An Overview of Myelina0on in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Ian Hakkinen Neural Basis of Behavior 4/25/2013
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1 An Overview of Myelina0on in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System Ian Hakkinen Neural Basis of Behavior 4/25/2013
2 Outline Defining the Nervous System Glia - CNS and PNS - Neuron to Glia Ra0o - General role Myelin Producing Glia - Myelin Summary - Oligodendrocytes - Schwann Cells - Differences
3 A.T. S0ll University
4 Simple Brain and Glia Sta0s0cs The human brain is es0mated to consist of 100 billion neurons. There is a glia ra0o of ~3:1.
5 Glia Considered to be suppor0ng cells of the nervous system Central Nervous System: Astrocytes, Microglia, and Oligodendrocytes Peripheral Nervous System: Schwann Cells Astrocyte.info 2013 hvp://alsn.mda.org/
6 Myelin A lipid membrane that is produced from a myelin producing cell. The membrane wraps around an axon segment numerous 0mes un0l it reaches an approximate ra0o known as a G ra0o. Myelin allows for fast saltatory conduc0on of ac0on poten0als. Provides trophic support to nerves. hvp:// Wikipedia commons
7 Myelin Evolu0on Believed to have arisen ~600 million years ago. Found in all jawed vertebrates. hvp:// hvp://bangordailynews.com/
8 Oligodendrocytes Myelin producing cells of the Central Nervous System. Can myelinate up to 50 axon segments from a single oligodendrocyte. hvp://
9 Development of Oligodendrocytes Woodruff et al 2001
10 Disease associated with Oligodendrocytes Mul0ple Sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system where the immune system avacks the myelin sheath. The avacks cause a loss of myelin and lead to impairment in neurological func0on and a shortened life. There are many sugges0ons as to what causes MS, ranging from gene0cs to environmental factors. It affects women more o_en than men. hvp:// rx.com/
11 Schwann Cells Myelin producing cells of the peripheral nervous system. One Schwann Cell myelinates one axon segment. Wikipedia commons
12 Development of Schwann Cells
13 Development Con0nued Tg: (Foxd3:17) 30 hpf
14 Development Con0nued on The Ultra- Structural Level Pro- myelina0ng Schwann cell of a Mouse Mouse Scia0c Nerve Monk 2011
15 Disease associated with Schwann Cells Charcot Marie Tooth disease is a peripheral nerve disease, where demyelina0on occurs causing a loss of nerve conduc0on. The loss of conduc0on leads to peripheral neuropathy and ul0mately a loss of muscle func0on. Results from muta0ons in many different genes in Schwann cells. Affects on average 1 in 2,500 people Symptoms can start to show from teen years up un0l a person is in their 30s or 40s. hvp://emedicine.medscape.com/
16 Peripheral Nerve Injury In injuries to the peripheral nerves, Schwann cells can de- differen0ate into a precursor cell. The peripheral nerves that regenerate can then be re- myelinated by the de- differen0ated Schwann cells. hvp:// aachen.de/
17 Other Interes0ng Differences between PNS and CNS Myelin The CNS and PNS have a different protein regula0ng the induc0on of myelin wrapping. GPR126 is necessary for myelina0on to occur in the PNS but not the CNS. This is while they share a common marker that also is necessary for the proper structure of the myelin wraps. Monk (2011) unpublished In situ hybridiza0on for mbp in 5 days post fer0liza0on D. rerio larvae of the gpr126 hypomorphic allele Monk and Hakkinen (2012) Unpublished
18 In Summary Oligodendrocytes are the myelina0ng cells of the CNS. Schwann Cells are the myelina0ng cells of the PNS. Both have unique features in their cellular origin and how many axon segments they can myelinate. Demyelina0on results in devasta0ng disease and as of now there is no way to reverse myelin loss.
19 Cita0ons Rachel H Woodruff, NicoleVa Tekki- Kessaris, Charles D S0les, David H Rowitch, William D Richardson, Oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord and telencephalon: common themes and new perspec0ves, Interna0onal Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Volume 19, Issue 4, July 2001, Pages , ISSN , /S (00) Monk KR, Oshima K, Jörs S, Heller S, Talbot WS. Gpr126 is essen0al for peripheral nerve development and myelina0on in mammals. Development 2011 Jul;138(13) Epub 2011 May 25. Monk KR, Naylor SG, Glenn TD, Mercurio S, Perlin JR, Dominguez C, Moens CB, Talbot WS. A G protein- coupled receptor is essen0al for Schwann cells to ini0ate myelina0on. (2009) Science. 325: Kristjan R. Jessen & Rhona Mirsky. The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves. (2005) Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, (September 2005) doi: / nrn1746 Theodore H. Bullock, Jean K. Moore, R.Douglas Fields. Evolu0on of myelin sheaths: Both lamprey and hagfish lack myelin. Neuroscience LeVers Volume 48, Issue 2, 27 July 1984, Pages
20 Ques0ons? Comments? Concerns? hvp://jcb.rupress.org/ hvp:// mainz.de/ hvp://archives.focus.hms.harvard.edu/ hvp:// hvp://scienceworld.wolfram.com/
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