air embolism, risk, venous pressure, semisitting position of patient

Transcription

1 Subject Index A abducent nerve -, anatomical segments, measurements 80, 83, 84 -, paralysis, meningioma, anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossae 348 abscess -, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, skull base, therapeutic strategy 155, 156 -, epidural, osteoplastic exposure, frontal sinus 154, 155 -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, peritonsillar, differential diagnosis: Aneurysm, internal carotid artery 331, 332, 333 accessory nerve -, anatomy 61, 88, 493 -, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 302 -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 296 accessory nerve paralysis, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376 acoustic meatus, internal, topography, dimensions 84, 85 acoustic neurinoma -, bilateral, complet microsurgical removal 394 -, combined with vascular decompression of trigeminal nerve, microsurgery 395 -, intracranial-intratemporal facial nerve grafting 486, 487 -, large, dissection , microsurgery, lateral suboccipital removal , -, transmastoid-translabyrintine removal 257, , -, transtemporal extradural removal -382 adenoma -, parotid gland, intracranial invasion , pituitary, surgical techniques air embolism, risk, venous pressure, semisitting position of patient 360 allergy, Bell's paise, facial nerve 480 amaurosis, chondroma, intradural, middle skull base 335 ambient cistern, surgical opening, saving mesencephalic vessels 75, 77 anastomosis -, facial nerve, end-to-end, cerebellopontine angle 483, 484 -, -, -, transtemporal extradural approach 488 -, -, hypoglossal-facial 496, 497 -, -, intracranial-extracranial (Dott) 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal 484,485 -, -, meatal 488, 489 -, faciofacial (crossfacial grafting) 498 anatomy -, abducent nerve 80, 83, 84 -, accessory nerve 61, 88, 493 -, anterior cranial fossa 12-15, 17 -, anterior skull base 4 -, anterior spinal artery 102 -, arachnoid, middle cranial fossa 74 -, arterial supply, ens 102 -, ascending pharyngeal artery 67, 68 -, atlantodental joint 98 -, atlas 96, 98, 99 -, auditory tube 48 -, brain stem, exit zone of trigeminal nerve 369 -, carotid bifurcation 65 -, carotid canal 57 -, carotid sinus 66 -, carotid tortuosity 66 -, carotid triangle 65 -, cavernous sinus, other venosis sinuses, communications 243 -, -, Parkinson's triangle 24 -, -, region 242, 243, 244 -, cerebellar artery 102 -, cerebellopontine angle 79 -, cervical plexus 477 -, circle of Willis, collateral connections 246 -, clivus 90, 91, 430 -, common carotid artery 65 -, cranial nerves 244, 270 -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation 281 -, dens epistrophei 99 -, dermal sinus 4 -, ear 269 -, encephaloceles 4 -, endofrontal foveae 15 -, epicranial muscle, frontal belly 7 -, external carotid artery 65 -, facial nerve 7, 60, 61, 63, 81, 82,474,475 -, facial vein, supratrochlear and supraorbital veins 10, 11 -, fourth ventricle 463 -, frontal nerve, artery 7, 8, 9 -, frontal sinus, mucosa, blood vessels 11 -, frontal squama 11 -, gliomas 4 -, glossopharyngeal nerve 67, 86, 87, 88, 493 -, hypoglossic artery, nerve 60, 61, 67, 83, 89 -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical 280 -, infratemporal plane , inner ear 481 -, internal acoustic meatus 84 -, internal auditory canal, anterior inferior cerebellar artery 368 -, internal carotid artery 65, 336 -, internal jugular vein 57, 69, 493 -, jugular foramen 59 -, lateral extracranial approach to the lateral middle skull base 299 -, masticatory space, arteries, nerves 48, 51 -, meningoceles 4 -, middle cranial fossa 72 -, middle skull base 47

2 510 Subject Index anatomy -, middle skull extracranial posteroinferior approach , nasal fistulas, cysts 4 -, neck, after parotidectomy 314 -, occipital condyles 94 -, oculomotor nerve 336 -, olfactory fossa 14 -, olfactory nerve 336 -, ophthalmic artery 9, 10 -, optic canal, nerve, decompression 1, 10, , optic nerve 336 -, orbit 19 -, parapharyngeal space 51, 65 -, peripharyngeal space 48 -, pharyngeal artery, ascending 67 -, pituitary , posterior cranial fossa 463 -, postoccipital artery 67 -, primitive hypoglossic artery 67 -, pterygoid process, fossa 43 -, pterygopalatine fossa 45 -, pterygopalatine ganglion 55 -, sella , sella region 242 -, skin, scalp, frontobasal approach 7 -, sphenoid sinus 28, 29 -, subarachnoidal spaces 74, 75 -, supraorbital, supratrochlear nerves 8, 9, 23 -, temporal fossa 36, 37 -, temporomandibular joint 41 -, tentorial incisure, structures 334 -, tentorial notch, middle cranial fossa 74, 75 -, trigeminal nerve, exit/zone form brain stem 369 -, trochlear nerve 336 -, vagus nerve 62, 88 -, veins, anterior cranial fossa, anterior skull base 69 -, vertebral artery 100, 101 -, vestibulocochlear nerve 85 Anderson type III fracture, dens axis, surgical fixation 468, 469 aneurysm -, basilar artery, clipping, transorai, transcervical approaches 432,435 -, internal carotid artery, close to the skull base aneurysms -, circle of Willis 273 -, craniocervical junction, resection, microsurgical technique , hemorrhage, subarachnoidal cisterns 75 -, internal carotid artery, differential diagnosis: glomus tumor 70, 71 angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal, surgery angiogram -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 -, internal carotid artery aneurysm 331, 332, 333 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 202 -, olfactory groove meningioma 209 -, subtraction, aneurysm, vertebral artery , -, carotid body tumor 327, 330 -, vertebral artery, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve 444 angiography -, superselective catheter-, tumors of internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle -, superselective, traumatic carotidcavernous fistula 243 -, -, tumors, skull base 183 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 angular vein, ligature, prevention of spreading, infection to brain 156, 157 anterior cerebral artery, displacement, olfactory groove meningioma 209 anterior choroid artery, posterior communicating artery, topography 75,76 anterior communicating artery, anatomy 33, 34 anterior cranial fossa -, anatomy, dimensions 12-15, 17, 33 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 200 anterior posterior inferior cerebellar artery, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84 anterior rhinoscopy, olfactory neuroblastoma 206 anterior skull base -, abscess, epidural, osteoplastic exposure 154, 155 -, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus , anatomy 4 -, angiofibroma, juvenile , brain abscess, therapeutic strategy 155, 156 -, combined intra- and extracranial approach 169 -, comminuted fractures, technique of duraplasty , complications, inflammatory 154, 155 -, craniofacial approach, technique , craniofacial synostoses, dysostoses 123, 124 -, duraplasty, operative techniques , encephaloceles 115 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188 -, ethmoid carcinoma, endoscopy 159 -, extracranial approach 160, 163 -, fibrosis bone dysplasia , inflammatory complications , intracranial approach 167 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma , malformations 114 -, malignant tumors , meningioma , meningoceles, surgical techniques 117, 118 -, nasal fistulas, cysts, technique 117,118 -, olfactory groove meningioma 209 -, olfactory neuroblastoma , optic nerve compression syndrome, mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, optic nerve decompression, after trauma 149, 150 -, osteoma , osteomyelitis rhinogenic 155 -, planum sphenoidale meningioma 210 -, resection, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus 225, 226 -, space occupying lesions, surgery , sphenoid sinus mucocele, compression syndrome of optic nerve 157 -, sphenoid wing meningioma , three layer reconstruction , transfrontal extradural, intradural approach 161, 168, 169 -, traumatic lesions 127, 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma 210 -, tumors, angiofibroma , -, benign, malignant, operability, indications 159, 160

3 Subject Index 511 -, -, early diagnosis, common surgical concept 159 -, -, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188 -, -, ethmoid-orbital, ethmoid-frontal sinus carcinomas 227, 228 -, -, general operative techniques 160 -, -, intraosseous skull base meningeoma 223 -, -, malignant , -, meningiomas , -, metastases 224 -, -, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 201, 202 -, -, olfactory neuroblastoma , -, osteoma anterior spinal artery, anatomy 102 anterolateral skull base, comminuted fractures, dural injuries arachnoid, middle cranial fossa, anatomy 74 arterial supply, CNS 102 arteriovenous angiomas, craniocervical junction, extirpation, microsurgical technique 465 ascending pharyngeal artery, origin, variants 67 atiantodental joint, anatomy 98 atiantooccipital joint, traumatic displacement, stabilizing surgical procedures atlas -, anatomy 96, 98, 99 -, Jefferson burst fractures, stabilizing surgical procedures , laminectomy, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 465 auditory canal -, carcinoma case report 351 -, internal, general, special operative techniques , 360, , -, vestibular-, cochlear neurotomy , 264, 265 -, occlusion by displaced bone fragments 235 -, transected, tympanic membrane, malleolus 270 -, traumatic lesions, surgical approach 252 -, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach auditory tube, anatomy 48 axis, destruction, stabilizing procedures of craniocervical junction B basilar artery -, aneurysm, clipping, transoral, transcervical approaches 432, 435 -, displacement, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335, 336 -, exposition, transoral approach 433 -, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311 basilar impression, surgical exposure, craniocervical junction 460 Bells's palsy, etiology, facial nerve decompression 479, 481, 483 bimastoid line of Fisch-Gold Metzger, definition, tomogram, craniocervical junction 460 biopsy -, endonasal, adenocarcinoma, frontal sinus 225 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull base , intraoperative, ethmoid, maxillary tumors 163 -, nasopharyngeal, indications 349, 350 -, needle, sigmoid sinus thrombosis 265 -, preoperative, anterior skull base tumors 183 -, stereotaxic needle-, chordoma 443 -, -, operative strategy, benign, malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 blindness -, chondroma, intradural, middle skull base 335 -, sudden, eosinophilic pituitary adenoma 286 bone graft, craniocervical junction, posterior stabilization 470, 471 bone injuries, radiologic diagnosis 127 bone resection, craniocervical junction, stabilizing surgical procedures bone scan -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal bone 188 -, radionuclide, early diagnosis, tumors, anterior skull base 159 -, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297 bone tumor, axis destruction, stabilizing procedures of craniocervical junction bony skull base, facial nerve, anatomic course 474 brain -, anomalies, skull closure defects 114 -, intracerebral contusions, hemorrhage 240 brain abscess -, otogenic 268 -, skull base, therapeutic strategy 155, 156 -, transcranial intradural approach 235, 236 brain contusions, impending herniation, osteoplastic craniotomy 240 brain hemorrhage, traumatic, osteoplastic craniotomy brain herniation -, open comminuted fractures 240 -, planum sphenoidale fracture, endoscopy 136 -, traumatic, into the middle ear 235 brain prolapse, sphenoid sinus, endoscopy 136 brain stem -, anatomical changes, neurinoma trigeminal nerve 445 -, circle of Willis, plexuslike vascular connections 333 -, compression, meningioma, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335,336 -, -, tentorial margin 344 -, -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 -, elevation, meningioma, pre-, postoperative CT , facial nerve, origin, topography 475 -, lower cranial nerves, topography 79,80 -, meningioma, operative strategy 343 -, vascular decompression, operative technique, case report 374- "brown" tumors, facial bones, skull, classification 184 burr-hole trephination, traumatic lesions, middle skull base 236 C cafe-au lait spots, von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis 313, 315 carotid angiogram -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 202 -, neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen 316

4 512 Subject Index carotid angiogram -, olfactory groove meningioma 209 carotid angiography -, sellar, suprasellar tumors, indications 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337, 338 carotid artery -, anatomy 65, 66 -, length within the canal 71 carotid bifurcation -, carotid body tumor , topography 68 carotid body -, extracranial posteroinferior exposure , tumor, removal carotid canal -, ascending, surgical topography 70 -, surgical exposure, anatomical details 71 -, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach , venous plexus, sinus 71 carotid canal region, anatomy, topography 47, 51 carotid-cavernous fistula -, detachable balloon technique 250 -, direct operations 252 -, Fogarty balloon catheter, occlusion 249 -, fractures, middle skull base 234, 242, 243, 244 -, "Jaeger maneuver" 248 -, superselective angiography 243 -, thrombosis 250 -, "trapping operation", results 246 -, treatment options 245, 246 -, various types 251 carotid cistern, anterior choroid-, posterior communicating artery, topography 75, 76 carotid sinus, branches, anatomy, diameter 64, 66 carotid sinus syndrome, therapeutic benefit, paroxysmal tachycardia 64 carotid siphon, topography 242 carotid tortuosity, loops, coils, kinking 66 cavernous hemangioma, orbit, surgery 185, 186 cavernous sinus -, anatomy, Parkinson's triangle 24, 242, 243, 244 -, anatomy, pituitary, coronal section 29 -, clivus tumors, infiltration 450 -, involvement, intra-, extracranial meningioma 222 -, shape, width of the roof 74 -, thrombosis, prevention, ligation of angular vein 157 -, tumors, operability 160 cephaloceles, anatomy, sites 4, 5, 6 cerebellar artery -, anatomy 102 -, aneurysm, craniocervical junction, microsurgical removal , anterior inferior, internal auditory canal 368 -, trigeminal nerve compression, decompression, operative technique 370, 371 cerebellopontine angle -, access through lateral suboccipital approach 370, 374, 375 -, acoustic neurinoma, microsurgical removal , anatomy 79 -, chondroma, osteochondroma 90 -, cranial nerves, vascular decompression , extended transtemporal approach 374 -, facial nerve, anatomy 474, 475 -, false cholesteatoma 263 -, indications, microsurgical exploration 370 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosigmoid) approach 361, 445 -, meningioma, frontotemporal osteoplastic craniotomy , -, neurinoma 335 -, structures, surgical approaches 360, , temporal intracranial intradural approach 309 -, vertebral artery decompression, operative technique, case report cerebellum, compression, meningioma, tentorial margine, CT 344 cerebral necrosis, risk, postoperative radiotherapy 205 cerebrospinal fluid -, blockage, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464,465 -, infection, inflammatory complications, anterior skull base 155 -, laboratory tests 127 -, leak, sphenoid sinus, transfronto-ethmoidal fascial pouch insertion 137 -, -, trigeminal neurinoma, extirpation 337 -, leaks, anterior skull base, duraplasty , -, middle skull base 234 -, -, spontaneous 6 cervical plexus -, anatomy 477 -, graft, facial nerve, reconstruction, operative technique 476 cervical spine -, C2 fracture, displacement of dens base, surgical stabilization, 468, 469 -, fusions at the C1jC2 or C2jC3 level, transoral approach 432 cervical vertebrae, first two, exposure, indications 460 Chamberlain's line, definition, craniocervical junction 460 chemodectoma -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm, internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, surgical treatment 63, 64, 67, 70, cholesteatoma -, complications 263 -, facal nerve decompression 479 -, middle skull base, microsurgical treatment , principles for removal , traumatic 235 -, "true", "false" 263 chondroblastoma, benign, middle cranial fossa chondroma, parasellar, surgical approach 90, 91 chondromyxoid fibroma, facial-, skull bones, histology 184 chondrosarcoma, middle skull base, case report 354, 355 chorda dorsalis, clivus region, sagittal section 90 chordoma -, clivus, frontotemporal craniotomy 441 -, -, transcervical removal 435 -, craniocervical junction 460 -, directions of spreading 90 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa, case reports 443, , middle skull base, CT 297, 350 chronic otitis media, facial nerve decompression, operative techniques chronic subdural hematoma, osteoplastic craniotomy 238, 239 circle of Willis -, aneurysms, differential diagnosis 273 -, collateral connections 246

5 Subject Index 513 -, perforating vessels, function 333 -, visualization, lateral suboccipital craniotonrry 443 classification -, histologic, bone tunrrors 184 -, surgical, nrreningionrras 208, 209 Clivus -, anatonrry 90, 91, 92 -, conrrbined supra-, infratentorial approach, operative technique , destruction, chordonrra, riddle, posterior cranial fossa 449 -, extensive lesions, sublabial-transseptal approach 432 -, frontotenrrporal subtenrrporal approach, operative technique 439 -, lateral infratenrrporal approach 241, 298, 299, 437 -, lateral suboccipital approach 443 -, nrredial suboccipital approach 433, 436, 437 -, nrreningionrra, case report , -, transpetrosal-transtentorial approach 450 -, posteroinferior approach , 309, 310, 437 -, prinrrary extra-, intracranial approaches 430, 431 -, resection, pituitary adenonrra 289 -, surgical approaches, chordonrra, chondronrra 90, 91 -,-,overview 430,431 -, topography 430 -, transcervical approach, operative technique , transfrontal intradural approach 283, 284, 438, 439 -, transoral approach, operative technique , tufllors, extending to cavernous sinus and foranrren nrragnunrr, operative strategy , -, extracranial posteroinferior approach , -, transsphenoidal approach 432 clivus chordonrra -, frontotenrrporal craniotonrry 90, 91, 441 -, transcervical extirpation 435 CO 2 laser, nrricrosurgical technique 465 cochlear dysfunction, nrricrosurgical deconrrpression of cranial nerves case report cochlear nerve, transtenrrporal extradural resection 363 cofl1fl1on carotid artery, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistula 245 conrrplications -, cholesteatonrra 263 -, enrrbolization, carotid-cavernous fistula 247, 248 -, inflafl1fl1atory diseases, anterior skull base , -, nrriddle skull base 263 -, operative risk, preservation of inrrportant structures, tufllors of lateral nrriddle skull base 297 -, signrroid, transverse sinus ligation 450 contraindications, nrralignant tunrrors of cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa 160 conventional radiologic inrraging, tufllors, lateral nrriddle skull base 297 corpus callosunrr, agenesis, encephaloceles 6 cranial nerves -, affection, tunrrors, lateral nrriddle skull base 297 -, anatonrry, topography 244, 270 -, conrrpression, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464,465 -, involvenrrent, neurinonrra trochlear nerve 335 -, neurolysis, transtenrrporal approach to cerebellopontine angle 373, 374, 375 -, vascular deconrrpression, cerebellopontine angle , vascular depression, indications 370 cranial scan, tufllor extent, lateral nrriddle skull base 297 craniectonrry -, lateral 307 -, occipital 463 -, occipital, aneurysnrr, vertebral artery, ricrosurgical renrroval 466,467 craniocerebral injury, open, conrrrinuted cranial vault fracture 240,241 craniocervical junction -, aneurysnrrs, resection, nrricrosurgical technique , anonrralies, transoral approach 432,434 -, arteriovenous angionrras, ricrosurgical technique , conrrpression syndronrras 464, 465 -, lesions, ablative procedures, operative techniques 461, 462 -, nrredial suboccipital approach , nrreningionrra 464, 465 -, surgical exposure, indications 460 -, transoral, transcervical approaches, operative techniques 461 -, tunrrors, benign, basic technique 465 craniofacial surgery, renrrarks 122 craniofacial synostoses, dysostoses, surgical technique 123, 124 craniopharyngeal canals, persistent, encephalocele 6 craniopharyngionrra -, calcified, extirpation 281 -, invading third ventricle, obstructive hydrocephalus, surgical technique craniotonrry -, anterior skull base, extracranial approach, orbital exenteration 160, 161, 164, 165 -, -, transfrontal extradural approach 168 -, -, transfrontal intradural approach 169 -, bifrontal osteoplastic, intradural, clivus 438 -, -, transfrontal duraplasty 142 -, bifrontal, suprasellar pituitary adenonrra , frontotenrrporal, clivus chordonrra 441 -, -, nrreningionrra tentoriunrr 346 -, -, transtentorial, nrreningionrra 440 -, lateral extracranial, lateral riddle skull base 298, 299 -, lateral suboccipital approach, acoustic neurinonrra 385, 389 -, -, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 361, 362 -, riddle cranial fossa, acoustic neurinonrra -, nrriddle skull base, transtenrrporai, extradural, facial nerve, endto-end anastonrrosis 488 -, osteoplastic frontotenrrporal, neurinonrra, trochlear nerve 335, 336 -, osteoplastic, riddle skull base, traufllatic lesions 236, 238, , suboccipital, acoustic neurinonrra, 388, 390, 391 -, tenrrporal, intradural (pterional), riddle skull base , -, lateral suboccipital, petroclival nrreningionrra , transnrrastoid, translabyrinthine, internal auditory canal 263

6 514 Subject Index CT -, aneurysm, posterior inferior cerebellar artery 465, 466 -, angiofibroma 201, 202 -, -, recurrence 204 -, brain herniation, planum sphenoidale fracture 136 -, brain stem displacement 336 -, cavernous hemangioma, orbit, pre-, postoperative findings 185, 186 -, cholesteatoma 340, 341 -, chondroma, middle cranial fossa, pre-, postoperative 334, 335 -, chondrosarcoma, middle skull base 354, 355 -, chordoma, middle skull base 297, 350 -, clivus chordoma, supra-, infratentorial 441 -, craniocervical junction, stabilizing procedures 460 -, craniopharyngioma 294 -, dural injury 129 -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal bone 188, 189 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentorial 340, 341 -, epidural abscess, subdural empyema, rhinogenic 156 -, ethmoid carcinoma 227, 228 -, extracranial meningioma, pre-, postoperative 220 -, fibromyxoma, face, middle skull base 318, 319 -, foramen occipitale magnum, meningioma, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, intraosseous skull base meningioma 223 -, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 202 -, lateral anterior skull base meningioma 220 -,laterobasal fractures, serial observations 235 -, meningioma, anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa 347, 348, 349 -, -, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, -, middle, posterior cranial fossa, pre-, postoperative 440 -, -, petroclival, pre-, postoperative 455, 456 -, -, sphenoid wing, pre-, postoperative 216 -, -, tentorial margin, compression of brain stem and cerebellum 344 -, methylmethacrylate implant, middle anterior skull base reconstruction 207 -, middle cranial fossa, sphenocavernous meningioma 219 -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve 337, 338 -, olfactory groove meningioma, pre-, postoperative 209 -, olfactory neuroblastoma 206, 207 -, optic sheath meningioma 221 -, osteoma, middle skull base, temporal bone 328 -, -, orbit 190, 191, 194 -, parotid gland adenoma with intracranial extension 322 -, pituitary adenoma, pre-, postoperative 287, 288, 291, 293, 294 -, planum sphenoidale meningoma 210 -, rhabdomyosarcoma, middle skull base 350 -, sella, indications, 273 -, sphenocavernous meningioma 218 -, sphenoid wing meningioma, pre-, postoperative 216, 217 -, squamous cell carcinoma, paranasal sinuses 224 -, subdural empyema, epidural abscess 156 -, traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage 131 -, traumatic lesions, anterior skull base 128 -, tuberculum sellae meningioma 210 -, tumor, tentorial incisure 335 -, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297 -, tumors, anterior skull base, early diagnosis 159 -, -, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle -, vertebral artery, atypical looping, cerebellopontine angle 374 cyst, frontobasal epidermal, fistula, surgical removal 117, cysts, craniocervical junction 460 D dacron tension band, internal fixation, Anderson type III fracture, C definitions, Chamberlain's-, Fisch Gold-Metzger line, craniocervical junction 460 dens axis -, anatomy 99 -, Anderson type III fracture, surgical stabilization 468, 469 -, dislocation, rheumatoid disease 460 -, exposure, operative technique 461,462 -, -, spinal cord compression 460 -, removal, stabilizing craniocervical fusion 460, 467 -, traumatic fracture-dislocation, surgical exposure 460 dermoid cyst, nasal 114, 115 diencephalon -, anterior choroidal artery, posterior communicating artery, topography 76 -, Forell's axis 74 -, posterior part, fiber systems, nuclei 78 dura -, infiltration, extent, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 -, -, malignant meningioma, sarcoma 224 -, injuries, frontoorbital repair 131 -, resection, preoperative estimation, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 -, tear, temporary obturation, mechanisms 128 dura herniation, traumatic, into the middle ear 235 dural flap, intracerebral contusions and hemorrhage, brain herniation 240 dural graft, orbital exenteration 164, 165, 166 duraplasty -, anterior skull base fractures , anterolateral skull base fractures , extradural, Kley's modification 134, 135 -, fractures, ethmoid bone, dural repair with fat 138 -, -, -, technical problems 133, 134 -, -, -, transfrontoethmoidal fascial pouch insertion 137 -, frontal sinus 131, 132 -, "midline problem" 133 -, operative technique, principles 131, 132 -, sphenoid sinus 135, 136 -, transfacial approach, anterior skull base 161 -, transfrontal extradural approach 141, 142 -, transfrontal intradural repair 139

7 Subject Index 515 -, transfrontoethmoidal repair with fat 138 dysphagia, vagus nerve paralysis, Denecke operation 426, 427 E ear -, anatomy 269 -, canal carcinoma, petrosectomy, parotidectomy, facial nerve reconstruction 492, 493 -, cavity, skin pieces entrapped between bone fragments, cholesteatoma 235 -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, surgical indication 234 -, dura-, brain herniation, traumatic 235 -, hearing loss, vascular decompression of caudal cranial nerves 374 -, middle, inflammatory complications 263 -, -, secretory otitis, early-stage meningioma 343 -, necrotizing otitis 269, 270 -, otogenic brain abscess 268 -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid sinus-transverse sinus thrombosis 265 -, progressive necrotizing otitis externa, triad of symptoms 269 -, tumor, anatomy 481 -, -, preservation, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 early diagnosis, tumors, anterior skull base, 159 electrophysiologic tests, facial nerve 474, 480, 481 embolization -, superselective, tumors, cerebellopontine angle -, traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula 243, 247, 248 empyema, subdural, epidural abscess, rhinogenic, CT 155, 156 encephalocele, anatomy, possible sites 4, 5 encephaloceles, dysraphic anomalies, classification 114 encephalocystomeningocele, infant with cleft palate 117 endoscopy -, ethmoid carcinoma 159 -, intraoperative, sphenoid sinus, brain prolapse 136 -, -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leak 136 -, upper respiratory tract, early diagnosis, tumors 159 eosinophilic granuloma, frontal bone 187, 188 epicranius muscle, anatomy 7 epidermal cyst, fistula, surgical removal 120 epidermoid, supra-, infratentorial, microsurgical treatment epidural abscess -, osteoplastic exposure, frontal sinus 154, 155 -, rhinogenic, subdural hematoma, CT 156 epidural hematoma, osteoplastic craniotomy epidural hemorrhage, acute, Kronlein's trephine sites 237 epidural sarcoma, surgical removal, trans oral approach 432 esthesioneuroblastoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, diagnosis, surgery ethmoid bone -, anatomy 13 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid leak 128 -, -, duraplasty, technique 133, 134, 135 -, osteoma 190 -, transethmoidal optic nerve decompression 150, 151 ethmoid carcinoma, nasal endoscopy 159 ethmoid-frontal sinus carcinoma, diagnosis, excision 229 ethmoid-orbital carcinoma, diagnosis, surgical treatment 227, 228 ethmoid roof, duraplasty 133 ethmoid tumors, resection, orbital exenteration 163 eustachian tube -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, surgical indication 234 -, compression, meningioma, middle skull base 343 external auditory canal, transmeatal decompression of geniculate ganglion, operative technique 481,482 external carotid artery -, anatomy, variants 65, 67 -, carotid body tumor external skull base, anatomy 47 extracranial approach, anterior skull base 163, 169, 170 extradural transfrontal approach, anterior skull base 168 eye -, complications, carotid-cavernous fistula 245, 247, 250 -, displacement, fibrous bone dysplasia, threat of vision loss 195, 196 -, exenteration, extracranial approach, anterior skull base 163, 164, 181 -, -, optic sheath meningioma 181 -, lids, temporal muscle transfer, facial rehabilitation 501, 502 -, motor nerves, sphenoid wing meningioma 217 -, suspensory apparatus 19 -, visual field constriction, meningioma 348 -, visual field, juvenile nasopharyngeal fibroma 203 F facial bones -, injuries, duraplasty , tumors, histological classification 184 -, -, spreading 224 facial nerve -, anatomy 7, 60, 61, 63, 81, 82, 474,475 -, autogenous peripheral reconstruction 495 -, branches, topography 60, 61, 63 -, cerebellopontine segment, surgical access 475 -, compression syndromes, causes 479 -, damage, false cholesteatoma 263 -, decompression, results 481 -, -, transmastoid 480, 483 -, -, transmeatal 481, 382 -, exposition of the meatal, labyrinthine, tympanic, mastoid segments 483 -, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 302, 305 -, extra temporal course, topography 475 -, fallopian canal, exposure of labyrinthine segment 483 -, fallopian canal segment, topography 475 -, fibers, anatomic measurements 82 -, grafts for reconstruction, operative technique , lateral extracranial craniotomy 299 -, meatal segment, surgical access 475 -, microsurgical nerve suturing 478,479 -, neuromatous thickening 491 -, physiology, pathophysiology 474

8 516 Subject Index facial nerve -, reconstruction, autogenous graft, tympanic, mastoid segments 490 -, -, Dott's operation 485 -, -, ear canal carcinoma 492, 493 -, -, end-to-end anastomosis, cerebellopontine angle 483 -, -, extratemporal 495 -, -, faciofacial anastomosis (crossfacial grafting) 498 -, -, fallopian canal segment, bridging the defect 489 -, -, hypoglossal-facial anastomosis , -, interposition graft 488 -, -, intracranial-extracranial anastomosis 484 -, -, intracranial-intratemporal anastomosis 484, 485, 486 -, -, intratemporal-extratemporal, after subtotal petrosectomy and total parotidectomy 490, 492, 493 -, -, meatal anastomosis 488 -, -, translabyrinthine approach 489 -, -, tympanomastoid 490 -, rehabilitation, plastic surgery , segments, surgical approaches 475 -, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 311 -, tumors, operative strategy 297 -, vascular decompression, operative technique 369, 372, 373 facial nerve paralysis -, causes 474 -, collateral innervation 474 -, direct or indirect nerve reconstruction 474 -, electromyographic testing , facial sling procedure 500 -, "idiopathic", causes 480,481 -, parotid gland malignancies 297 -, posttraumatic, postsurgical 474 -, progressive necrotizing otitis externa 269 -, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376 -, vertebral artery, atypical looping, hypertension 374 facial skeleton, comminuted fractures, dural injuries facial sling procedure, facial rehabilitation 501 facial vein, anatomy, supratrochlear, supraorbital veins 10, 11 fallopian canal -, facial nerve segment, anatomy 474,475 -, tumors, facial nerve, parotid gland 297 falx cerebri, topography 74 fibroma -, juvenile nasopharyngeal 202 -, skull bones, histology 184 fibromyxoma, face, extending to the middle skull base fibrous bone dysplasia, anterior skull base Fisch-Gold-Metzger line, definition, craniocervical junction 460 fistula -, carotid-cavernous, therapeutic options 242, 243 -, carotid-cavernous sinus, bone splinters 136, 234 -, -, "trapping operation", results 246 -, cerebrospinal, laboratory tests of cerebrospinal fluid 127 -, -, fractures, middle skull base 234 -, -, mechanisms for temporary obturation 128 -, frontobasal epidermal cyst, surgical removal 120 fistulas, nasal, surgical technique 117 Fogarty balloon catheter, carotidcavernous fistula, occlusion 249 foramen cecum, anatomy 6 foramen jugulare -, subdivision patterns 59, 60 -, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach , tumors, vocal cord paralysis 296 foramen Luschka, fourth ventricle, extracerebral tumors 464, 465 foramen Magendie, extracranial tumors, spreading into the fourth ventricle 464, 465 foramen Monroi, tumor obstruction, hydrocephalus occlusus, surgical technique foramen occipitale magnum -, clivus tumors, extending too, operative technique 450 -, exposure, indications 460 foramen of Vesalius, topography, middle cranial fossa 72, 73 foramen ovale, topography 47, 72,73 foramen rotundum, topography 46, 72, 73 foramen sphenopalatinum, angiofibroma 200 fourth ventricle, anatomy 463 fractures -, Anderson type III, dens axis, fixation with methylmethacrylate, wire loops 468, 469 -, anterior skull base, cerebrospinal fistulas 127, 128 -, anterolateral skull base 148 -, comminuted, lateral facial skeleton, dural injuries , -, open lateral craniocerebral injury 240, 241 -, craniocervical junction, stabilizing surgical procedures , duraplasty, operative techniques, anterior skull base , -, anterolateral skull base , lateral facial skeleton , middle skull base 234, 235 -, orbit roof 149 -, petrous bone, facial nerve exposition 483 -, rhinobase, Kley duraplasty 134, 135 -, transmastoid facial nerve decompression 480, 481 frontal bone -, encephalocele 116 -, eosinophilic granuloma 187, 188 -, osteoma 188 frontal nerve, frontal artery, anatomy 7,8,9,23 frontal sinus -, adenocarcinoma , anatomy 11 -, duraplasty, technique 131, 132 -, epidural abscess, osteoplastic exposure 154, 155 -, fibrous bone dysplasia 196, 199 -, fracture, cerebrospinal fluid leak 128 -, meningioma 219 frontobasal dysraphic anomalies, classification 114 frontobasal epidermal cyst, fistula, surgical removal 120 fronto-orbital external ethmoidectomy, hygrophysectomy, surgical technique 274 frontotemporal craniotomy, retrosellar, parasellar tumors, surgical technique 278, 279 G geniculate ganglion, transmeatal decompression, operative technique 481, 482 giant cell granuloma, malignant, histology 184 glioma, anatomy 4

9 Subject Index 517 glomus tumor -, carotid body, tumor, association 327 -, differential diagnosis: aneurysm, internal carotid artery 70, 71 -, lateral posterior skull base , surgical treatment 63, 64, 67, 70, glossopharyngeal nerve -, anatomy 62, 63, 67, 86, 87, 88, 493 -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 296 glossopharyngeal neuralgia -, compression syndrome 64 -, sucessful therapy with vascular decompression 369, 370, 374 -, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376 glottis, incompetent, paralytic dysphagia 426 H halo apparatus, stabilization of craniocervical junction 470 head -, anatomy, coronal section, inferior aspect 49 -, -, -, posterior aspect 38 -, midsagittal section 93 hearing loss -, conductive-sensorineural, meningioma, anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossae 348 -, labyrinthectomy 481 hemangioma, cavernous, orbit 184, 185 hemapoetic system, tumors, histological classification 184 hematoma -, eosinophilic pituitary adenoma 286 -, epidural, osteoplastic craniotomy hemifacial spasms -, hearing loss, hypertension, vertebral artery looping, cerebellopontine angle 374 -, tumors, internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle 376 hemiparesis, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 hemorrhage -, intracerebral contusions, impending herniation 240 -, intracerebral, diagnosis 234 -, -, traumatic, CT 131 hemorrhages, middle meningeal artery, trephination sites 236 histiocytosis, facial bones, skull, histologic classification 184 hydrocephalus -, obstructive, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, third ventricle, invasion surgical technique , -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 -, -, tumors blocking circulation of cerebrospinal fluid 464, 465 hypertension, essential, vascular decompression of medulla oblongata 374 hypoglossic artery, anatomy, topography 60, 61, 67, 83, 89 hypoglossic nerve -, anatomy, topography 60, 61, 67, 83, 89 -, facial nerve anastomosis 496, 497 hypophysectomy -, microsurgical anatomy 280 -, three-dimensional representation of tumor extent 280 -, transcranial intradural approach, surgical technique 276 -, transseptosphenoidal approach, surgical technique 273, 274 hypothalamus -, hypophysectomy, microsurgical technique, avoiding complications 278, 292 -, meningioma, microsurgery 213 I iliac corticocancellous graft, craniocervical junction, posterior stabilization 470 indications -, acoustic neurinoma, different microsurgical approaches -, Anderson type III fracture, dens axis, C 2, rigid internal fixation 468 -, anterior skull base tumors, benign 159, 160 -, -, malignant 224, 225 -, biopsy, nasopharyngeal 349, 350 -, clivus, combined supra- and infratentorial approach 450 -, combined extracranial-intracranial approach to the middle skull base 312 -, craniocervical junction, surgical exposure 460 -, dens axis luxation, tension band fixation 467 -, different approaches, benign, malignant tumors, lateral middle skull base, operative strategy 297 -, extracranial approaches, middle skull base 300 -, facial nerve lesions, definitive repair 474 -, foramen occipitale magnum, exposure 460 -, intracranial extradural approach to the middle skull base 307 -, Jefferson burst fractures, atlas tension-band fixation 467 -, lateral suboccipital approach, clivus tumors 443 -, microsurgical exploration of cerebellopontine angle 370 -, operative exposure of sellar region, techniques 273, 274 -, pituitary, different surgical approaches 273, 274 -, surgical stabilization, craniocervical junction 467 -, temporal intracranial intradural approach to the middle skull base 308 -, traumatic lesions, anterior skull base 127 -, -, middle skull base 234 inflammatory disorders -, abscess, brain, otogenic 268 -, -, -, skull base, therapeutic strategy 155, 156 -, -, epidural, osteoplastic exposure, frontal sinus 154, 155 -, -, perisinus, thrombosis 265 -, -, peritonsillar, differential diagnosis: aneurysm, carotid artery 331, 332, 333 -, anterior skull base, complications, treatment , cholesteatoma, false, chronic otitis media 263 -, cholesteatoma removal, principles 264, 265 -, empyema, clinically occult 155 -, -, subdural, CT 156 -, jugular vein thrombosis 265, 266 -, meningitis, ascending, fractures, middle skull base 235 -, meningoencephalitis 154, 155 -, middle skull base , mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, osteomyelitis, frontal, rhinogenic 155 -, otitis externa, necrotizing 269, 270 -, -, -, facial nerve decompression 479 -, otitis media, chronic, facial nerve decompression, operative techniques , -, early stage meningioma 343 -, otogenic brain abscess 268

10 518 Subject Index inflammatory disorders -, petrous bone, facial nerve decompression 479 -, polyneuritis, Bell's palsy, facial nerve 480 -, sinus thrombosis, operative technique 267, 268 -, thrombosis, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid sinus-transverse sinus, surgery , venous sinus thrombosis 154 infratemporal fossa -, access, lateral extracranial approach 298, 299 -, fibromyxoma , fractures 143 -, juvenile angiofibroma 200 -, meningioma 219 -, tumor, posteroinferior approach 306 -, tumors, lateral middle skull base 296 infratemporal plane, anatomy infratentorial region, exposure, subtemporal transtentorial approach 348 infratentorial space, invasion, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 internal acoustic meatus, topography, dimensions 84, 85 internal auditory canal -, facial nerve, end-to-end anastomosis 488 -, facial nerve segment, anatomy 474,475 -, false cholesteatoma, invasion 263 -, general, special operative techniques 360 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosigmoid) approach 361 -, meningioma -, methods of identifying 254, 255,256 -, transtemporal extradural approach 252, 253 -, tumors, diagnosis, symptoms 376, internal carotid artery -, agenesis, hypoplasia 66 -, anatomy 65, 242, 336 -, aneurysm, close to the skull base , aneurysms, differential diagnosis: glomus tumor 66, 67, 70, 71 -, approach to Parkinson's triangle 24 -, ascending petrous part, exposing 70 -, bone splinters, carotid-cavernous sinus fistula 136 -, carotid body tumor , collateral circulation, tumor surgery 183 -, compression syndrome 66 -, course, classification 66 -, compressive occlusion, tumors, lateral middle skull base 297 -, course in the cavernous sinus 242 -, embolization, carotid-cavernous fistula 247, 248 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 304 -, intracranial clipping, carotid-cavernous fistula 247 -, ligation, carotid-cavernous fistula 245,246 -, meningioma, surgery 210 -, occlusion, chondroma, middle skull base 335 -, perforating bone spicule, carotid-cavernous fistula 234 -, presentation, temporal intracranial intradural approach to the middle skull base 309 -, sphenocavernous meningioma 218 -, sphenoid wing meningioma 213 -, sympathetic plexus 63 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 309, 310, 311 -, transfrontotemporal intradural orbitotomy 178 -, transverse portion 270 internal jugular vein -, anatomy 57, 69, 493 -, extracranial approach 59 -, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 302 -, ligation, necrotizing otitis externa 270 internal porus acusticus, cerebellopontine angle, topography 79, 80 intracranial pressure, rise, tumors, lateral middle scull base 297 intraventricular hemorrhage, traumatic, CT 130 isotope scan -, cochleomeatal, tumors of internal auditory canal -, cranial, early diagnosis, tumors, anterior skull base 159 -, -, eosinophilic granuloma, frontal bone 188 -, -, necrotizing otitis media 269 -, -, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297 J Jefferson burst fractures, atlas, tension band fixation 467 jugular bulb, extracranial posteroinferior exposure 304 jugular foramen -, anatomy, topography 47, 59 -, facial nerve, cranial nerves 270 -, patterns of subdivision 59, 60 jugular vein, thrombosis, surgical treatment juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, surgery K Kronlein's trephine sites, acute epidural hemorrhage 237 L labyrinth, false cholesteatoma 263 labyrinthitis, osteomyelitis, skull base 269, 270 laminectomy -, atlantoaxial 463 -, atlas, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 465 larynx, compression, neurofibromatosis 313, 315 lateral middle skull base -, intracranial extradural approach 307 -, lateral extracranial approach 298,299 -, tumors, clinical symptomatology 297 -, -, operative strategy 296, 297 lateral skull base -, injuries 234, 240, 241 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine approach luxation, traumatic, dens base, Anderson type III fractur C2 468, 469 lymphangioma, middle skull base, special operative techniques 313 M magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -, intracerebral hemorrhage 234 -, sella, indications 273 -, trigeminal neurinoma 337 -, tumor extent, lateral middle skull base 297 -, tumors of cerebellopontine angle malformations -, anterior skull base 114 -, anterior skull base, anatomy 4 mandibula, postnatal development, anatomy 39, 41

11 Subject Index 519 mandibular joint -, anatomy, topography 41 -, traumatic displacement into the middle cranial fossa 235 mandibulectomy -, ear canal carcinoma, petrosectomy, parotidectomy, facial nerve reconstruction 492, 493 -, lateral extracranial approach, lateral middle skull base 298, 299 masseter muscle transfer, facial rehabilitation 503 masticatory space, anatomy, topography 40, 48, 49, 51 mastoid bone, transmastoid approach 257 mastoid process, tumors, extracranial posteroinferior approach mastoidectomy -, facial nerve graft, intracranial, intratemporal anastomosis 486, 487 -, facial nerve segments, exposure 483,484 maxillary artery -, anatomical course, variations 51, 52, 53 -, extracranial, lateral craniotomy 299 maxillary sinus -, anatomy 20 -, osteoma 188 maxillary tumors, resection, orbital exenteration 163 medulla oblongata -, compression, atherosclerotic vertebral artery 374 -, compression syndrome, space occupying lesions, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, vascular decompression, essential hypertension 374 meningeal arteries, topography, middle cranial fossa 73 meningioma -, anterior, middle, posterior skull base, case reports , anterior skull base, classification 208 -, classification, surgical standpoint 208 -, clivus, transpetrosal-transtentorial approach 450 -, craniocervical junction 464, 465 -, dissecting technique 208 -, early-stage, secretory otitis media, hearing loss 343 -, extracranial extension , intra-, extracranial extension, surgical techniques 208, 209, 222 -, intraosseous skull base 223 -, lateral anterior skull base 219, 220 -, malignant, surgery 224 -, middle, posterior cranial fossa, pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, olfactory groove 209, 210 -, optic sheath, surgery 181, 221 -, petroclival, combined subtemporal-lateral suboccipital approach, case reports , , planum sphenoidale , sphenocavernous 218, 219 -, sphenoid wing, removal, microsurgery , transfrontal intradural exposure, technique 167, 168 -, transfrontotemporal, transtentorial removal 344 -, tuberculum sellae meningiomas -, classification, surgical aspects 343 -, middle skull base, operative treatment meningitis, ascending, fractures, middle skull base 235 meningocele -, anatomy, possible sites 4, 5 -, removal, surgical technique 117, 118 meningoencephalitis -, progressive necrotizing otitis externa 269 -, sinusitis, complications 154 meningoencephalocele, dysraphic anomalies, classification 114 mesencephalon -, anterior part, fiber systems, nuclei 78 -, arteries, superficial veins, topography 75,77 -, compression, tumors, tentorial incisure 333 metastases, craniocervical junction, stabilizing surgical procedures microsurgery -, acoustic neurinoma, vascular decompression of trigeminal nerve, different approaches, 382, 385, 393, 394, 395 -, anatomy following pituitary tumor removal 280 -, cerebellopontine angle exploration 369 -, cholesteatoma removal , clivus, operating technique, advantages 430 -, epidermoid, supra-, infratentorial 340, 341 -, indications for exploration of cerebellopontine angle 370 -, lateral suboccipital (retrosigmoid) craniotomy 362 -, nerve suture, operative technique 478, 479 -, tumors, tentorial incisure 333, 335 microsurgical technique -, pituitary tumors, transseptosphenoidal approach 273, 274, 275 -, tumor surgery, advantages 170 -, ultrasonic aspirator, CO 2 laser 465 middle cranial fossa -, anatomy, subtemporal-, transtentorial-, middle fossa-approach 72 -, chondroma, surgical removal 334, 335 -, chordoma, case report 443, , extradural transtemporal craniotomy 484 -, facial nerve exposition, internal auditory and fallopian canals 483 -, floor, topography 72 -, foramina, landmarks 73 -, meningioma, pre-, postoperative CT 440 -, meningiomas , sphenocavernous meningioma 218 -, temporomandibular joint, traumatic displacement 235 middle meningeal artery -, extracranial lateral exposure 299 -, hemorrhages, trephination sites 236 middle skull base -, anatomy 47 -, carotid body tumor , chondrosarcoma, case report 354, 355 -, chordoma, CT 297 -, combined extra-intracranial approach 312, 313 -, extracranial posteroinferior approach , inflammatory disorders, cholesteatoma 264, 265 -, -, osteomyelitis 269 -, -, otogenic jugular vein-sigmoid sinus - transverse sinus thrombosis 265 -, intracranial extradural approach 307, 308 -, lymphangioma, special operative techniques 313

12 520 Subject Index middle skull base -, neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen, special operative techniques , otogenic brain abscess 268 -, resection, sphenocavernous meningioma 218 -, temporal, intracranial, intradural approach, operative technique , transcranial intradural approach 334, 335 -, transmastoid translabyrinthine approach , traumatic lesions, arachnoid cyst formation 235 -, -, ascending meningitis 235 -, -, carotid-cavernous fistula 234, 242, 243, 245 -, -, cerebrospinal fluid leakage 234 -, -, cholesteatoma 235 -, -, chronic subdural hematoma, craniotomy 236, 238, 239 -, -, craniectomy, extended burrhole trephination 236, 237 -, -, fractures, transcranial or transmastoid approach 235 -, -, hemorrhages of middle meningeal artery 236 -, -, indications 234 -, -, laterobasal fractures 235 -, -, osteoplastic craniotomy , tumors, aneurysm, internal carotid artery, differential diagnosis , -, auditory canal carcinoma 351 -, -, chemodectoma 63,64,67, 70, , -, cholesteatoma, microsurgical treatment , -, chondroblastoma , -, chondroma 334, 335 -, -, chordoma 297, 350 -, -, epidermoid , -, fibromyxoma , -, meningiomas , -, neurinoma, trigeminal nerve , -, osteoma , -, parotid gland adenoma, recurrence , -, rhabdomyosarcoma 350 -, -, sella region , -, temporal, intracranial intradural (pterional) craniotomy , -, tentorial incisure, operative remarks , -, trochlear nerve Minerva Jacket, bony fusion, craniocervical function, stabilization 471 Morquio's disease, progressive tetraplegia, stabilizing surgical procedures mortality, acoustic neurinoma, different approaches 378 mucocele, space occupying, sphenoid sinus 157 myxoma -, facial bones, histology 184 -, paranasal sinuses 318 N nasal bones, piriform aperture, anatomy 27 nasal cavity -, juvenile nasopharyngeal fibroma 202 -, nasopharyngeal encephalocele, herniation 116 -, osteoma 188 nasal cysts -, anatomy 4 -, removal, surgical technique 117,118 nasal septum -, arteries, topography 28 -, extradural duraplasty Kley, Schreiner and Herrmann 134 -, pituitary, transseptal, transsphenoidal approach 27 nasal sinus, tumors, resection, preservation of lacrimal drainage 162 nasolabial soft tissue, facial rehabilitation 499, 500 nasolacrimal canal, topography 20 nasopharyngeal encephaloceles, indications for surgery 117 nasopharynx, tumors, lateral middle skull base 296 nerve suture, operative techniques 478,479 nervus intermedius, inferior cerebellar artery, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, topographic relations 83, 84 neurilemmoma, histology 184 neurinoma -, acoustic, intracranial-intratemporal facial nerve grafting 486, 487 -, trigeminal nerve, CT, magnetic resonance imaging 444 -, -, surgical treatment , trochlear nerve, surgical treatment neuroblastoma, olfactory, nose, paranasal sinuses 206 neurofibromatosis, middle skull base, special operative techniques neuronography, intraoperative, facial nerve segment, exposure 483 newborn, basal skull, anatomy 5 nose -, chondroblastoma 324 -, malignant tumors 224 -, olfactory neuroblastoma, paranasal sinuses 206 nystagmus, meningioma, petrous margin 346 o occipital artery, topography, variants 67 occipital condyles, anatomy 94 oculomotor nerve -, anatomy 336 -, displacement, meningioma, petrous margin 346 -, -, neurinoma, trochlear nerve 335 -, sphenocavernous meningioma 219 -, temporal, intradural (pterional) craniotomy 310, 311 oculomotor paralysis, chondroma, intradural, middle skull base 335 olfactory fibers, injury, duraplasty 134 olfactory fossa, anatomy 13, 14 olfactory groove meningioma, diagnosis, surgery 209, 210 olfactory nerve, anatomy 336 olfactory neuroblastoma, diagnosis, surgery operability, malignant tumors, anterior skull base 159, 160 operative strategy, lateral middle skull base tumors 297 ophthalmic artery, anatomy 9, 10, 38 optic canal, topography 1, 10, , 38 optic chiasm -, craniopharyngioma, extirpation 281 -, meningioma, surgery 210 optic nerve -, compression, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 204 -, -, lateral middle skull base tumors, visual defects 297 -, compression syndrome, mucocele, sphenoid sinus 157 -, decompression, after trauma 149 -, -, intraosseous skull base meningioma 223 -, -, transethmoidal approach 150, 151 -, -, transfrontal extradural approach 168