpals c. phalanges d. metacarpals p. 71 The phalanges are the fourteen bones that form the digits or fingers. 9

10 42. What are the basic units of living matter? a. cells b. kidneys c. bones d. tissues p. 66 Cells are the basic units of living matter (life). 43. The nonmoving portion of the muscle attached to bones or other fixed muscles is the: a. origin b. belly c. insertion d. cardiac p. 73 The origin is the nonmoving (fixed) portion of the muscle attached to bones or other fixed muscles. 44. Which body system sends and receives body messages? a. muscular b. nervous c. circulatory d. endocrine p. 68 The nervous system sends and receives the body's messages. 45. What is the study of bone called? a. anatomy b. physiology c. histology d. osteology p. 69 Osteology is the study of bone. 46. Which the following is a problem cosmetologists can develop from long periods of standing? a. varicose veins b. tendonitis c. diabetes d. heart condition p. 79 Varicose veins may be one of the problems experienced by cosmetologists, due to long periods of standing. 10

11 47. The two bones of the upper jaw are called: a. frontal b. sphenoid c. maxillae d. sternum p. 70 The maxillae are the two bones of the upper jaw. 48. The muscle between the brows across the bridge of the nose that draws the brows down is the: a. mentalis b. procerus c. corrugator d. orbicularis oculi p. 74 The procerus, located between the eyebrows across the bridge of the nose, draws brows down and wrinkles the area across the bridge of the nose. 49. Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the: a. belly attachment b. origin attachment c. voluntary attachment d. involuntary attachment p. 73 Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the origin attachment. 50. An adult human has how much blood circulating throughout the body? a. 4 to 6 pints b. 4 to 6 quarts c. 8 to 10 pints d. 8 to 10 quarts p. 78 On average, an adult has 8 to 10 pints of blood flowing through the circulatory system. 51. Which muscle is of primary interest if a cosmetologist is performing a scalp massage? a. cardiac b. epicranium c. origin d. corrugator p. 73 The scalp or epicranium is of primary interest when performing a scalp massage. 11

12 52. The intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide by the body are functions of the: a. digestive system b. respiratory system c. endocrine system d. reproductive system p. 87 The primary functions of the respiratory system are the intake of oxygen to be absorbed by the blood and exhalation of carbon dioxide. 53. The two bones located on either side of the head and above the ears, are called the: a. skull b. frontal c. temporal d. flat bones p. 69 The temporal are the two bones located on either side of the head, directly above the ears and below the parietal. 54. Which type of muscle responds automatically to control various body functions? a. striated b. voluntary c. non-striated d. cardiac p. 72 The involuntary or non-striated muscles respond automatically to control various body functions including the functions of internal organs. 55. The brain, spinal cord and spinal and cranial nerves all compose which nervous system? a. central b. peripheral c. autonomic d. lymph-vascular p. 81 The central or cerebrospinal system is composed of the brain, spinal cord and spinal and cranial nerves. 12

13 56. Which of the following is true of arteries? a. They contain cup-like valves to prevent backflow. b. They have thicker walls than veins. c. They carry oxygen-poor blood. d. They are thin, small vessels p. 78 Arteries are tubular, elastic, thick-walled branching vessels that carry pure blood from the heart through the body. 57. The three basic parts of a cell are the nucleus, cytoplasm and: a. tissue b. protoplasm c. organs d. cell membrane p. 66 A cell contains three basic parts: the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. 58. The upper chambers of the heart include the: a. left and right atrium b. left ventricle c. right ventricle d. extensor p. 77 The interior of the heart contains four chambers. The upper chambers consist of the right atrium and the left atrium. 59. The muscle of the heart is called the: a. cardiac b. striated c. voluntary d. non-striated p. 72 The cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart itself and is the only muscle of its type in the human body. 60. The study of structures too small to be seen without using a microscope is called: a. physiology b. biology c. gross anatomy d. microscopic anatomy p. 65 The study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope is called histology or microscopic anatomy. 13

14 61. The muscles that are located in the palm of the hand and cause the thumb to move toward the fingers to make a fist are called: a. extensor b. abductor c. adductor d. opponens p. 77 The opponens muscles are located in the palm of the hand and cause the thumb to move toward the fingers, giving the ability to grasp or make a fist. 62. Which nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles? a. motor b. sensory c. reflex d. trifacial p. 83 Motor or efferent nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles. 63. Which muscle is located between the eyebrows, controls the eyebrows, drawing them in and downward? a. procerus b. non-striated c. mentalis d. corrugator p. 74 The corrugator located between the eyebrows controls the eyebrows, drawing them in and downward. 64. The eight small bones held together by ligaments to form the wrist are called: a. ribs b. phalanges c. carpals d. metacarpals p. 71 The carpals are the eight small bones held together by ligaments to form the wrist or carpus. 65. Which artery supplies the lower portion of the face, including the mouth and nose? a. occipital b. posterior auricular c. superficial temporal d. external maxillary p. 80 The external maxillary supplies the lower portion of the face, including the mouth and nose. 14

15 66. What part of the muscle applies to the midsection of the muscle, between the two attached sections? a. origin b. belly c. insertion d. cardiac p. 73 The belly is the term applied to the midsection of the muscle, between the two attached sections. 67. The muscle that is located under the arm and helps in lifting the arm and in breathing is the: a. bicep b. extensor c. deltoid d. serratus anterior p. 76 The serratus anterior is located under the arm. This muscle helps in lifting the arm and in breathing. 68. What is the body's largest organ and forms a protective layer over the body? a. lungs b. liver c. intestines d. skin p. 67 The skin, the body's largest organ, forms the external protective layer of the body. 69. What is the large, flat bone extending from the middle of the back upward to where it joins with the clavicle? a. ribs b. scapula c. carpals d. cervical vertebrae p. 71 The large, flat bone extending from the middle of the back upward to the joint where it attaches to the clavicle is called the scapula. 70. Which system regulates and controls the growth, reproduction and health of the body? a. nervous system b. endocrine system c. circulatory system d. reproductive system p. 88 The endocrine system is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction and health of the body. 15

16 71. Which type of tissue supports, protects and holds the body together? a. nerve tissue b. epithelial tissue c. connective tissue d. muscular tissue p. 67 Connective tissue supports, protects and holds the body together. 72. How much does the average human brain weigh? a. between 20 and 25 ounces b. between 32 and 38 ounces c. between 44 and 48 ounces d. between 75 and 82 ounces p. 81 The average human brain weighs between 44 and 48 ounces. 73. Which organ converts and neutralizes ammonia from the circulatory system to urea? a. heart b. brain c. liver d. skin p. 87 The liver converts and neutralizes ammonia from the circulatory system to urea. 74. Which two glands make up the integumentary system? a. duct and sebaceous b. ductless and sudoriferous c. duct and ductless d. sebaceous and sudoriferous p. 88 The two primary glands of the integumentary system are the sebaceous and the sudoriferous glands. 75. What is the name of the point where two or more bones are joined together? a. joint b. cranium c. temporal d. osteology p. 69 A joint is the point at which two or more bones are joined together. 16

17 76. The mixed nerve that is responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain and is the largest of the cranial nerves is called the: a. facial nerve b. trifacial nerve c. motor nerve d. seventh cranial p. 83 The largest of the cranial nerves, the trifacial nerve is the mixed nerve primarily responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain and controlling facial muscle movements. 77. Which part of the brain is responsible for mental activity? a. pons b. cerebrum c. cerebellum d. spinal cord p. 82 The cerebrum, responsible for mental activity, is located in the upper, front portion of the cranium. 78. Which of the following descriptions is NOT a function of the muscular system? a. support for the skeleton b. contouring of the body c. circulating lymph throughout the body d. production of body movements p. 72 The functions of the muscular system include support of the skeleton, production of body movements, contouring of the body and involvement in the functions of other body systems. 79. Which structures of the nerve cells receive the messages sent by the nerve terminals? a. pons b. axons c. dendrites d. receptors p. 82 The short fibers that receive the messages sent by the nerve cells are called dendrites. 80. Most of the cell's activities take place in the: a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. protoplasm d. cell membrane p. 66 The cytoplasm, or production department of the cell, is where most of the cell's activities take place. 17

18 81. Which organ of the respiratory system expands and contracts automatically to force air into and out of the lungs? a. liver b. kidneys c. diaphragm d. esophagus p. 87 The diaphragm expands and contracts automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs. 82. The hyoid bone located in the throat is sometimes referred to as the: a. spine b. ribs c. thorax d. Adam's apple p. 71 The hyoid bone is the u-shaped bone referred to as the "Adam's apple" located in the throat. 83. The peripheral nervous system is composed of: a. the pons b. the brain c. medulla oblongata d. sensory and motor nerves p. 82 The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory and motor nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. 84. What does hemoglobin do? a. reacts with oxygen to create red blood cells b. repels oxygen c. attracts oxygen d. changes oxygen into carbon dioxide p. 78 Hemoglobin attracts oxygen molecules through a process known as oxygenation. 85. The cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest cavity is the: a. heart b. artery c. atrium d. capillary p. 77 The heart, a cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest cavity, is normally the size of a closed fist. 18

19 86. Groups of cells of the same kind make up: a. tissues b. lungs c. systems d. organs p. 67 Groups of cells of the same kind make up tissues. 87. The tissue type that carries food, waste products and hormones is: a. liquid tissue b. connective tissue c. nerve tissue d. muscular tissue p. 67 Liquid tissue carries food, waste products and hormones. 88. The bone located on the little finger side of the lower arm is the: a. ulna b. radius c. thorax d. cervical vertebrae p. 71 The ulna is the bone located on the little finger side of the lower arm. 89. Which of the following is NOT a mouth muscle? a. caninus b. mentalis c. trapezius d. oris orbicularis p. 75 The trapezius and latissimus dorsi cover the back and upper back. 90. The study of the organs and systems of the body is called: a. anatomy b. physiology c. cosmetology d. biology p. 65 Anatomy is the study of the organs and systems of the body. 19

20 91. What is the main nerve branch consisting of the top 1/3 of the face? a. facial b. maxillary c. mandibular d. ophthalmic p. 84 The ophthalmic branch is the main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of the face. 92. What is another name for histology? a. gross anatomy b. microscopic anatomy c. osteology d. physiology p. 65 The study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope is called histology or microscopic anatomy. 93. Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the skeletal system? a. allowing body movement b. protecting the internal organs c. supporting the body by giving it shape and strength d. helps circulate blood throughout the body p. 69 The functions of the skeletal system include allowing body movement, protecting the internal organs and supporting the body by giving it shape and strength. 94. Bone is the hardest structure in the body and is composed of 1/3 organic matter and: a. 2/3 mineral matter b. 2/3 hydrogen c. 2/3 oxygen d. 2/3 nitrogen p. 69 Bone is the hardest structure of the body with a composition that is 2/3 mineral matter and 1/3 organic matter. 95. How many times per minute does the normal heart beat? a b c d p. 77 The normal heart beats times per minute. 20

21 96. What controls all three subsystems of the nervous system? a. heart b. occipital c. brain d. spinal cord p. 81 The brain controls all three subsystems of the nervous system. 97. What gets released by the salivary glands to help break down food? a. peptide b. enzymes c. pharynx d. salivary glands p. 86 The digestive process begins as soon as food is ingested, when enzymes secreted by the salivary glands start breaking down food. 98. The two types of muscle tissues - striated and: a. voluntary b. non-striated c. cardiac d. dilator p. 72 There are two types of muscle tissue: striated and non-striated. 99. The cervical vertebrae are the seven bones that form the top part of the: a. chest b. arm c. wrist d. spinal column p. 71 The cervical vertebrae are the seven bones that form the top part of the spinal column Which system involves the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries? a. respiratory b. cardiovascular c. digestive d. muscular p. 77 The cardiovascular or blood-vascular system, which is responsible for the circulation of blood, includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. 21

22 101. The lower chambers of the heart include the: a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left and right ventricle d. flexor p. 77 The interior of the heart contains four chambers. The lower chambers consist of the right ventricle and the left ventricle Which two bones join to form the bridge of the nose? a. nasal b. maxillae c. skull d. zygomatic p. 70 The nasal are the two bones which join to form the bridge of the nose Which nervous system is responsible for all involuntary body functions? a. central b. peripheral c. trifacial d. autonomic p. 85 The autonomic system is responsible for all involuntary body functions During which process does the body store water, food and oxygen for times when they are needed by the body? a. anabolism b. catabolism c. circulation d. digestion p. 66 During anabolism, the body stores water, food and oxygen for the times when they are needed by the body Which scalp muscle extends from the forehead to the top of the skull, and raises the eyebrows? a. belly b. striated c. frontalis d. epicranium p. 73 The frontalis muscle extends from the forehead to the top of the skull. It raises eyebrows or draws the scalp forward. 22

23 106. The mandibular nerve branch extends to the muscles of the chin and the: a. neck b. cheek c. lower lip d. top of the head p. 84 The mandibular nerve branch extends to the muscles of the chin and lower lip The humerus extends from the elbow to the: a. wrist b. shoulder c. top of the neck d. fingertips p. 71 The humerus, the largest bone of the upper arm, extends from the elbow to the shoulder Which of the following is NOT a facial nerve branch? a. buccal b. temporal c. mandibular d. medulla oblongata p. 84 The posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical branches are all facial nerve branches What is the study of the structure, function and diseases of the muscles? a. anatomy b. histology c. myology d. osteology p. 72 Myology is the study of the structure, function and diseases of the muscles What part of the cell is known as the control center? a. cytoplasm b. protoplasm c. nucleus d. cell membrane p. 66 The nucleus, or control center, of cell activities. 23

24 111. Which blood cells are responsible for the clotting of blood? a. leukocytes b. thrombocytes c. erythrocytes d. plasma p. 78 Blood platelets or thrombocytes are responsible for the clotting of blood Which hand muscles separate the fingers? a. flexor b. opponens c. adductor d. abductor p. 77 Abductor muscles separate the fingers Hair growth, skin conditions and energy levels are all controlled by the: a. digestive system b. excretory system c. endocrine system d. circulatory system p. 88 The endocrine system directly affects hair growth, skin conditions and energy levels The sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body bringing nourishment and oxygen to the body parts is: a. blood b. plasma c. platelets d. nutrients p. 78 Blood is the sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body bringing nourishment and oxygen to all body parts and carrying toxins and waste products to the liver and kidneys to be eliminated The orbicularis oculi closes the eyelid and circles around the: a. nose b. mouth c. eyebrow d. eyesocket p. 74 The orbicularis oculi circles the eyesocket and functions to close the eyelid. 24

25 116. Which crucial part of the central nervous system is composed of long nerve fibers and originates in the base of the brain and extends to the base of the spine? a. pons b. spinal cord c. dendrite system d. medulla oblongata p. 82 The spinal cord, composed of long nerve fibers, originates in the base of the brain and extends to the base of the spine The physical foundation of the body is the: a. skeletal system b. nervous system c. muscular system d. reproductive system p. 69 The physical foundation of the body is the skeletal system The long and short thread-like fibers that differentiate nerve cells from other cells are called: a. axons b. neurons c. dendrites d. receptors p. 82 Nerve cells differ in appearance from other cells due to the long and short thread-like fibers called axons Which phase of metabolism involves breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones? a. digestion b. anabolism c. catabolism d. metabolism p. 66 Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones. 25

26 120. How many groups are the bones of the skull divided into? a. two b. three c. four d. five p. 69 Bones of the skull are divided into two groups: the eight bones of the cranium and the fourteen bones of the facial skeleton A group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform vital functions for the body is referred to as a(n): a. tissue b. organ c. system d. cell p. 68 A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body. 26

27 Anatomy & Physiology Final 1. d 500 p. 72 There are more than 500 large and small muscles in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body's weight. 2. d eliminate solid, liquid and gaseous waste products p. 87 The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body. 3. c mandible p. 71 The chest, or thorax, is the bony cage composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and ribs. 4. b physiology p. 65 Physiology is the study of the functions the organs and systems perform. 5. b skull p. 69 The skull is the skeleton of the head that encloses and protects the brain and primary sensory organs. 6. b common carotid p. 80 Blood is supplied to the head, face and neck by the common carotid arteries. 7. b deltoid p. 76 The deltoid covers the shoulder. This triangle-shaped muscle lifts the arm or turns it. 8. d erythrocytes p. 78 Another name for red blood cells is erythrocytes. 9. c temporalis p. 75 The temporalis is located above and in front of the ear and performs both opening and closing the jaw, as in chewing (mastication). 27

28 10. c relaxing p. 73 Muscles produce movement through contracting (tightening) and expansion (relaxing). 11. a reflex action p. 83 Reflex action is the interaction of sensory and motor nerves. 12. a nervous system p. 81 The study of the nervous system is called neurology. 13. a digestive system p. 86 The digestive system breaks down food into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products. 14. d 90 p. 78 Plasma is about 90 % water. 15. c fight bacteria p. 78 White blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body. 16. c cerebellum p. 82 The cerebellum is responsible for the control and coordination of muscle movement. 17. d back p. 72 The cosmetologist is primarily concerned with the voluntary muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands. 18. c straightens the fingers and wrists p. 76 The extensor is located mid-forearm, on the outside of the arm. This muscle straightens the fingers and wrists. 19. c buccinator p. 75 The buccinator, located between the jaws and cheek, is responsible for compressing the cheek to release air outwardly, as in blowing. 28

29 20. c metabolism p. 66 The chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for cell growth and reproduction is known as metabolism. 21. d general circulation p. 79 The entire process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart is referred to as systemic or general circulation. 22. c oris orbicularis p. 74 The oris orbicularis circles the mouth and is responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips, as in kissing or whistling. 23. a capillaries p. 79 Capillaries are small vessels that take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells and take waste products from the cells to the veins. 24. c cardiovascular system p. 77 The circulatory system is divided into two sub-systems called the cardiovascular and the lymph-vascular systems. 25. d feet p. 67 Feet are not considered an organ of primary importance. 26. b mixed nerves p. 85 All four of the primary nerves found in the arm and/or hand are mixed nerves. 27. a back p. 73 The occipitalis muscle is located at the nape of the neck and draws the scalp back. 28. d skeletal tissue p. 67 Primary types of tissue include epithelial, connective, nerve, muscular and liquid tissue. 29. b 3 p. 81 The nervous system is divided into three subsystems: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 29

30 30. b ethmoid p. 70 The ethmoid is the spongy bone between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity. 31. c mandible p. 70 The mandible is the lower jaw and the largest bone of the facial skeleton. 32. d sleep p. 73 Massage, electric current, light and heat rays, moist heat, nerve impulses and chemicals are all used to stimulate muscle tissue. 33. a circulatory p. 77 The circulatory or vascular system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body. 34. a lymph p. 81 Lymph is a colorless liquid produced as a byproduct in the process through which plasma passes nourishment to capillaries and cells. 35. d trapezius and latissimus dorsi p. 75 The trapezius and latissimus dorsi cover the back of the neck and upper back. These muscles draw the head back, rotate the shoulder blades and control the swinging of the arm. 36. c vomer p. 70 The vomer is unaffected by facial massage while the mandible, the maxillae, the nasal, the zygomatic and the lacrimal are involved in facial massage. 37. c respiratory system p. 68 The respiratory system controls the body's breathing. 38. a facial nerve p. 84 The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve. 30

31 39. a risorius p. 75 The risorius located at the corner of the mouth, draws the mouth up and out, as in grinning. 40. b muscles p. 81 Primary components of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord and nerves. 41. c phalanges p. 71 The phalanges are the fourteen bones that form the digits or fingers. 42. a cells p. 66 Cells are the basic units of living matter (life). 43. a origin p. 73 The origin is the nonmoving (fixed) portion of the muscle attached to bones or other fixed muscles. 44. b nervous p. 68 The nervous system sends and receives the body's messages. 45. d osteology p. 69 Osteology is the study of bone. 46. a varicose veins p. 79 Varicose veins may be one of the problems experienced by cosmetologists, due to long periods of standing. 47. c maxillae p. 70 The maxillae are the two bones of the upper jaw. 48. b procerus p. 74 The procerus, located between the eyebrows across the bridge of the nose, draws brows down and wrinkles the area across the bridge of the nose. 31

32 49. b origin attachment p. 73 Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the origin attachment. 50. c 8 to 10 pints p. 78 On average, an adult has 8 to 10 pints of blood flowing through the circulatory system. 51. b epicranium p. 73 The scalp or epicranium is of primary interest when performing a scalp massage. 52. b respiratory system p. 87 The primary functions of the respiratory system are the intake of oxygen to be absorbed by the blood and exhalation of carbon dioxide. 53. c temporal p. 69 The temporal are the two bones located on either side of the head, directly above the ears and below the parietal. 54. c non-striated p. 72 The involuntary or non-striated muscles respond automatically to control various body functions including the functions of internal organs. 55. a central p. 81 The central or cerebrospinal system is composed of the brain, spinal cord and spinal and cranial nerves. 56. b They have thicker walls than veins. p. 78 Arteries are tubular, elastic, thick-walled branching vessels that carry pure blood from the heart through the body. 57. d cell membrane p. 66 A cell contains three basic parts: the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. 32

33 58. a left and right atrium p. 77 The interior of the heart contains four chambers. The upper chambers consist of the right atrium and the left atrium. 59. a cardiac p. 72 The cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart itself and is the only muscle of its type in the human body. 60. d microscopic anatomy p. 65 The study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope is called histology or microscopic anatomy. 61. d opponens p. 77 The opponens muscles are located in the palm of the hand and cause the thumb to move toward the fingers, giving the ability to grasp or make a fist. 62. a motor p. 83 Motor or efferent nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles. 63. d corrugator p. 74 The corrugator located between the eyebrows controls the eyebrows, drawing them in and downward. 64. c carpals p. 71 The carpals are the eight small bones held together by ligaments to form the wrist or carpus. 65. d external maxillary p. 80 The external maxillary supplies the lower portion of the face, including the mouth and nose. 66. b belly p. 73 The belly is the term applied to the midsection of the muscle, between the two attached sections. 33

34 67. d serratus anterior p. 76 The serratus anterior is located under the arm. This muscle helps in lifting the arm and in breathing. 68. d skin p. 67 The skin, the body's largest organ, forms the external protective layer of the body. 69. b scapula p. 71 The large, flat bone extending from the middle of the back upward to the joint where it attaches to the clavicle is called the scapula. 70. b endocrine system p. 88 The endocrine system is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction and health of the body. 71. c connective tissue p. 67 Connective tissue supports, protects and holds the body together. 72. c between 44 and 48 ounces p. 81 The average human brain weighs between 44 and 48 ounces. 73. c liver p. 87 The liver converts and neutralizes ammonia from the circulatory system to urea. 74. d sebaceous and sudoriferous p. 88 The two primary glands of the integumentary system are the sebaceous and the sudoriferous glands. 75. a joint p. 69 A joint is the point at which two or more bones are joined together. 76. b trifacial nerve p. 83 The largest of the cranial nerves, the trifacial nerve is the mixed nerve primarily responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain and controlling facial muscle movements. 34

35 77. b cerebrum p. 82 The cerebrum, responsible for mental activity, is located in the upper, front portion of the cranium. 78. c circulating lymph throughout the body p. 72 The functions of the muscular system include support of the skeleton, production of body movements, contouring of the body and involvement in the functions of other body systems. 79. c dendrites p. 82 The short fibers that receive the messages sent by the nerve cells are called dendrites. 80. b cytoplasm p. 66 The cytoplasm, or production department of the cell, is where most of the cell's activities take place. 81. c diaphragm p. 87 The diaphragm expands and contracts automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs. 82. d Adam's apple p. 71 The hyoid bone is the u-shaped bone referred to as the "Adam's apple" located in the throat. 83. d sensory and motor nerves p. 82 The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory and motor nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. 84. c attracts oxygen p. 78 Hemoglobin attracts oxygen molecules through a process known as oxygenation. 85. a heart p. 77 The heart, a cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest cavity, is normally the size of a closed fist. 35

36 86. a tissues p. 67 Groups of cells of the same kind make up tissues. 87. a liquid tissue p. 67 Liquid tissue carries food, waste products and hormones. 88. a ulna p. 71 The ulna is the bone located on the little finger side of the lower arm. 89. c trapezius p. 75 The trapezius and latissimus dorsi cover the back and upper back. 90. a anatomy p. 65 Anatomy is the study of the organs and systems of the body. 91. d ophthalmic p. 84 The ophthalmic branch is the main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of the face. 92. b microscopic anatomy p. 65 The study of structures too small to be seen except through a microscope is called histology or microscopic anatomy. 93. d helps circulate blood throughout the body p. 69 The functions of the skeletal system include allowing body movement, protecting the internal organs and supporting the body by giving it shape and strength. 94. a 2/3 mineral matter p. 69 Bone is the hardest structure of the body with a composition that is 2/3 mineral matter and 1/3 organic matter. 95. b p. 77 The normal heart beats times per minute. 36

37 96. c brain p. 81 The brain controls all three subsystems of the nervous system. 97. b enzymes p. 86 The digestive process begins as soon as food is ingested, when enzymes secreted by the salivary glands start breaking down food. 98. b non-striated p. 72 There are two types of muscle tissue: striated and non-striated. 99. d spinal column p. 71 The cervical vertebrae are the seven bones that form the top part of the spinal column b cardiovascular p. 77 The cardiovascular or blood-vascular system, which is responsible for the circulation of blood, includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries c left and right ventricle p. 77 The interior of the heart contains four chambers. The lower chambers consist of the right ventricle and the left ventricle a nasal p. 70 The nasal are the two bones which join to form the bridge of the nose d autonomic p. 85 The autonomic system is responsible for all involuntary body functions a anabolism p. 66 During anabolism, the body stores water, food and oxygen for the times when they are needed by the body c frontalis p. 73 The frontalis muscle extends from the forehead to the top of the skull. It raises eyebrows or draws the scalp forward. 37

38 106. c lower lip p. 84 The mandibular nerve branch extends to the muscles of the chin and lower lip b shoulder p. 71 The humerus, the largest bone of the upper arm, extends from the elbow to the shoulder d medulla oblongata p. 84 The posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical branches are all facial nerve branches c myology p. 72 Myology is the study of the structure, function and diseases of the muscles c nucleus p. 66 The nucleus, or control center, of cell activities b thrombocytes p. 78 Blood platelets or thrombocytes are responsible for the clotting of blood d abductor p. 77 Abductor muscles separate the fingers c endocrine system p. 88 The endocrine system directly affects hair growth, skin conditions and energy levels a blood p. 78 Blood is the sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body bringing nourishment and oxygen to all body parts and carrying toxins and waste products to the liver and kidneys to be eliminated d eyesocket p. 74 The orbicularis oculi circles the eyesocket and functions to close the eyelid. 38

39 116. b spinal cord p. 82 The spinal cord, composed of long nerve fibers, originates in the base of the brain and extends to the base of the spine a skeletal system p. 69 The physical foundation of the body is the skeletal system a axons p. 82 Nerve cells differ in appearance from other cells due to the long and short thread-like fibers called axons c catabolism p. 66 Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones a two p. 69 Bones of the skull are divided into two groups: the eight bones of the cranium and the fourteen bones of the facial skeleton c system p. 68 A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body. 39