Mesa College Bio 230 Human Anatomy

Transcription

1 Mesa College Bio 230 Human Anatomy Fall 2010 Tim Plagge, Instructor Course Objectives Upon successful completion of this course you should: Know and be able to identify relevant tissues and microscopic structures of the human body Know and be able to identify the relevant gross anatomical structures of the human body Understand the inter-relationships between the different systems of the body & how the structures of the systems relate to the functioning of the systems. What I expect from you: 1. to be ready for class at the scheduled start time, 2. read the assigned material prior to class, this allows for more discussion & less blah, blah, blah., 3. to be prepared for quizzes, 4. to fully utilize the lab time we have as well as open labs if you are planning on attending open labs, please consider being an open lab volunteer, 5. to handle and treat the lab materials care, the models are very expensive to replace. 1

2 Examinations & Quizzes There will be 5 lecture exams and 6 lab practical exams. Each lecture exam will be 50 points. Each lab exam will be 50 points. I will hand out lab guides and exercises. They are designed to help you in lab as well as lecture. Practical exams will be on models, as well as preserved specimens & cadavers (if available). Quizzes will be unannounced and will be worth 5 points each. They will start at 6:00 promptly, and there are no make-ups for quizzes. Lab protocol You should not: Wear open toed shoes in lab Have long hair that is not pulled back (so it doesn t hang into specimens you may be working with) Eat or drink in lab Dissect the cadavers when they are out that is another classes job. You should: Bring your book and any hand outs that were given or ed to you Be prepared to use the entire lab time Bring gloves, or better yet, keep a few pair in your book bag. Some FAQ s 2

3 1. What are your tests like? Sample Lecture Exam Question Level One (knowledge) Question 1. Intercalated discs are found in what tissue? a. intervertebral cartilage b. cardiac muscle c. duodeno-jujenum junction d. osseous tissue Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions. Sample Lecture Exam Question Level 6 Question (evaluation) 1. The best tissue for increasing the stability of a diarthritic joint would be? a. osseous tissue b. dense irregular tissue c. dense irregular tissue d. hyaline cartilage Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions. 3

4 Some Sample Lab Exam Items 1. This tissue would be best identified as. 2. Does spelling count? 3. Why? 4

5 4. I m done what should I do? The Human Body: An Orientation Today s Topics... Overview of Anatomy Structural Organization System Overview Microscopic and Anatomical Study Techniques Gross Anatomy Terminology Planes & Sections, Regions & Quadrants The Body Plan & Body Cavities 5

6 How The Body is Studied... Anatomical Study the examination of the structures from Microscopic to gross anatomical structures Using different tools such as: Microscopy (light & electron), CT scans, MRI, X-rays, dissection... more later Physiological Study the study of how the body functions Also uses tools such as: PET scans, ECG, sphygmomanometer... An Overview of Anatomy Divisions of anatomy Developmental anatomy Embryology Pathological anatomy (pathology) Radiographic anatomy Functional morphology Menu An Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology based on ancient Greek or Latin Provides standard nomenclature worldwide 6

7 Microscopic Anatomy Preparing human tissue for microscopy Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures Acidic stain negatively charged dye molecules Basic stain positively charged dye molecules Specimen is then imaged Microscopic Anatomy Microscopy examining small structures through a microscope Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification) May be SEM or TEM SEM (scanning electron microscopy) TEM (transmission electron microscopy) Clinical Anatomy An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques X ray electromagnetic waves of very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures 7

8 Clinical Anatomy An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques Variations of X ray Fluoroscope x rays emitted through the specimen and images are viewed on a fluorescent screen Cineradiography uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements Advanced X-Ray Techniques Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section Advanced X-Ray Techniques Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) provides an unobstructed view of small arteries, used to find blockages, aneurisms... 8

9 Advanced X-Ray Techniques Positron emission tomography (PET) forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Sonography (ultrasound imaging) body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues Advanced X-Ray Techniques Menu Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces high-quality images of soft tissues Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (densities) The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Small/Simple Large/Complex Chemical Level atoms form molecules Cellular level cells and their functional subunits Tissue level a group of cells performing a common function Organ level a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ system organs working together for a common purpose Organismal level the result of all simpler levels working in unison 9

10 Levels of Structural Organization Menu Figure 1.1 Overview of Systems & General Functions Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/Immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Integumentary System Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands 10

11 Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles Blood cells formed within bones Stores fat (energy) & minerals Skeletal System Allows for movement internal movment movement of body Support Facial expression Maintains posture Thermogenesis Muscular System Nervous System Fast-acting control system Integrates all sensory information Responds to internal and external changes Developing neuron 11

12 Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate: Development Growth Reproduction Nutrient use Metabolism Works in synergy with the nervous system Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood regulate pressure & control volume Blood carries O 2 & CO 2 also carries nutrients & wastes carries hormones involved in hemostasis Heart pumps blood Creates pressure gradient for transportation and filtration Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body 12

13 Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Air exchange & gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs Protection Hormone production Digestive System Ingestion Digestion: breaks down food into absorbable units Absorption Motility Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance 13

14 Male & Female Reproductive Systems Menu Overall function is to produce offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Mammary glands produce milk Gross Anatomy An Introduction Anatomical position a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Directional terminology always refers to the body in anatomical position Gross Anatomy An Introduction Menu 14

15 Gross Anatomy Terminology Directional terms Will usually be relational (i.e. the eyes are medial to the nose... Or the nose is intermediate to the eyes). Regional terms names of specific body areas Axial region the main axis of the body Appendicular region the limbs Orientation and Directional Terms Superior toward the upper part of a structure (or body), above Inferior toward the lower part of a structure (or body), below The heart is superior to the diaphragm The mouth is inferior to the nose Anterior Toward (or at) the front of the body (or structure) Posterior Toward (or at) the back of the body (or structure) The trachea is anterior to the esophagus The heart is posterior to the sternum Orientation and Directional Terms continued Medial Toward the midline of the body or structure Intermediate Between a more medial and a more lateral structure Lateral Away from the midline of the body or structure Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Further from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The sternum is medial to the scapula The nose is intermediate to, or between, the eyes The scapula are lateral to the vertebral column The shoulder is proximal to the elbow The ankle is distal to the knee 15

16 Orientation and Directional Terms continued Superficial Nearer or closer to the surface of the body, external Deep Away or further from the body surface, internal The epidermis is superficial to the dermis The muscles are deep to the skin Regional Terms Menu Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse plane Runs horizontally divides body into superior and inferior parts Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline 16

17 Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Abdominal regions divides abdomen into nine regions Abdominal quadrants divides abdomen into four quadrants Abdominal Regions These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes. The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process. The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests. Figure 1.11a, b The Human Body Plan These are characteristics shared with all Vertebrates! Tube-within-a-tube Bilateral symmetry Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord and vertebrae Segmentation Pharyngeal pouches Body Cavities 17

18 Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral cavity (continued) Abdominopelvic cavity divided into two parts Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum 18

19 Body Cavities Body Cavities and Membranes Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane and include: Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum The membranes lining the cavities are named: Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers visceral organs 19

20 Body Cavities and Membranes outer layer = parietal serosa (membrane) space in between = body cavity inner layer = visceral serosa (membrane) Body Cavities and Membranes Pericardial Cavity Pleural Cavity Body Cavities and Membranes Abdominal Cavity 20

21 Body Cavities and Membranes Other cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities 21