Unit 2 Outline Biomolecules. Part 1 - Carbohydrates are Fuel for Living Machines. Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com

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1 Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com Part 1 - Carbohydrates are Fuel for Living Machines 1. Carbohydrates are macromolecules (or biomolecules) that function as fuel. Fuel for your body. Macromolecules can be simply defined as: 2. The four major types of macromolecules that are necessary for our cells include: 3. Carbohydrates are made up of the three following elements: a. All carbohydrates are found with a similar composition of an H 2 O (water) unit for every carbon. Give the chemical formula for glucose:. b. Monosaccharides are also called. Given an example of a monosaccharide you are familiar with other than glucose: 4. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in our cells? a. Why are carbohydrates so well suited for this function? 1 of 6

2 5. The glucose from fruit, bread, potatoes and other carbohydrate sources ends up in the bloodstream. There are then several potential end results for the glucose circulating in the blood. What are the three potential fates of glucose: 6. Fill in the diagram to the right. 7. Complex carbohydrates are a source of fuel containing more than one sugar building block. These include: a. which are two monosaccharides linked together and, b. which are many monosaccharides (even thousands) linked together. 8. Give an example of a disaccharide and explain how it is used as fuel. 9. What is the function of starch in plants? 10.What is the function of cellulose in plants? 11.What is the function of glycogen in animals? 12.What is the function of chitin in animals? 2 of 6

3 Part 2 - Lipids Store Energy for a Rainy Day 13. lipids are a large, diverse group of macromolecules with important functions. Like other macromolecules, the structure of lipids includes the elements C, O, and H, but lipids have a higher ratio of C-H bonds. How does this affect lipids? 14. Some important properties of lipids include how they behave in water. Define: a. Hydrophobic b. Hydrophilic 15. List three types of lipids and their function, then label the image to to the right. Function: Function: Function 16. Fats are tasty molecules too plentiful in our diets. The fats we are concerned about in the foods we et are also called. 17. Label the parts of the structure of a triglyceride to the right. 18. Explain the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat use the correct vocabulary. 3 of 6

4 19. How is trans fat different from both saturated and unsaturated fats? 20. Olestra is a fat substitute. It is found in many food products, such as potato chips, that strive to reduce the fat content in order the make the product more appealing to consumers (YOU!) a. What is the chemical structure of Olestra? b. Are there consequences associated with a diet high in Olestra? Explain. 21. Cholesterol and phospholipids are used to build sex hormones and cell membranes. a. What is the basic structure of all sterols? List two important examples: b. Draw the basic structure of a phospholipid in the box to the right and label its parts. This type of lipid plays an important role in the cell s. Part 3 - Proteins Are Versatile Macromolecules That Serve as Building Blocks. 22. Proteins are the most diverse groups of macromolecules and functions to 23. Proteins are similar to carbohydrates and lipids as they also contain C, O, and H, but they can be distinguished from these other important macromolecules because they also contain. 24. Despite the large variety of proteins found, they are all composed of the same building blocks. The building blocks of proteins are. 25. There are different amino acids that exist naturally. 4 of 6

5 26. Identify the main groups that form the amino acid by labeling them on the image to the right. 27. What makes one amino acid different from another? 28. Our cells require amino acids for various cellular and. 29. Cells can make some of the 20 amino acids that are required, but not all of them. a. The other amino acids are obtained through our diet. The amino acids we must be certain to include in our diet are called 30. Briefly describe the difference between a complete protein and incomplete protein. 31. Cells will build protein by linking amino acids together by a bond. 32. The order of the amino acids as well as the overall structure of the protein takes on, impacts how the protein functions. The Possible shapes, or structure of proteins are: a. _ b. _ c. _ d. _ NOTE: IF AT ANY TIME, SOMETHING ALTERS THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEIN, THE PROTEIN, WILL NO LONGER BE ABLE TO FUNCTION PROPERLY. THAT, IN TURN, CAN AFFECT CELLULAR FUNCTIONING. 33. When a protein is exposed to an extreme environment, such as high temperature or changes in ph, the protein may unfold or be described as:. 5 of 6

6 34. One important class of proteins is enzymes. Briefly explain what an enzyme s job is and if they can perform their job more than once. 35. Only specific substrates can fit in an enzyme s site to catalyze a reaction. 36. Activation energy is required to jump start a reaction. What is the relationship between enzymes and a reaction s activation energy? Include four specific examples below. 6 of 6