Female households and poverty: A case study of Faisalabad District

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1 Intrnational Journal of Pac and Dvlopmnt Studis Vol. 2(2), pp , Fbruary 2011 Availabl onlin at ISSN Acadmic Journals Full Lngth Rsarch Fmal and povrty: A cas study of Faisalabad District Zahoor Hussain Javd* and Aysha Asif GC Univrsity, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Accptd 12 January, 2011 This study shows th rlationship btwn fmal-hadd, mal houshold and povrty in th two Thisils of District Faisalabad. Eighty rspons clints wr intrviwd. Compar mans; rgrssions and th binary Logit rgrssions analysis ar usd to dtct th rlationship btwn fmal houshold, mal houshold and th factors that affct th possibility towards povrty. Linar rsults indicat that ducation, scondary arnrs, numbr of childrn and occupations ar th significant factors that affct monthly incom of th family. Nvrthlss, rsults indicat that incom, consumption, family siz and hadship status, play vital rol to dtrmin th lvl of povrty. Thr is ngativ rlationship btwn had of and povrty. Fmal houshold s hads hav fwr assts, lowr arning capacity than mal-hadd. Rsults suggst that th nd for spcial intrvntions, skilld knowldg and spcific infrastructurs ar rquird for th improvmnt womn community. Ky words: Fmal houshold s had, povrty, Faisalabad. INTRODUCTION This rsarch xplors th rlationship btwn fmalhadd and povrty allviation. Buvinic and Gupta (1997) suggst that houshold had dfind to b on with authority and incom arning rsponsibility. This rsarch has classifid fmals and mals who hav authority and incom arns liability. Fmalhadd ar thos whr no adult mal ar thr du to divorc, brak up, sparation, migration, non migration or widow or whr man although prsnt but do not contribut to th houshold. Womanhadd may b classifid into fiv diffrnt catgoris such as, (1) with no mal spous or partnr prsnt at any tim, (2) whr th mal partnr is a tmporary rsidnt, (3) from which th mal spous or (4) partnr is tmporarily not prsnt, (5) in which th mal spous or partnr is prsnt, but his contribution to th conomic maintnanc of th houshold is marginal or from which th mal spous or partnr is absnt, but on *Corrsponding author. zahoorhj64@yahoo.com. Tl: , or mor adult prsnt (Youssf and Htlr,1983). Th followings possibl dtrminant of fmal suprvision ar commonly dtctabl in Pakistan: Widows living on thir own with or without dpndants, Womn whos husbands ar unmployd, or undrmployd, or old ag or disability; bachlor/singl fmals who ar th individual/main montary supportrs of dpndnt/unmployd family mmbrs; Womn alinatd from labor immigrant husbands who rciv rgular or irrgular paymnts and womn whos husbands ar imprisond for unlawful offncs, as wll as thos who rlatd to war and clash. Th standard UN dfinition giv th unaccptabl rsult that thr ar no fmal hads of among marrid womn at all. Mor xprssly, thr ar four typs of conomic rsponsibilitis, satisfying any of which qualifis womn as had of th. In Typ 1 only fmal is th arnr in th family, Typ 2 includd only fmal arnrs, and thr is no mal incom. Typ 3 consist of fmal th rspondnt, that is, this mans that hr arnings ar mor than that of any othr prson, mal or fmal, in th family and Typ 4 comprisd of fmal group this typ of is diffrnt from th othr two in that th combind arnings of all

2 38 Int. J. Pac and Dv. Stud. fmals in th family xcd th combind arnings of all mals in th family (Mohiuddin, 1989). Lipton (1988) and Townsnd (2006) dscrib in such way that thr is no idal dfinition of th povrty. Th absolut poor ar dfind as thos with pr capita incom too low to afford 2,250 caloris pr day. This study spak to th following qustions: What ar th factors which motivat fmal to work? Is thr any rlationship btwn houshold hadship and povrty? Ar fmal-hadd mor suscptibl to povrty thn mal hadd? Justification of study In Pakistan, th rsarch would sk th association btwn povrty and had of houshold. Various socio conomic variabls ar usd to compar th diffrnt typs of fmal-hadd in th rsidntial districts lik plac (urban or rural), marital status, avrag family siz, numbr of dpndnt, numbr of arnr, highst lvl of ducation, mploymnt, occupation, hous ownrship and typ of building. Organization of th study Firstly, w hav th introduction followd by a rviw of th litratur on fmal-hadd and povrty. Nxt is a prsntation of data and mthodology and finally conclusions, suggstions and rfrncs ar givn. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Th litratur has nlargd vision for th study about th rlationship btwn povrty and sx of houshold had. It also providd furthr dirction to th problms and rduc th possibilitis of unncssary and duplication of fforts. Guinhall (1973) and Ennis (1975) xplain that incom of womn is lowr than mn in vry chif profssional group xcpt laborr. This discourags th fmals to work and incras th obstacls for thm rsulting in lowr povrty lvl. Mrrick and Schimink (1983) dscrib that du to th dual rol of fmal hadship, fmal hads ar hlplss, both by tim constraints and through gndr discrimination in th labor markt. A larg numbr of fmal hads, both d facto and d jur, ar mployd in jobs in th casual zon in which human capital variabls do not influnc incom. Kazi and Raza (1998) rvals that th subst of th fmal-hadd consist of thr distinct groups; wivs of migrants; Divorcd and Widowd and wivs of non arning husbands. Th rsults of this rsarch show that whil th first group was rlativly wll off and mployd in whit collar jobs th othr two catgoris did indd blong to poorst strata of socity. This gav an ida that thr was diffrnc vn amongst th fmal-hadd. McLod (1988), Pasacharopoulos t al. (1992) in his study talkd about th fact that th incom pattrns of fmal workrs ar a bit zlowr than thos of mal workrs which discouragd fmals to ntr th labor forc. Moradha t al. (2001) and Bibars (2001) providd information to support or cancl out som issus particularly, th prcivd notion that ths ar lss wll off in th socio conomic sns than th mal hadd and that th fmal-hadd at th gratr risk of th povrty pointd out that ag sm to play a formost rol in intrvn disadvantag, idntifying that its particular influncd on womn at diffrnt stags of th lif cours varid from on contxt to anothr. In Egypt, for xampl, that many fmal hads wr poor bcaus thy ar old, illitrat and unabl to work. Gangopadhyay and Wadhwa (2003), Chant (2003), Badn and Milward (1997), Lipton and Ravallion (1995) statd that thr is no systmatic vidnc about th povrty of womn around th world. Jung (2004) highlightd th problms in spcific to Pakistan and rportd that gndr discrimination is dp rootd in Pakistani socity and sxual harassmnt in work plac is oftn rgardd as on of its lmnts manifstations. Womn ar usually intimidatd through on way or th othr at workplac by co-workrs and mployrs which raisd th problms fac by womn and rsults in mor povrty than mal hadd. Fridun (2005) concludd a fullr undrstanding of th rang of fmalhadd disprovd th assumption that fmal-hadd ar th poorst of th poor. That is, fmal-hadd do not translat into povrty, not dos th advrsity that many of thm xprinc translat into fortun. Takann (2007) xamind various significant charactristics of fmal-hadd in rural Malawi. His main findings of th study ar thrfold. First, fmal-hadd ar in a damaging position rlativ to thir mal countrparts in trms of labor ndowmnt, farm siz, and agricultural production. Th low productivity in own-farm cultivation among th fmal-hadd stmmd mainly from th low application of frtilizr, an input that was byond th rach of th poorr du to th pric. Th high cost of inputs, spcially of frtilizr, has prvntd rsourc from poor fmal-hadd from improving maiz slf-sufficincy through incrasd productivity and from ngaging in high-rturn agricultur such as tobacco production. Scondly, although fmalhadd, on avrag, appard to hav lss incom than thir mal countrparts, thr ar markd disparitis within th catgory of fmal-hadd.

3 Javd and Asif 39 Tabl 1. Family incom of houshold had. Variabls Dpndnt variabl Y 1 Dscription Log of monthly incom of th family Indpndnt variabls X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 Ag of th had (in yars) ducation of had (in yars) Numbr of childrn (<15 yars) Numbr of scondary arnr Plac (rural or urban) Occupation of husband (dummy) Hadship Status (Dummy) Y = (X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6, X 7), Whr: Y 1 = natural log of monthly incom of th family, Log-lin modl, Ln (Yt) = b 1+b 2ln (X t) + t. Factors that nabld som fmal-hadd to achiv a high incom includ availability of highrturn non farm incom opportunitis, us of social ntworks to obtain labor and incom opportunitis, land attainmnt through suppl application of inhritanc ruls, and th xistnc of informal tobacco markting. Thirdly, mploymnt divrsification was adoptd by both mal-hadd and fmal-hadd, but th fmal-hadd rly mor on off-farm incom than thir mal countrparts. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Rsarch mthod is an ndlss ffort for truth, dfinitly, it brings to light nw knowldg or corrct prvious rrors. Primary data sourc Kping in viw th importanc of this rsarch and limitd rsourcs lik tim and mony, it was limitd to District Faisalabad and includs of fiv thsils: 1) Th. Faisalabad, 2) Th. Sumandri, 3) Th.Jaranwala, 4) Th. Tandlianwala and 5) Th. Chak Jhumra. Sampl slction Random sampling tchniqu was usd for th slction of th sampl. District Faisalabad consists of 5 thsils, out of 5 thsils of District Faisalabad, 2 thsils ar randomly slctd namly Thsil Faisalabad and Thsil Jaranwala. Du to low litracy lvl among popl it was dcidd to utiliz th intrviwing schdul as a tchniqu of data collction. An intrviwing schdul is a st of qustion which ar askd and filld in by th intrviwing in fac to fac situation with rspondnts. Data collction Randomly houshold survy of 70 fmal-hadd and malhadd wr conductd in August 2009 from Faisalabad District. Th rsarchr intrviwd all th rspondnts prsonally. Although qustions wr dvlopd in English, th actual qustionnair was conductd in Urdu or Punjabi according to situation, in ordr to nabl th rspondnt to rspond with grat clrity and accuracy. Analysis of data Information thus obtaind was tabulatd, analyzd by using following tchniqus: 1) Compar man analysis, 2) Multipl rgrssion analysis and 3) Binary logistic rgrssion analysis. Comparison of man analysis Two groups wr dfind according to Fmal-hadd and Mal hadd. Following paramtrs wr includd in man comparison analysis. (1) Total monthly incom of th family, (2) Total monthly consumption of th family, (3) Total valu of proprty own by family, (4)Total valu of gold own by family, (5)Total valu of vhicl own by family, (6) Total valu of appliancs own by family. Multipl rgrssion analysis Multipl rgrssion analysis was carrid out to find dtrminants of family incom. Ag, ducation, numbr of small childrn, numbr of scondary arnrs, plac occupation and hadship status wr usd as prdictors. Family incom of houshold had was applid on diffrnt variabls as in Tabl 1. Binary logistic rgrssion analysis Charactristics of th houshold had such as ag, gndr of th houshold had, ducation and houshold charactristics lik, plac, occupation, family siz, dpndnt and arnrs wr usd as xplanatory variabls. Ag of th houshold had was masurd in yars. Gndr of th houshold had was calculatd by a qualitativ variabl namd gndr (mal = 1, fmal = 0). Education variabl was dtrmind by ducational yars of houshold had. Occupation variabl was masurd by a qualitativ variabl namd occupation (1=mployd, 0 othrwis). Variabls dpndnt and arnrs wr masurd by th numbr of dpndnts and arnrs in a houshold. In logistic rgrssion analysis, dpndnt variabl assumd th valu of 1 for poor and zro for non poor.

4 40 Int. J. Pac and Dv. Stud. Hr dichotomous dpndnt variabl was usd. Traditionally qualitativ modls can b stimatd by thr mthods: a) linar probability modl, b) logit modl, c) probit modl. Chif criticism on linar probability modl is that it givs ris to htroscdasticity problm and thr is no guarant that probability will li btwn 0 and 1 but most important thing is that in this modl probability is linarly rlatd with xplanatory variabls. To avoid this problm, w tak log of th xplanatory variabls. Probit modl is snsitiv of normality assumption whras logit modl assums a logistic distribution. So logit modl is usd in th prsnt study. Th spcification of th logit modl is as follows: p i = E( Y = 1 ) Xi Hr Y = 1 mans that a particular houshold had is poor and X dnots th st of xplanatory variabls usd. Hr P i is th conditional probability that a particular houshold had is poor. In contxt of logit modl it is: = E( Y = 1 ) = Xi 1+ β + βx Lt Z i = ( 0 i) 1 = 1 + Whr, = 1+ 1 ( β 0+βXi) If P i givs th probability of bing poor thn (1 P i) will giv th probability of not bing poor; 1 1 = 1+ Th ratio of th poor to non poor is writtn as: 1 1+ = 1+ Z i = P i / (1 P i) is calld th odd ratio in favor of bing poor. Taking th natural log of th odd ratio w obtain: P 1 pi i L i = ln( ) = And w know that: = β 0 + βxi So w can say that L i is linar in paramtrs and in xplanatory variabls dnotd by X i. Th point of advantag of this modl is that hr only Li th logit is linarly rlatd with but not th probabilitis (Gujarati, 2004). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This dals with th charactristics of fmal-hadd and mal hadd in diffrnt shap lik: Socio-conomic profil i) Location ii) Wddd status iii) Family incom iv) Education of houshold-had v) Family siz vi) Hous ownrship Th occurrnc of Typ 1 and 2 shows that th husband/mal guardian is dad, sick, old, unmployd or unwilling to work whil Typ 3 and 4 shows th cass whr th husband/mal guardian is slf-mployd, or has a low paying occupation, or is partially mployd. Tabl 2 shows that out of 50 hads of houshold from sampl, 10% womn wr th only arnrs in thir familis, 7.1% wr joint arnrs with othr womn 2.9% wr only fmal arnrs and 11.4% wr s. This also shows that 31.4% womn liv in rural aras whil 40% liv in urban aras. 10% mal liv in rural aras and 18.6% liv in urban aras. Sinc th valu of chi squar is and it is insignificant which shows that two variabls ar not indpndnt and concludd that thr was no association btwn ths two variabls. Similarly th valu of gamma is which is insignificant and shows that thr was no rlationship btwn both variabls. A comparison of fmal and non-fmal-hadd shows that widowd and singl womn ar ovr rprsntd in th formr and marrid in th lattr. 14.3% widowd in ovr all sampl ar houshold hads, with 4.3% of thm bing th "only arnrs" (Typ 1). 27.1% of th fmal-hadd ar rmaining as singl womn. Th rason for th xistnc of such in Pakistan is that ths singl womn wr th brad winnr for thir familis du to dath of fathr, or absnc of ldr brothr, or low incom of mal family mmbrs. Sinc th valu of chi -squar was and it was significant so w rjct our hypothsis. This shows that thr is clos association btwn ths two variabls btwn marital status and hadship status, similarly th valu of gamma is which is significant that indicat that thr is ngativ rlationship btwn both variabls.

5 Javd and Asif 41 Tabl 2. Distribution of houshold s location and typ of conomic rsponsibility. Plac Typ 1 only arnr Typ of conomic rsponsibility Typ 2 only fmal arnr Typ 3 fmal Typ 4 fmal group All Fmal-hadd houshold Mal hadd houshold All Rural 7 (10.0) 2 (2.9) 8 (11.4) 5 (7.1) 22 (31.4) 7 (10.0) 29 (41.4) Urban 6 (8.6) 6 (8.6) 8 (11.4) 8 (11.4) 28 (40) 13 (18.6) 41 (58.6) All houshold 13 (18.6) 8 (11.4) 16 (22.9) 16 (22.6) 50 (71.42) 20 (28.6) 70 (100.0) Survy data (2009) Chi squar tst of indpndnc. Figurs in parnthsis rfr to prcntag Chi sq. valu =0.477,; Sig=0.490; Gamma = ; Sig= Occupation Occupation is a particular and continuous activity, which on chass in ordr to mt basic ncssitis of lif and uphold a dfinit social status in th socity. Only 18.6% fmal-hadd arn from ovrall sampl 35.7%. Morovr, 5.8% husband from ovrall sampl in fmal-hadd hav a rgular or prmannt job, 4.3% slf mployd and 12.9% wr privatly mployd. Th valu of chi squar is and is significant so w rjct our hypothsis. Thrfor, two variabls ar indpndnt and thr is positiv association btwn ths two variabls. Similarly, th valu of gamma is 0.52 and is significant. This shows that thr is positiv rlationship btwn both variabls. Family incom Incom is th total mony valu of srvics which ar rcivd by individual from all sourcs including his own activitis. It is found that about 8.6% of womn in mal hadd hav lss family incom than Rs 10,000 pr month, 28.6% for all fmal-hadd takn togthr and12.9% fmal-hadd and mal hadd hav a family incom lss than 20,000 rspctivly; only 8.6% hav family incom abov 30,000. Sinc th valu of chi squar is and is significant so w rjct our hypothsis, this shows that thr is association btwn family incom and hadship status, similarly th valu of gamma that is 0.32 significant and indicats that thr is positiv family incom and hadship status. Education of houshold had In this study, human capital is masurd by total amount of ducation obtaind by th houshold had. Tabl 3 xposd that 14.6% fmal and 8.6 % mal ar only litrat. 14.3% fmal-hadd and 1.4 mal hadd compltd thir primary classs fmal-hadd and 4.3 mal hadd compltd thir scondary ducation fmal-hadd and 4.3% mal hadd compltd thir graduation, whil only 7.1 fmal-hadd and 5.7% mal hadd hold th dgr of mastrs or othr profssions. Th valu of chi squar is and is insignificant. And this shows that thr is no association btwn ths two variabls. Similarly, th valu of gamma is Family siz Tabl 4 shows that 31.4% popl liv in familis. Whil 37.2% fmal-hadd and 15.7 mal hadd liv in familis consisting 5 to 7 family mmbrs. 12.8% fmal-hadd liv with familis containing mmbrs abov 7. Th valu of chi squar is 0.72 and is insignificant so w rjct our hypothsis; nvrthlss, thr no rlationship btwn family siz and hadship status, similarly th valu of gamma is 0.16 which is insignificant. This indicats that thr is no rlationship btwn ths variabls. Ownrship of hous Tabl 5 xprss that thr is 52.9% fmalhadd hav thir own hous and 18.6% liv on rntd houss. Th valu of chi squar is and is insignificant so w rjctd our hypothsis and this shows that thr is association btwn hous ownrship and fmalhadd. Similarly th valu of gamma is is insignificant which indicat that thr is no rlationship btwn both variabls.

6 42 Int. J. Pac and Dv. Stud. Tabl 3. Distribution of by ducation and typ of conomic rsponsibility. Education Typ 1 only arnr Typ of conomic rsponsibility Typ 2 only fmal arnr Typ 3 fmal Typ 4 fmal group All fmal-hadd Mal hadd All Only litrat 1 (1.4) 4 (5.7) 2 (2.9) 3 (4.3) 10 (14.6) 6 (8.6) 16 (22.9) Primary (1 to 5) 2 (2.9) 3 (4.3) 2 (2.9) 3 (4.3) 10 (14.3) 1 (1.4) 11 (15.7) Scondary (6 to 10) 5 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.9) 4 (5.7) 11 (15.7) 3 (4.3) 14 (20.0) Intrmdiat (11 to 12) 4 (5.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 5 (7.1) 3 (4.3) 8 (11.4) Graduation (13 to 14) 1 (1.4) 1 (1.4) 4 (5.7) 3 (4.3) 9 (12.7) 3 (4.3) 12 (17.1) Highr ducation 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 5 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 5 (7.1) 4 (5.7) 9 (12.9) All 13 (18.6) 8 (11.4) 16 (22.9) 13 (18.6) 50 (71.4) 20 (28.6) 70 (100.0) Survy data (2009) Chi squar tst of indpndnc. Figurs in parnthsis rfr to prcntag. Chi sq. valu =4.519, Sig. =0.47l; Gamma = -0.80, Sig. = Tabl 4. Distribution of by family siz and typ of conomic rsponsibility. Family siz Typ 1 only arnr Typ of conomic rsponsibility Typ 2 only fmal arnr Typ 3 fmal Typ 4 fmal group All fmal-hadd Mal hadd All Up to 4 8 (11.4) 2 (2.9) 4 (5.7) 1 (1.4) 15 (21.4) 7 (10.0) 22 (31.4) 5 to 7 4 (5.7) 6 (8.6) 9 (12.9) 7 (10.0) 26 (37.2) 11 (15.7) 37 (52.9) Abov 7 1 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 3 (4.3) 5 (7.1) 9 (12.8) 2 (2.9) 11 (15.7) All 13 (18.6) 8 (11.4) 16 (22.9) 13 (918.6) 50 (71.4) 20 (28.6) 70 ( Survy data (2009) Chi Squar tst of indpndnc. Figurs in parnthsis rfr to prcntag. Chi sq. valu=0.720, Sig. =0.698; Gamma = , Sig. = Dgr of povrty It is found that 44.3% which ar fmalhadd fall blow th povrty lin (7.1% of Typ 1, 1.4% of Typ 2, 15.5% of Typ 3, 2.9% of Typ 4) compard to 10% of thos who ar malhadd. Th valu of chi squar is 4.19 and is significant so w do not rjct our hypothsis that thr is positiv association btwn povrty and hadship status, similarly th valu of gamma is 0.52 and is significant which indicat thr is positiv rlationship. COMPARISON OF MEANS ANALYSIS Tst of hypothsis Th hypothss wr tstd through th monthly family incom, monthly consumption, and valu of proprty, total valu of gold and total valu of vhicl own by th hads. It was found that th man valu of monthly incom of th family of mal hadd was highr and significant at 10%, similarly total valu gold and total valu own by th hads is significant. This lvl of significant shows that thr is diffrnc btwn mal-hadd and fmal-hadr s of proprty and monthly consumption. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS Rgrssion rsults for th family incom ar shown for fmal-hadd houshold and mal

7 Javd and Asif 43 Tabl 5. Distribution of by hous ownrship and typ of conomic rsponsibility. Hous ownrship Typ 1 only arnr Typ of conomic rsponsibility Typ 2 only fmal arnr Typ 3 fmal Typ 4 fmal group All fmal-hadd Mal hadd All Ownd 10 (14.3) 6 (8.6) 14 (20.0) 7 (10.0) 37 (52.9) 13 (18.6) 50 (71.4) Rntal 3 (4.3) 2 (2.9) 2 (2.9) 6 (8.6) 13 (18.6) 7 (10.0) 20 (28.6) All 13 (18.6) 8 (11.4) 16 (22.9) 13 (18.6) 50 (71.4) 20 (28.6) 70 (100.0) Survy data (2009) Chi Squar tst of indpndnc. Figurs in parnthsis rfr to prcntag Chi sq. valu =4.642, Sig. =0.326; Gamma = , Sig. = hadd. Th indpndnt variabls ar: X 1 = Ag of th houshold had (in yars), X 2 = Education of houshold had (in yars), X 3 = Numbr of childrn lss than I5 yars of ag X 4 = Numbr of scondary arnrs, othr than houshold had, X 5 = Plac (=1urban, 0 = othrwis) X 6 = Occupation of husband (= 1 if any occupation, 0 = othrwis); and X 7 = Hadship status (= 1 if mal hadd, 0 = othrwis). In th rgrssion analysis, total valu of family incom usd as dpndnt variabl and ag, ducation, childrn, scondary arnrs, plac, occupation and hadship hav takn as xplanatory variabls. Tabl 6 shows that all stimatd paramtrs hav th xpctd signs. In ach cas, ducation, scondary arnrs and mal occupation and childrn hav statistically significant and hav xpctd signs xcpt ag, plac and hadship. Thus family incom is highr in a houshold of thos had who complt thir primary ducation or abov than illitrat had. Similarly, th ffct of scondary arnrs on family incom is positiv. BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS Binary Logistic Rgrssion rsults for th Povrty ar shown for fmal and mal-hadd. Th indpndnt variabls ar: X 1 = Ag of th houshold had (in yars), X 2 =Education of houshold had (in yars); X 3 = Log of Family incom, X 4 =Log of consumption, X 5 =Plac (=1urban, 0 = othrwis), X 6 = Family Siz, X 7 = Hadship status (= 1 if mal hadd, 0 = othrwis). Dpndnt variabl assumd th valu of 1 for a houshold living on and blow povrty lin and 0 othrwis. Ag of th houshold had, gndr of th houshold had, ducation attainmnt of th houshold had, plac, family siz, log of family incom and log of consumption wr usd as xplanatory variabls. Rsults indicatd that family incom, consumption, family siz and hadship status wr significant in dtrmining povrty. Plac, ducation, and family incom wr ngativly rlatd with th probability of povrty. Thr was positiv rlationship btwn fmal-hadd and povrty. Thr is positiv rlationship btwn family siz and povrty as th family siz and povrty movs in sam dirctions. Rsults wr consistnt with th findings of Chaudhry (2003), Owuor t al. (2007) and Awan t al. (2008). CONCLUSIONS This study is basd on fmal-hadd, mal and thir rlation with povrty conductd in district Faisalabad. This study shows th basic charactristics of fmalhadd houshold s. Th binary Logistic rgrssion analysis is usd to study th factors that affct th probability towards povrty. Th main findings ar calculatd: 31.4% fmalhadd liv in rural aras whil 40% liv in urban aras. 10% mal hadd liv in rural aras and 18.6% liv in urban aras. Th rason for th xistnc of such in Pakistan is that ths singl womn ar th brad winnrs for thir familis du to dath of fathr, or absnc of ldr brothr, or low incom of mal family mmbrs or divorcd. 35.7% fmal-hadd houshold s husband or guardians ar unmployd. Th rsults of binary logistic modl shows that th ag and ducation variabl possssd th corrct xpctd sign but is not significant. Education was insignificant and posssss a corrct sign as th ducation incras th probability of that houshold bing poor dcras. Fmal-hadd wr mor suscptibl toward povrty than mal hadd. Fmal-hadd ar poorr bcaus thy support mor dpndants, that is hav a highr ratio of non-workrs to work, a gratr tndncy to hav childrn compar to othr typs of. Fmal houshold s hads hav fwr assts

8 44 Int. J. Pac and Dv. Stud. Tabl 6. Rgrssion analysis of dtrminants of houshold of family incom. Prdictors Cofficints Std. rror t-valu Constant 3.903*** Ag Education 0.021*** No. of childrn -0.46*** Scondary arnrs 0.07*** Plac(dummy) Occupation (dummy) 0.154*** Hadship(dummy) Dpndnt variabl: Log of family incom. *, **, ***= 10, 5 and 1% lvl of significanc, rspctivly and lowr arning capacity than mal-hadd. Rsults suggsts that th nd for spcial intrvntions for womn in hadd by womn, givn thm skilld knowldg. In a nut shll, womn should b ncouragd to obtain tchnical ducation, and information to improv thir skills and improv lvl of incom for thir family and powr of rul should go into th hands of lowr lvl of th popl. REFERENCES Badn S, Milward K (1997). Gndr Inquality and Povrty: Trnds, Linkags, Analysis and Policy Implications. (Prpard for th SwdishIntrnational Dvlopmnt Agncy). Brighton: Institut of Dvlopmnt Studis, Univrsity of Sussx. Bridg Rport No. 30, Bibars I (2001) Victims and Hroins: Womn, Wlfar and th Egyptian Stat. [Onlin] Availabl from bibars [Accssd 15 Jun 2009]. Buvinic M, Gta RG(1997). Fmal-Hadd Housholds and Fmal- Maintaind Familis: Ar Thy Worth Targting to Rduc Povrty in Dvloping Countris? Econ. Dv. Cult. Chang., 45(2): Chant S (2003). Fmal Houshold Hadship and th Fminization of Povrty: Facts, Fictions and Forward Stratgis. London School of Economics, Gndr Institut, Nw Working Rsarch Sris, Issu 9. [Onlin] Availabl at houshold.doc [Accssd on 2 July Ennis K (1975). Womn fight back, womn s voic and th intrnational socialists, London. Guinhall W (1973). Phidlta kappan Faron Publishrs, Lar Siglr th Education Division, 6-Davis Driv Blmont Blooming Inclion,Oct., p Gujarati D (2004). Basic Economtrics. Fourth Edition. Nw York: McGraw-Hill,Inc. Kogakusha Co. Ltd. Kazi S, Raza B (1988). Houshold Hadd by womn: Incom Employmnt and Houshold Organization. Pak. Dv. Rv., 27(4): Lipton M, Martin R (1995). Povrty and Policy. In Handbook of Dvlopmnt Economics, Volum III, ditd by J. Bhrman and T. N. Srinivasan: Elsvir Scinc. Lipton M (1988). Th Poor and th Poorst: Som Intrim Findings, World Bank Discussion Papr No. 25, Th World Bank, Washington DC. Mrrick TM, Mariann S (1983). Housholds Hadd by Womn and Urban Povrty in Brazil in Buvinic, M., Margart A. Lyctt and William Paul McGrvy (ds.) Womn and Povrty in th Third World, Th John Hopkins Univrsity Prss, Baltimor and London, pp Moradha HB, Llanta MA, Pangan TN, Pomntil CL (2001). Fmalhadd houshold in th Philippins. [Onlin] Downloadd from [Accssd 15 jun2009]. Takann T (2007). Divrsitis and Disparitis among Fmal-hadd in Rural Malawi IDE discussion papr No Youssf NH, Carol BH (1983). Establishing th Economic Condition of Woman-hadd Housholds in th Third World: A Nw Approach in Buvinic, M., Margart A. Lyctt and William Paul McGrvy (ds.) Womn and Povrty in th Third World, Th John Hopkins Univrsity Prss, Baltimor and London, pp