Liquid fuels from sewage sludge through direct acid ethanolysis

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Liquid fuels from sewage sludge through direct acid ethanolysis"

Transcription

1 Liquid fuels from sewage sludge through direct acid ethanolysis Luigi di Bitonto, Vito Locaputo, Carlo Pastore Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), via F. de Blasio 5, Bari, Italy

2 Outlook Chemical characterization of sewage sludge Chemical exploitation of sewage sludge through ethanolysis Optimization of reactive conditions: fundamental study Valorization of sewage sludge through direct ethanolysis: feasibility study Conclusions

3 WWTPs PE PE PE Putignano PE

4 Primary Settlement Sewage scum Primary sludge Secondary sludge Mixed sludge Biological Oxidation

5 Sewage Scum Primary Sludge Secondary Sludge 20% 12% 4% 11% 24% 4% 11% 22% 25% 9% 0% 5% 9% 44% 22% 17% 23% 38% Mixed Sludge 20% 24% 4% 9% 23% 20% EHS Cellulose (Glucose, Xylose) Lipids (Glycerides, Soaps, FFAs) Proteins HA&L Ashes (Hemicellulose, Pectinic sugars, EPS) >50% Organic Fraction Average values derived by analysis conducted on two different sample per WWTPs in two different period of the year

6 Lipids Characterization 50 FAs S Scum PS SS MS % % % % Glycerides 16,8 0,4 42,9 1,4 Soaps 23,9 90,3 0,0 88,9 FFAs 59,3 9,3 57,1 9,7 % wt S Sc PS SS MS 10 0 C12:0 C14:0 C15:0 C16:1 C16:0 C18:2 C18:1 C18:0 C20:0 FAs Profile of FAs as «fingerprint» of different sewage sludge

7 Structural Sugars Characterization Cellulose EHS 350 Glucose 1 3 Sewage Scum IC HPAED nc Xylose Primary Sludge Secondary Sludge 1: Galactosamine 2: Arabinose 3: Glucosamine 4: Galactose 5: Glucose 6: Mannose + Xylose 50 0 Mixed Sludge Time / min time / min Profiles of EHS as «fingerprint» of different sewage sludge

8 Reactions to be involved in valorization of sewage sludge

9

10 Main objective: To find out reactive conditions capable to convert sewage sludge components in a single step in to the defined target molecules.

11 Lipid Valorization Soaps FFAs FAEEs Direct Trans Esterification Esterification Glycerides Acid Catalysis Base or Acid Catalysis C C to C 2 4 h 2 4 h to h

12 Sugar Valorization : Brønsted acid Catalysed : Lewis acid Catalysed

13 A direct homogeneous Brønsted Lewis acid catalysis was optimised Brønsted Acid: H 2 SO 4 High pressure Reactor Lewis Acid: Aluminium and Iron salts were tested Operative Temperature: 180 C Reaction Time

14 Ethanolysis of glucose E Catalysts Res. G (%mol) Conv. EG (%mol) EF (%mol) EMF +HMF (%mol) EL (%mol) Total (%mol) 1 No catalyst ± ± ± H 2 SO ± ± ± ± AlCl 3. 6H 2 O ± ± ± ± FeCl 3. 6H 2 O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + AlCl 3. 6H 2 O (0.8 mmol mmol) ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + Al₂(SO₄)₃. 18H₂O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + Al(NO 3 ) 3. 9H 2 O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + Al 2 O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + FeCl 3. 6H 2 O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + Fe(NO 3 )₃. 9H₂O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3. 12H 2 O ± ± ± ± H 2 SO 4 + AlCl 3. 6H 2 O (0.8 mmol mmol) H 2 SO 4 + AlCl 3. 6H 2 O (0.8 mmol mmol) H 2 SO 4 + AlCl 3. 6H 2 O* (0.8 mmol mmol) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Al salts were found more active than respective Fe salts In the case of AlCl 3 6H 2 O (30%mol respect to G) a synergic effect with H 2 SO 4 was obtained After only 2 h, about 60% of starting glucose was converted into EL+HMF+EMF Reactive conditions: 180 C, 2h

15 Ethanolysis of simple sugars Glucose (no catalyst) Glucose (H 2 SO 4 ) Glucose (AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Glucose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Galactose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Mannose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Glucosamine (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Xylose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Arabinose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) F EL EMF+HMF EF EG S Besides EL, HMF and EMF, EG were mostly obtained Ethanolysis occurred efficiently on all sugars and amino sugars Reactive conditions: 180 C, 2h %

16 Ethanolysis of simple sugars: effect of water Glucose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Galactose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Mannose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Glucosamine (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Xylose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) Arabinose (H 2 SO 4 /AlCl 3 6H 2 O) F EL EMF+HMF EF EG S Solubilization of starting sugars was obtained EGs represent the main products Reactive conditions: 180 C, 2h %

17 Ethanolysis of complex sugars Glucose D W Cellulose EL EG HMF+EMF %mol D 5 Starch D WReaction time: 6 h EL EG 25 HMF+EMF %mol W time / h time / h

18 Ethanolysis of Sewage Sludge (1) Ethanol 6h, 180 C GC FID GC MS IC HPAED Derivatization Sludge Evaluation of RS Characterization

19 Ethanolysis of Sewage Sludge (2) Sludge Lipid Conversion Carbohydrates Conversion Yield of EL Yield of HMF+EMF Yield of F %wt %wt %m* %m* %m** Sewage scum > Primary > Secondary > Mixed > % 100 Results were congruent with RS analysis: EHS, proteins and lipids were completely absent. Cellulose was present in traces and with a different profile: no xylose was found.

20 Ethanolysis of Sewage Sludge (3) Mixed Sludge EL, HMF and EMF Dry conditions 24% 4% 9% 20% FAEEs (Biodiesel) 20% 23% EHS Cellulose Lipids Proteins HA&L Ashes RS

21 Fine chemicals and new materials

22 Ethanolysis of Sewage Sludge (4) Mixed Sludge EGs In presence of water 24% 4% 9% 20% FAEEs (Biodiesel) 20% 23% EHS Cellulose Lipids Proteins HA&L Ashes RS (partial content of cellulose)

23 Ethanolysis of Sewage Sludge (5) EGs Ethanol 6h, 180 C HMF EMF Aminoacids Sludge FAEEs 1 Tonn (as dewatered sludge) MJ/Kg ST RS (45% of starting sludge) 70 Kg of Dry Residual Solids MJ/Kg ST HA&L (25%)

24 Conclusions Direct ethanolysis of sewage sludge was investigated. Through a combined Brønsted Lewis acid ethanolysis, the following main points were achieved: 1. Structural carbohydrates were mainly converted into EL, HMF and EMF under dry conditions, in EGs in presence of water 2. Lipids were always efficiently converted in FAEEs (namely biodiesel): potentially such a process could satisfy about the 20% of the present European Demand of Biodiesel 3. Proteins were also hydrolised and aminoacids were ethyl esterified and preserved in solution by thermal degradation 4. Residual Solids resulted significantly reduced

25 Aknowledgements This study was financially supported by MIUR (ERANETMED Project WE MET) Insert contact picture Luigi di Bitonto PhD/Researcher Insert contact picture Vito Locaputo Collaborator/Technician Insert contact picture Sandro Menegatti Collaborator/Technician

26

Improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of a marine macro-alga by dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment

Improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of a marine macro-alga by dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment Improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of a marine macro-alga by dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment Parviz Yazdani 1*, Keikhosro Karimi 1,2, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering,

More information

Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis in Plug Flow Reactor using Strong Acid Catalyst Young Mi Kim, Nathan Mosier, Rick Hendrickson, and Michael R.

Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis in Plug Flow Reactor using Strong Acid Catalyst Young Mi Kim, Nathan Mosier, Rick Hendrickson, and Michael R. Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis in Plug Flow Reactor using Strong Acid Catalyst Young Mi Kim, Nathan Mosier, Rick Hendrickson, and Michael R. Ladisch Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Department

More information

Ethanol Production from the Mixture of Hemicellulose Prehydrolysate

Ethanol Production from the Mixture of Hemicellulose Prehydrolysate Ethanol Production from the Mixture of Hemicellulose Prehydrolysate and Paper Sludge Li Kang, David Webster, Harry Cullinan and Y. Y. Lee Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University 1 Outline

More information

Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF

Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF Woody Biomass Conversion: Process Improvements at ESF Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Outline

More information

Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes for production of soluble organic compounds

Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes for production of soluble organic compounds Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes for production of soluble organic compounds Barış Çallı Marmara University Department of Environmental Engineering Istanbul, Turkey BioPXenoR Workshop, October

More information

anna.ida3@gmail.com/2013 Have you ever heard HUMUS?? A brown to black complex variable of carbon containing compounds as possessing cellular organization in the form of plant and animal bodies Derived

More information

Diluted acid pretreatment for an integrated microalgae bio-refinery to produce lipid- and carbohydrate-based biofuels

Diluted acid pretreatment for an integrated microalgae bio-refinery to produce lipid- and carbohydrate-based biofuels Diluted acid pretreatment for an integrated microalgae bio-refinery to produce lipid- and carbohydrate-based biofuels Tao Dong, Lieve Laurens, Nick Nagle, Stefanie Van Wychen, Nicholas Sweeney, Philip

More information

Caroline Vanderghem, Nicolas Jacquet, Christophe Blecker, Michel Paquot

Caroline Vanderghem, Nicolas Jacquet, Christophe Blecker, Michel Paquot Pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus x giganteus for oligosaccharides production: delignification degree and characterisation of the hydrolysis products Caroline Vanderghem, Nicolas Jacquet,

More information

Acid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Continuous Reactor

Acid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Continuous Reactor Acid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Continuous Reactor Andrea Pérez Nebreda POKE Researchers network Summerschool in Saarema, Kuressaare 10-16.8.2014 Outline 1. Introduction Biorefineries 2. Aim of

More information

Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts

Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts C Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Hot-Water Wood Extracts Thomas E. Amidon Christopher D. Wood, Jian Xu, Yang Wang, Mitchell Graves and Shijie Liu Biorefinery Research Institute Department of Paper and

More information

Established Facts. Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function. Known Facts. Known Facts

Established Facts. Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function. Known Facts. Known Facts Impact of Post Harvest Forage on the Rumen Function Gbenga Ayangbile, Ph.D. Established Facts Most nutrients in fresh forages before harvesting are more available and efficiently utilized for productive

More information

1.3.1 Function of Food. Why do we need food?

1.3.1 Function of Food. Why do we need food? 1.3.1 Function of Food Why do we need food? Need to know The Function of Food Three reasons for requiring food 2 Food is needed for: 1.Energy 2.Growth of new cells and Repair of existing cells, tissues,

More information

Carboxylated and Thermal Stable CNC and CNF with Tailored Morpholgies Produced Using Fully Recyclable Solid Di-carboxylic Acids

Carboxylated and Thermal Stable CNC and CNF with Tailored Morpholgies Produced Using Fully Recyclable Solid Di-carboxylic Acids Carboxylated and Thermal Stable CNC and CNF with Tailored Morpholgies Produced Using Fully Recyclable Solid Di-carboxylic Acids J.Y. Zhu Fulbright-Aalto Distinguished Chair, Aalto University, Finland US

More information

Molecules of Life. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Molecules of Life. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Molecules of Life All living things are composed of the following basic elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur Remember

More information

What are the most common elements in living organisms? What is the difference between monomers, dimers and polymers?

What are the most common elements in living organisms? What is the difference between monomers, dimers and polymers? What do each of these terms mean? Atom Molecule Element Compound Organic Inorganic What are the most common elements in living organisms? What are the roles of magnesium, iron, phosphate and calcium in

More information

1 Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes

1 Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes 1 Preparation and Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes To explain the difficulty in separating lignin from carbohydrates in wood, Erdman (1866) hypothesized that the two combined chemically

More information

Chemical Formulas. Chemical Formula CH 3 COCHCHOCHClCHNH Lewis Dot Structure

Chemical Formulas. Chemical Formula CH 3 COCHCHOCHClCHNH Lewis Dot Structure Biochemistry . Chemical Formulas A chemical formula represents the chemical makeup of a compound. It shows the numbers and kinds of atoms present in a compound. It is a kind of shorthand that scientists

More information

Nutrition is the study of the nutrients in food and how they nourish the body.

Nutrition is the study of the nutrients in food and how they nourish the body. Chapter 2 Nutrients Copyright 2011 by the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation (NRAEF) and published by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. People need certain nutrients on a

More information

Environmental Literacy Project Michigan State University. Lesson 2.3: Materials Plants Are Made Of

Environmental Literacy Project Michigan State University. Lesson 2.3: Materials Plants Are Made Of Environmental Literacy Project Michigan State University Lesson 2.3: Materials Plants Are Made Of Benchmark Scale Power of Ten Large Scale: Farm field Decimal Style Large scale Larger 10 5 10 4 10 3 Larger

More information

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function

More information

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush

Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush 5 Dr. Nafith Abu Tarboush June 25 th 2013 Mohammad Abu Dosh Sheet 5.. Lipids ( Dr. Nafith ) : Classification of fatty acids : - they are classified depending on the existence of double bonds to : 1) Saturated

More information

Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)

Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many

More information

Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2

Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide

More information

6. INVESTIGATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL ASPECTS

6. INVESTIGATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL ASPECTS 6. INVESTIGATION OF NUTRITIONAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL ASPECTS Under this part of the investigations, besides the analysis of proximate nutritional and mineral content of Lentinus squarrosulus following standard

More information

CONVERSION OF EXTRACTED RICE BRAN AND ISOLATION OF PURE BIO-ETHANOL BY MEANS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY

CONVERSION OF EXTRACTED RICE BRAN AND ISOLATION OF PURE BIO-ETHANOL BY MEANS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY CONVERSION OF EXTRACTED RICE BRAN AND ISOLATION OF PURE BIO-ETHANOL BY MEANS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY M.N. Baig, C. Zetzl, G. Brunner, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Dept. of Thermal

More information

Improving The Quality And Efficiency Of Terpene Extraction From Cannabis Plant

Improving The Quality And Efficiency Of Terpene Extraction From Cannabis Plant Tech Note Improving The Quality And Efficiency Of Terpene Extraction From Cannabis Plant Highly efficient microwave processing of terpenes with the Milestone ETHOS X Introduction As the cannabis industry

More information

Ch18. Metabolism. Chemical processes that maintain life. From the Greek metabole change." version 1.0

Ch18. Metabolism. Chemical processes that maintain life. From the Greek metabole change. version 1.0 Ch18 Metabolism Chemical processes that maintain life. From the Greek metabole change." version 1.0 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2015 Ch18 Metabolism Metabolism Defined Metabolic Pathways Energy stored as ATP

More information

1. What substance could be represented by the letter X in the diagram below?

1. What substance could be represented by the letter X in the diagram below? 1. What substance could be represented by the letter X in the diagram below? A) carbohydrates B) ozone C) carbon dioxide D) water 2. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. For

More information

2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules

2-3 Carbon Compounds 10/22/2013. The Chemistry of Carbon. More Carbon. Chemistry (cont) More Macromolecules. Macromolecules The Chemistry of Carbon 2-3 Carbon Compounds Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule) 2 Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself More

More information

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life?

Name a property of. water why is it necessary for life? 02.09.18 Name a property of + water why is it necessary for life? n Cohesion n Adhesion n Transparency n Density n Solvent n Heat capacity + Macromolecules (2.3 & some of 2.4) + Organic Molecules All molecules

More information

Neatness 0 1 Accuracy Completeness Lab Class Procedure Total Lab Score

Neatness 0 1 Accuracy Completeness Lab Class Procedure Total Lab Score New Paltz High School Science Department Name:.... Due Date:... Lab Title:.Big Ol Biomolecules..Lab #... Lab Partners: Your Lab Score will be based on the following: Neatness: All labs must be well-written

More information

Concentrating Alpha-tocopherol from Oil Byproduct with Supercritical Methanol and CO 2

Concentrating Alpha-tocopherol from Oil Byproduct with Supercritical Methanol and CO 2 Concentrating Alpha-tocopherol from Oil Byproduct with Supercritical Methanol and CO 2 Tao Fang, Wahyudiono, Motonobu Goto *, Mitsuru Sasaki Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University,

More information

from Miscanthus Cellulose - Lignin

from Miscanthus Cellulose - Lignin Characterizing Lignocellulosics from Miscanthus Cellulose - Lignin Poulomi Sannigrahi A.J. Ragauskas School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Agro-energy gy feedstock: Miscanthus

More information

Organic & Biochemistry Pacing Guide. Day Date SCS Objectives Essential Questions Content Tasks/Strategies. How are covalent compounds formed?

Organic & Biochemistry Pacing Guide. Day Date SCS Objectives Essential Questions Content Tasks/Strategies. How are covalent compounds formed? Organic & Biochemistry Pacing Guide Course Description: Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to continue their study of the principles of chemistry. The topics

More information

The Structure and Function of Biomolecules

The Structure and Function of Biomolecules The Structure and Function of Biomolecules The student is expected to: 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

More information

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates

24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates 24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are abundant in nature: They are high energy biomolecules. They provide structural rigidity for organisms (plants, crustaceans, etc.). The polymer

More information

Hydrolysis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hydrolysis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 7 Hydrolysis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hydrolysis (/haɪˈdrɒlᵻsɪs/; from Greek hydro-, meaning "water", and lysis, meaning "to unbind") usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds

More information

Biochemistry. Biome. & Compound. Macromolecules

Biochemistry. Biome. & Compound. Macromolecules Biochemistry Biome Macromolecules & Compound 1 ATOMS the smallest unit of an element. Ex: Carbon- C MOLECULE A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. EX: O 2 (Oxygen Gas) 2

More information

EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSE LIQUID PHASE ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF AUTOHYDROLYZED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WOOD

EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSE LIQUID PHASE ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF AUTOHYDROLYZED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WOOD S05-036 EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSE LIQUID PHASE ON THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF AUTOHYDROLYZED EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS WOOD Romaní, Aloia; Ruiz, Héctor A. *; Pereira, Francisco B; Domingues, Lucília; Teixeira,

More information

Honors Biology Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Name Amatuzzi Carbohydrates pp Homework

Honors Biology Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Name Amatuzzi Carbohydrates pp Homework Honors Biology Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Name Amatuzzi Carbohydrates pp. 37-39 1. Which elements make up carbohydrates? a. In which ratio? 2. How do living things use most of their carbohydrates?

More information

REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014

REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014 REVISION: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 MARCH 2014 Lesson Description In this lesson we revise: The Chemistry of Life Food tests Summary Inorganic Nutrients Water Solvent Medium in which chemical reactions occur

More information

Biomass Oxidation to Formic Acid in Aqueous Media Using Polyoxometalate Catalysts Boosting FA Selectivity by In-situ Extraction

Biomass Oxidation to Formic Acid in Aqueous Media Using Polyoxometalate Catalysts Boosting FA Selectivity by In-situ Extraction Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Biomass Oxidation to Formic Acid in Aqueous Media Using Polyoxometalate Catalysts

More information

Effective Fractionation of Lignocellulose Using a Mild Acetone-based Organosolv Process

Effective Fractionation of Lignocellulose Using a Mild Acetone-based Organosolv Process Effective Fractionation of Lignocellulose Using a Mild Acetone-based Organosolv Process A.T. Smit W.J.J. Huijgen J.W. van Hal L. Lanting K.J. Damen June 2017 ECN-L--17-016 Presented @25th European Biomass

More information

Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA. Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective

Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA. Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective Heidi Rossow, PhD UC Davis School Of Veterinary Medicine, VMTRC Tulare, CA Interpreting Forage Quality from the Cows Perspective Interpretation of chemical nutrient analyses Plant Nutrient Analyses Digestibility

More information

3150:112 SAMPLE TEST 2. Print out a copy Answer the questions on your own. Check the answers at GOBC Ans.pdf. Good Luck!

3150:112 SAMPLE TEST 2. Print out a copy Answer the questions on your own. Check the answers at GOBC Ans.pdf. Good Luck! SAMPLE TEST 2 3150:112 Print out a copy Answer the questions on your own. Check the answers at GOBC Ans.pdf. Good Luck! QUESTIONS 1-3 REFER TO TE FOLLOWING: A. C 2 O O B. C 2 O O O C 2 O C. O C 2 O 1.

More information

The six elements that make up 99.9% of all living things include

The six elements that make up 99.9% of all living things include The six elements that make up 99.9% of all living things include 1. C, K, O, N, Ca and S 2. C, P, S, H, O and N 3. C, P, K, I, O and N 4. N, O, P, H, S and T 75% 15% 1 C, K, O, N, Ca and S C, P, S, H,

More information

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made?

Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Biological molecules Can you explain that all living things have a similar biochemical basis? Can you explain that monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made? Can you describe polymers

More information

A mutant in Arabidopsis Lacking a Chloroplast Specific Lipid. Lewis Kurschner and Karen Thulasi Masters in Botany

A mutant in Arabidopsis Lacking a Chloroplast Specific Lipid. Lewis Kurschner and Karen Thulasi Masters in Botany A mutant in Arabidopsis Lacking a Chloroplast Specific Lipid Lewis Kurschner and Karen Thulasi Masters in Botany Fatty acid nomenclature Fatty acyl composition Chain length Degree of unsaturation and position

More information

APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM EXHAUSTED OLIVE POMACE

APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM EXHAUSTED OLIVE POMACE Processes APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS FOR POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM EXHAUSTED OLIVE POMACE Ashley Sthefanía Caballero 1, Juan Miguel Romero-García 2, Eulogio Castro 2, Carlos Ariel

More information

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have

More information

Unit 1: Biochemistry

Unit 1: Biochemistry Name: Date: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and enzymes 1. All living things contain which element? A. helium B. sodium C. copper D. carbon 4. Which of the following elements is best able to combine with

More information

Association des Amidonneries de Céréales de l Union Européenne

Association des Amidonneries de Céréales de l Union Européenne aac Association des Amidonneries de Céréales de l Union Européenne SUMMARY REPORT Eco-profile of starch and related products Based on a report by Dr Ian Boustead January 2001 1 Introduction The concept

More information

Enzyme use for corn fuel ethanol production. Luis Alessandro Volpato Mereles

Enzyme use for corn fuel ethanol production. Luis Alessandro Volpato Mereles Enzyme use for corn fuel ethanol production Luis Alessandro Volpato Mereles July 12 th, 2007 Agenda Global Biofuel Outlook Novozymes at a glance What are enzymes Using Enzymes to produce Fuel Ethanol from

More information

Detergent Complex Based on Palm Stearin

Detergent Complex Based on Palm Stearin Detergent Complex Based on Palm Stearin PIPOC 2007, Malaysia August 29, 2007 Agenda About Trivedi Group Basic Requirements and Process Chemistry Products and Formulations Cost Structure Summary Global

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Levulinic esters from the acid-catalysed reactions of sugar and alcohol as part of bio-refinery Xun Hu and Chun-Zhu Li* Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University

More information

Cellulose - Hemicellulose

Cellulose - Hemicellulose Lecture in line with the course Biotechnology of trees and fungi Cellulose - Hemicellulose Dr. Christian Schöpper Phone: 0551-39 9745 mailto: cschoep@gwdg.de Major cell wall polysaccharides Celluloses

More information

Topic 3.1 Nutrients. - Lipids are an essential part of the and are a part of cell in the body.

Topic 3.1 Nutrients. - Lipids are an essential part of the and are a part of cell in the body. Name: Topic 3.1 Nutrients Date: IB SEHS 3.1.1. List the macronutrients and micronutrients Macronutrients: - lipid (fat) - carbohydrate - protein - water (says the book) Micronutrients: - vitamins - minerals

More information

Ryan Graunke Interdisciplinary Ecology Seminar February 1, Advisor: Dr. Ann C. Wilkie Soil and Water Science Department

Ryan Graunke Interdisciplinary Ecology Seminar February 1, Advisor: Dr. Ann C. Wilkie Soil and Water Science Department Ryan Graunke Interdisciplinary Ecology Seminar February 1, 2011 Advisor: Dr. Ann C. Wilkie Soil and Water Science Department Food waste: a global problem produced locally 32 million tons produced annually

More information

January 31, Chemistry of Life. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Biologically Important Macromolecules. Nucleic Acids

January 31, Chemistry of Life. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Biologically Important Macromolecules. Nucleic Acids Chemistry of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biologically Important Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Polymers Polymers are large molecules of repeating sub units (building blocks) Individual Building Blocks......can

More information

The Carbon Atom (cont.)

The Carbon Atom (cont.) Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the living world. Organic Molecule a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and can share electrons with

More information

Question #2 Fructose, galactose, and glucose are monosaccharides (simple sugars). The open chain form of glucose is drawn below:

Question #2 Fructose, galactose, and glucose are monosaccharides (simple sugars). The open chain form of glucose is drawn below: II. Carbohydrates Question #1: List two functions of carbohydrates 1. Energy source 2. Energy storage 3. Components of cell walls and other protective structures 4. Recognition and signaling 5. Components

More information

The building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases

The building blocks for this molecule are A) amino acids B) simple sugars C) fats D) molecular bases 1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule. The building blocks for this molecule are A)

More information

Introduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?

Introduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out? Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these

More information

Supporting Information High-Yielding One-Pot Synthesis of Glucose from Cellulose Using Simple Activated Carbons and Trace Hydrochloric Acid

Supporting Information High-Yielding One-Pot Synthesis of Glucose from Cellulose Using Simple Activated Carbons and Trace Hydrochloric Acid Supporting Information High-Yielding ne-pot Synthesis of Glucose from Cellulose Using Simple Activated Carbons and Trace Hydrochloric Acid Hirokazu Kobayashi, Mizuho Yabushita, Tasuku Komanoya, Kenji Hara,

More information

CP Biology Chapter 2: Molecules of Life Name Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp Period Homework

CP Biology Chapter 2: Molecules of Life Name Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp Period Homework Amatuzzi #1: Carbohydrates pp. 46-47 Period 1. Which elements make up carbohydrates? a. In which ratio? 2. How do living things use most of their carbohydrates? 3. How do cells get energy from carbs? a.

More information

Chapter 18. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1

Chapter 18. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry. Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1 Chapter 18 Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry Carbohydrates with an Introduction to Biochemistry page 1 Introduction to Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Bioenergetics Metabolism and

More information

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules The Structure and Function of Macromolecules I. Polymers What is a polymer? Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. What is a monomer?

More information

Bridging task for 2016 entry. AS/A Level Biology. Why do I need to complete a bridging task?

Bridging task for 2016 entry. AS/A Level Biology. Why do I need to complete a bridging task? Bridging task for 2016 entry AS/A Level Biology Why do I need to complete a bridging task? The task serves two purposes. Firstly, it allows you to carry out a little bit of preparation before starting

More information

Digestion and Human Health

Digestion and Human Health Digestion and Human Health The Molecules of Living Systems There are three main fluid components in your body Cytoplasm in your cells Fluid between your cells Fluid in your blood The also contain many

More information

Lesson Overview. Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds

Lesson Overview. Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms organic, believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We

More information

Lipids. Lipids. Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague

Lipids. Lipids. Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague Lipids Jiří Jonák and Lenka Fialová Institute of Medical Biochemistry, 1st Medical Faculty of the Charles University, Prague Lipids 1. General introduction 2. Nomenclature of fatty acids 3. Degradation

More information

Unit 2 Outline Biomolecules. Part 1 - Carbohydrates are Fuel for Living Machines. Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com

Unit 2 Outline Biomolecules. Part 1 - Carbohydrates are Fuel for Living Machines. Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com Part 1 - Carbohydrates are Fuel for Living Machines 1. Carbohydrates are macromolecules (or biomolecules) that function as fuel. Fuel for your body. Macromolecules

More information

DDGS: An Evolving Commodity. Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota

DDGS: An Evolving Commodity. Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota DDGS: An Evolving Commodity Dr. Jerry Shurson University of Minnesota Animals Require Nutrients on a Daily Basis Feed Ingredients Supply Nutrients in Different Amounts and Forms Nutritionist s Job: Develop

More information

Silicon Forms in Soluble Pectin Substances Extracted by Hot Water from Plant Cell Wall

Silicon Forms in Soluble Pectin Substances Extracted by Hot Water from Plant Cell Wall Received for Publication, October, Silicon Forms in Soluble Pectin Substances Extracted by Hot Water from Plant Cell Wall Shunji INANAGA, Naoya CHISHAKI and Neng Chang CHEN Laboratory of Plant Nutrition

More information

Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance

Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance 1 Terms Balanced ration Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides Essential nutrients Ether Fat Fat-soluble

More information

Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms organic, believing they were fundamentally different from

More information

Biochemistry Name: Practice Questions

Biochemistry Name: Practice Questions Name: Practice Questions 1. Carbohydrate molecules A and B come in contact with the cell membrane of the same cell. Molecule A passes through the membrane readily, but molecule B does not. It is most likely

More information

2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington

2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington 2.2: Sugars and Polysaccharides François Baneyx Department of hemical Engineering, University of Washington baneyx@u.washington.edu arbohydrates or saccharides are abundant compounds that play regulatory

More information

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 05 FEBRUARY 2014 In this lesson we will: Lesson Description Discuss inorganic compounds and their importance Discuss organic compounds and their biological importance. Summary Inorganic

More information

Chem 60 Takehome Test 2 Student Section

Chem 60 Takehome Test 2 Student Section Multiple choice: 1 point each. Mark only one answer for each question. 1. are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, but may also include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and a few other elements.

More information

GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION AGNEEV MUKHERJEE DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING

GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION AGNEEV MUKHERJEE DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF AGNEEV MUKHERJEE DEPARTMENT OF BIORESOURCE ENGINEERING SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS OF 5- HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL

More information

Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules

Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules Formation of Macromolecules Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Smaller larger Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules monomer: single unit dimer: two monomers polymer: three or more monomers

More information

Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention

Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention Role of dietary fibre in rabbit nutrition and digestive troubles prevention T. Gidenne and F. Lebas Rabbit Research Laboratory, INRA Research Center of Toulouse - France Dietary fibre origin Fibre Sources?

More information

Soil organic matter composition, decomposition, mineralization and immobilization

Soil organic matter composition, decomposition, mineralization and immobilization Soil organic matter composition, decomposition, mineralization and immobilization SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Substances containing carbon are organic matter. Soil organic matter consists of decomposing plant

More information

HW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates

HW #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94, Carbohydrates Chemistry 131 Lectures 16 & 17: Carbohydrates Chapter 21 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th edition 05/24/18, 05/25/18 W #9: 21.36, 21.52, 21.54, 21.56, 21.62, 21.68, 21.70, 21.76, 21.82, 21.88, 21.94,

More information

2-2 Properties of Water

2-2 Properties of Water 2-2 Properties of Water 1 A. The Water Molecule o o o Water is polar Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules Properties of Water: cohesion adhesion capillary action high specific heat ice floats good

More information

2 3 Carbon Compounds Slide 1 of 37

2 3 Carbon Compounds Slide 1 of 37 1 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with

More information

Quality Considerations and Control Factors for Homebrewing Biodiesel. John Bush

Quality Considerations and Control Factors for Homebrewing Biodiesel. John Bush Quality Considerations and Control Factors for Homebrewing Biodiesel John Bush John@boulderbiodiesel.com www.boulderbiodiesel.com Quality? Modern Diesel Engines are very sensitive to fuel quality issues.

More information

Cell Chemistry - Intro

Cell Chemistry - Intro Cell Chemistry - Intro SBI 3C Cell Chemistry All things are made of atoms, including living things. As we explore the cell we need to have a basic understanding of the chemistry and molecules that make

More information

Biochemistry. Example: Enzymes. Lipids

Biochemistry. Example: Enzymes. Lipids 30 Essential Questions: How do the structure and caloric value of 31 organic molecules contribute to the function in the human body? How are biochemical reactions related to organic molecules? Proteins

More information

Stability of polysaccharides against degradation and the techniques used to assess their molecular integrity

Stability of polysaccharides against degradation and the techniques used to assess their molecular integrity Stability of polysaccharides against degradation and the techniques used to assess their molecular integrity Stability studies of polysaccharides turned out to be of huge practical importance. They improved

More information

Hetero polysaccharides

Hetero polysaccharides Hetero polysaccharides Up to 1/3 rd of biomass is composed of hemicelluloses What is hemicellulose? riginally believed to be a precursor to cellulose, denoted by hemi Better referred to as hetero polysaccharide

More information

Trace element supplementation for stable food waste digestion

Trace element supplementation for stable food waste digestion Trace element supplementation for stable food waste digestion Research aim To optimise a trace element supplementation strategy Identify essential trace elements for stable food waste digestion Determine

More information

NUTRITION. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NUTRITION. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. NUTRITION Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Proper Diet Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Water Vitamins Fiber Inorganic salts Nutrition 2 Carbohydrates

More information

Stabilisation and mineralisation of sludge in reed bed system after years of operation

Stabilisation and mineralisation of sludge in reed bed system after years of operation Stabilisation and mineralisation of sludge in reed bed system after 10 20 years of operation Steen Nielsen a Eleonora Peruzzi b, Cristina Macci b, Serena Doni b, Grazia Masciandaro b a ORBICON, Ringstedvej

More information

Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology

Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration. AP Biology Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites & Control of Respiration Cellular respiration: Beyond glucose: Other carbohydrates: Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates fuels. polysaccharides glucose

More information

Annexure-I List of Products

Annexure-I List of Products Sr. No Annexure-I List of Products Name of Products CAS Number Quantity (MT/month) Existing Proposed Total 1. Para Nitro Benzoic 62-12-7 4.00 38.00 42.00 2. Meta Nitro Benzoic 121-92-6 0.0 3. Para chloro

More information

Alkane C-C single bond (propane) Alkene C=C double bond (propene) Alcohol - OH group (1-propanol) major. minor

Alkane C-C single bond (propane) Alkene C=C double bond (propene) Alcohol - OH group (1-propanol) major. minor Functional group* and name? Alkane - single bond (propane) *alkanes not really regarded as a functional group Alkene = double bond (propene) Addition of an unsymmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkene

More information

Biochemistry. Chapter 6

Biochemistry. Chapter 6 Biochemistry Chapter 6 Game Plan for Today. - Collect your papers - Hand back quests - Go over Amoeba Sister Chart - Biochem Notes - Video Carbohydrate Lab Food Label Lab! Testing For Carbohydrates Benedict's

More information