Raising Healthy Calves - Your Future Herd Profit Center. Frequency of Calfhood Disease. Targets for Health / Gain. Impact of Calfhood Disease

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1 Rising Helthy Clves - Your Future Herd Profit Center Sndr Godden DVM, DVSc College of Veterinry Medicine University of Minnesot Gols for the Replcement Heifer Progrm Gol: In n efficient nd economicl mnner, produce qulity replcement heifer tht hs the genetics, size, helth & immune function, body condition nd mngement bckground to - Breed t months of ge - Clve t months of ge - Freshen with miniml metbolic nd reproductive disorders - Rech her potentil for high 1 st lcttion milk yield - Yield the producer higher profits Frequency of Clfhood Disese Prewening mortlity = % (Gol < 5%) Postwening mortlity = 1.9% (NAHMS, ) Impct of Clfhood Disese Short term losses: Lbor, drugs, mortlity/replcement Scours or digestive Respirtory Lmeness, injury Clving problems Joint or nvel Other, known Unknown Unwened Wened Long term losses: Depressed gin by 6 mos. of ge Incresed risk of deth before clving Incresed risk of culling before clving Incresed ge t first clving Donovn et l., Prev. Vet. Med :1; Curtis et l., Prev. Vet. Med :173; Wltner-Toews et l., C.J.V.Res :314; Corre et l., Prev. Vet. Med :253) Trgets for Helth / Gin Prmeter 24 hrs 6 dys 61 1 dys 121 to 18 dys Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Mortlity Rte (%) < 5% < 2% < 1% Scours Rte (%) < 25% < 2% < 1% Pneumoni Rte (%) < % < 15% < 2% Growth Rte (lb/dy) Double birth weight (pprox lbs/d) (e.g. born 9 lb => 18 lb t 8 weeks) 2.2 lbs 2. lbs Diry Clf nd Heifer Assocition Gold Stndrds ( Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Disese detection & tretment 1

2 MATERNITY PEN MANAGEMENT Viruses & bcteri present in the dm s environment (uterine & nsl secretions, mnure, ir, contminted bedding, wter, etc.) Mternity Pen Mngement Gols Clen & dry Well-bedded Drft-free Remove bedding frequently nd disinfect between uses Seprte from sick pens Individul vs group pens? Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Cre of the Newborn Clf Monitor clving process nd ssist if needed (get trining) Remove clf from dm ASAP (3-6 min) Disinfect nvel In winter, dry in wrming box (snitize wrming box frequently) Use clf blnkets in winter COLOSTRUM!!! Preventing Umbilicl Infections in Clves Incidence: Incidence 1-14% (vries by study) Prevention: Colostrum mngement Clen mternity & clf pens Dip nvels shortly fter birth Nvel dipping: 7% tincture of iodine widely used Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Nvel-Gurd eqully effective (SCG-Solutions, LLC, McDonough, GA) Donovn, 1998; Rings, 9; USDA, ; Virtl 1996; Grover & Godden, 11 2

3 Colostrum Mngement A criticl determinnt of clf helth Why is Colostrum Importnt? Pssive bsorption of immunoglobulins (Ig) Nutrition Successful pssive trnsfer: Serum IgG > mg/ml (24 48 hrs) Serum Totl Protein > 5. or 5.2 g/dl FPT rtes: 19% of U.S. diry heifers (NAHMS, 7) 19% of clves on 15 Ontrio frms (Windeyer, 9) 31% of deths in the first 3 weeks re due to FPT (Wells, 1996) Reltionship between Filure of Pssive Trnsfer nd Clf Helth (USDA:AHPIS:VS, 1992) Benefits of Achieving Successful Pssive Trnsfer of IgG Reduced tretment nd mortlity rtes (NAHMS, Wells, 1996) Improved growth rtes nd feed efficiency (Fowler, 1999; Fber et l., 5; Nocek et l., 1984; Robison et l. 1988; Fber. 5) Decresed ge t first clving (Fber et l. 5) Increse 1 st & 2 nd lcttion milk production (DeNise, 1989; Fber, 5) Overview of Colostrum Mngement Principles: Qulity Quntity Quickness Clenliness (bcteril contmintion) Monitoring Clf Serum IgG (mg/ml) COLOSTRUM QUALITY (Gol: IgG 5 g/l) Colostrum IgG (mg/ml) - Positive reltionship between IgG in colostrum vs clf serum - Colostrum qulity is highly vrible 3

4 Colostrum Qulity Gol: > 5 g/l IgG in colostrum Fctors ffecting qulity: Dry cow vccintion progrm Feed blnced dry cow rtion Avoid dry cow stress (het, crowding) Avoid short dry periods (< 21 dys) Milk cows within 1-2 hrs (mx 6 hrs) Monitoring: Colostrometer Brix refrctometer: 22% TS = 5 g/l IgG Ig G % of orig inl Effect of Delying First Milking on Colostrum Qulity (Moore et l., J.A.V.M.A :1375) cows 52 qurters 83 2 hrs 6 hrs hrs 14 hrs Time to first milking (hrs) Colostrum Quntity Wht volume should we provide t first feeding? Colostrum Quntity Gol: Feed 15 - g of IgG Recc: Feed % BWt t first feeding (3-4 L) within 6 hours Bottle or tube: work eqully well if enough volume fed Serum IgG concentrtion (mg/ml) Time After First Feeding (hrs) Low Volume: 2 L ( h) & 2 L (12 h) Morin et l., 1997 High Volume: 4 L ( h) & 2 L (12 h) 3. Quickness (time to first feeding) Gut Closure: Progressive loss of bility to bsorb Ig Complete by 24 hrs Gol: Feed within 1-2 hrs (6 hrs mx) Efficiency of Absorption of IgG (%) Ig in intestinl epithelil cell Age (hrs) Options for Quick Colostrum Feeding on Rel Frms It s 11: PM nd the clf ws just born Gol: Feed within 1-2 hrs (6 hrs mx) Options: Milk cow nd feed clf within 1-2 hrs Feed clf refrigerted stored colostrum Feed clf frozen stored colostrum (don t overhet) Feed commercil colostrum replcer product 4

5 Bottle vs Tube? (Chigerwe et l. JAVMA :4) Design: 26 newborn clves pired up: 1 bottle/1 tube Bottle clf: Fed s much s would consume in min Tube clf: Fed sme volume vi tube Mesured serum IgG t 48 hrs Results: Bottle Tube P vlue Volume Consumed (L) 2.2 L (1 to 4) 2.2 L (1 to 4) - Serum IgG t 48 hr (mg/ml) % with FPT (IgG < mg/ml) 85% (11 of 13) 85% (11 of 13) 1. Conclusion: No effect of feeding method (volume signif.) 4. Colostrum Clenliness (Bcteril Contmintion) Concerns: Bcteril pthogens (e.g. E. coli, Slmonell, MAP, Mycoplsm spp.) Bcteril interference with Ig bsorption Serum IgG (mg/ml) Gol: Totl plte count <, cfu/ml Totl coliform count <, cfu/ml (Totl Coliform Count (log) Approches to reduce pthogen exposure through colostrum Avoid pthogens from infected glnds, fecl contmintion from tet skin: Identify infected cows? (e.g. Johne s) Don t let clf suckle dm Udder prep Don t pool rw colostrum Reduce other sources of contmintion: Snittion of milking, storge & feeding equipment Prevent bcteril prolifertion in stored clostrum: Feed (< 1-2 hrs), refrigerte (< 48 hrs) or freeze ASAP Use of preservtives? Colostrum Replcement Products Must provide: Minimum of gm IgG / dose (Recc. feed 15- g IgG) Cost: $25 to $3/dose (U.S.D.) Ig my be from colostrum or serum sources Convenient, consistent supply of IgG if sufficient clen, high qulity mternl colostrum is not vilble Additionl tools: Colostrum replcers (feed 15 - g IgG, efficcy tested) Psteurize colostrum Clf s Choice Totl HiCl g Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Lnd O Lkes CR g Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Colostrx 13 APC, Inc. Serum IgG (mg/ml Dose response of serum IgG to IgG mss fed Study 1 FPT = 54% (Godden et l., 9. JDSci. 92: ) 15.2 Study 2 FPT = 5% 19. Study 1 FPT = % g 15 g g IgG mss fed (g) Conclusion: Producers wishing to reduce the risk of FPT my opt to feed higher doses IgG (15- g) in Colostrum Replcers Role of Colostrum Replcers in Johne s Disese Control Progrms (Pithu et l., 9 J.A.V.M.A. 234(9): ) mternl colostrum (n = 261) Newborn heifer clves (N = 497) colostrum replcer (n = 236) Acquire / Secure APC, Inc. Adult Period: 1 st clving to 54 mos: - Fecl culture nd serum ELISA for MAP t 3, 42 nd 54 mos. - DHIA records of milk production, reproduction, culling to 54 mos. 5

6 Results Clves fed the CR were t reduced risk for testing positive for MAP Het-treting Colostrum: Another mngement tool to reduce pthogen exposure to clves Fresh colostrum Het-tret (6 o C x 6 min) Refrigerte < 48 hr or Freeze Wrm nd feed Effects of on-frm het-tretment of colostrum on colostrum chrcteristics nd clf helth (Donhue et l., JDSci. 12; Godden et l. JDSci. 12) Methods: Clf Enrollment - Summer, 7-6 lrge commercil herds (MN, WI) Gol: Complete rndomized field study to describe the effect of feeding het-treted colostrum on Colostrum chrcteristics (IgG, bcteri counts) Clf serum IgG (mg/ml) Clf helth Het-tret (6 o C x 6 min) Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts (n = 553) Wen Fresh colostrum collected dily, pool & refrigerte Fresh Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts ( n = 518) Wen Methods: Smple / Dt Collection Colostrum (TPC, TCC, IgG) d (serum IgG) Helth Records Totl Coliform Count Results: Het-tretment of colostrum Significntly reduced colostrum Totl Plte Count (TPC) nd Totl Coliform Count (TCC) Het-tret (6 o C x 6 min) Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts n = 553 Wen Hd no overll effect on colostrum IgG (mg/ml) Fresh colostrum collected dily, pool & refrigerte Fresh Refrigerte (n = 266 feed 4 qts n = 518 Wen Incresed clf serum IgG (mg/ml) 6

7 Proportion Affected (%) 4% 35% 3% 25% % 15% % 5% % 36.5% b 3.9% Clf helth ws improved Significnt reduction in proportion of clves treted (ll cuses) or treted for scours.7% b 16.5% 11.4% 9.4% 4.8% 3.3% 2.1% 1.5% Fresh Het-treted 2.5% 3.3% 1.7% 2.4% Illness (All) Scours BRD Nvel Blot Other Died,b: Diff signif. t P <.5 How does feeding het-treted colostrum result in reduced scours/morbidity? - Results of Pth Anlysis Het-tret colostrum Reduced colostrum coliform count Improved serum IgG (mg/ml) Helthier clf Monitoring the Colostrum Progrm using Serum Totl Protein (TP) refrctometer Overview of Colostrum Mngement Principles: Successful pssive trnsfer: IgG mg/ml = TP 5. or 5.2 g/dl (Cllowy, Tyler et l., 2) How? Bleed 12 cliniclly norml clves 24 hrs 7 d old Let blood clot Test serum with refrctometer Gol: > 9% of clves should hve TP > 5. g/dl (Tyler, 3. pc) > 8% of clves should hve TP > 5.5 g/dl (McGuirk, 6) Qulity: > 5 g/l IgG Quntity: % Birth Weight (3-4 L) Quickness: 1-2 hrs fter birth (< 6 hrs mx) Clenliness: <, cfu/ml totl bcteri count Monitor serum totl proteins Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Conventionl Clf Milk Feeding Progrms Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Photo from Bob Jmes % of BWt in milk: 1 lb. powder/dy or one gllon milk/dy % protein: % ft milk replcer Clf Strter: 16-% CP WHY? Chep! (?) Wen them erly! (?) 7

8 Plne of nutrition in prewened clves ffects Clf: Growth Ability to cope with cold stress Immune function / helth Adult cow: Age t first clving Milk production Longevity Lifetime economics Gol: Double birth weight by 56 dys of ge 4 kg BWt => 8 kg t wening (ADG =.71 kg/dy or 1.6 lb/d) 9) (Vn Amburgh, AABP, Milk or Milk Replcer Feeding Progrms Conventionl vs Intensified (or biologiclly norml growth) Lnd O Lkes Animl Milk Products How do we double birth weight by 8 weeks? Conventionl: % of BWt : lb DM/dy or 1 gllon/dy Lower nutrient density MR: : vs Intensified: % of BWt : lb DM/dy or gllons/dy Higher nutrient density: Accelerted MR: 26: Whole milk: 26:3 Effect of Nutrient Intke on Helth Clves fed higher plne of nutrition hve: Incresed weight gin Improved immune function: Cn resist infection nd/or recover more quickly from infection Lower sickness nd deth loss Greter bility to del with cold stress Willims et l., Anim. Prod :133; Griebel et l Cn J. Vet. Res. 51:428 Pollock et l Res. Vet. Sci. 55:298; Pollock et l., Br. J. Nutr. 71:239 Kidneys of two clves Minnesot Field Study: Psteurized Wste Milk vs Milk Replcer Godden et l. 5. JAVMA. 226: clves enrolled: Dec., 1 to Aug., 2 : Milk Replcer Whole milk or ccelerted milk replcer progrm Which of these two clves is in better position to: -Prevent n illness? -Recover from n illness? -Thrive nd grow during cold wether? From Bob Jmes nd Scott Bscom Tretment Groups: Btch psteurized nonsleble milk (DiryTech) 1 gll/dy summer 1.5 gll/dy winter : milk replcer 1 lb DM/dy summer 1.5 lb DM/dy winter 8

9 MN Field Study: Psteurized Milk vs : Milk Replcer Prmeter Milk Replcer Psteurized Milk P vlue <.5 Clves enrolled (n) Serum Totl Protein (mg/dl) Arrivl Weight (lb) Age t Wening (d) Wening Weight (lb) * Prewening Gin (lb) * Avg. Dily Gin (lb/d) * Proportion Treted (%) Prewening Tretment Rte (%) b b.4 Milk Replcer Psteurized Milk b All Months Winter Months Summer Months Month of Birth,b Diff. t P<.5 Significnt reduction in scours nd pneumoni for ll months Proportion Dying (%) Prewening Deth Loss (%) b b Milk Replcer Psteurized Milk All Months Winter Months Summer Months Month of Birth,b Diff. t P<.5 Significnt reduction in deth losses in winter months Summry of prewening performnce Clves fed psteurized non-sleble milk hd Better ADG: +.25 lb/dy ll months Fewer tretments for pneumoni nd scours ll months Fewer deth losses - in winter months $34 dvntge per clf wened (or brekeven t 23 clves) Why? Clves fed milk received Approx. 18% more dily metbolizble energy intke More protein, growth fctors, non-specific immune fctors Impct of Plne of Nutrition on Future Performnce Field Dt from Lnd O Lkes 23 herds summrized five with lcttion dt Age t first clving Milk production 3. Age t first Clving Age in Months A B C D E All Herd Conventionl Progrm Cows Mtch Progrm 9

10 Summry of Published Dt Milk Production Study Br-Peled et l., 1998 Foldger nd Krohn, 1994 Foldger et l., 1997 Bllrd et l., 5 Rinker et l., 6 Mollem et l., 6 Drkley et l., 7 Men response Tretment Response (lbs) lb + 3,92 lb + 1,143 lb + 1,543 DIM + 1, proj. 35 d milk + 2,5 lb + 1,841 lb + 1,745 lb These responses were chieved by incresing prewening milk intke by t lest 75% over conventionl intke Prewening Gin Associted with First Lcttion Milk Yield (Soberon et l., 12. J.D.Sci. 95:783) Cornell herd; 1,244 heifers: For every 1 kg of prewening ADG, heifers, on verge, produced 85 kg more milk in the first lcttion Commercil herd; 624 heifers: For every 1 kg of prewening ADG, heifers, on verge, produced 1,113 kg more milk in the first lcttion Importnce of Free Choice Wter nd Strter Provide free choice fter 3 dys of ge Wter nd strter promote rumen development Wter essentil to mintin hydrtion sttus, especilly during periods of: Het stress Illness (e.g. scours) 22-23% CP strter As Fed,kg/dy Clf Strter Intke on Intensified Milk Feeding Progrms Current CMR Feeding Progrm "Intensified" Progrm Dys of Age Intensified Progrm showed slightly lower lowerintke strterthn intke thethn current themr current Feeding MR Feeding system. However, system. However, intkes incresed intkes incresed drmticlly drmticlly the lst 2the weeks lst prior 2 weeks to wening. prior to wening. Ambient tempertures were verging 3 degree C indicting moderte het stress during the wening period. Zen-Rku-Ren 4 Wening Strtegy for Intensified Milk Feeding Progrms Wening should be done in step down mnner Reduce milk or milk replcer intke by 5% on prticulr dy (e.g. 35 or 42) Feed once per dy preferbly in the evening Do this for 7- dys, then completely wen off of liquid feed Don t try to wen too erly Wening Guidelines (usully 7-9 weeks old) Strter intke before wening: Consuming strter for t lest 3 weeks Consuming 2 lbs of strter per dy for 3 consecutive dys prior to wening Reduce stress by spreding out chnges: Feed chnges (wening) Procedures: dehorning, vccintions, til docking Sociliztion/grouping, Trnsport, environmentl chnges Moving to groups: Keep in individul pen on sme grin > 7 dys fter wening Move to smll groups initilly (6-8 clves) Continue on sme grin for 1-2 weeks fter grouping Introduce forges 3-4 weeks post-wening Photo from Bob Jmes

11 Nutrition Summry Erly life nutrient intke hs: Short term impcts on helth, growth Long term impcts on productivity (nd therefore economics) FEED THEM!!! Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Principles of Good Clf Housing No contct with older nimls or their environment (ir, wter, bedding, feed, psture) Avoid direct contct between clves Drft-free but well ventilted Bedding: Clen, dry, bundnt Snittion Clen & snitize pens between uses All in-ll out Ese of hndling (stress & injury) Hutches Advntges: No clf-to-clf contct All in ll out Good ir qulity Cn move to new ground Disdvntge: Opertor comfort (esp in Northern climtes) Confined Housing Nturlly Ventilted Brns Advntges: Opertor comfort Fresh ir in summer when side curtins opened Solid Prtitions Preferred (vs open prtitions) Disdvntges: Cn be direct contct Often poor ir qulity in winter when curtins closed Pthogen build-up 11

12 Bedding Nesting Cpbility: Use Deep-bedded Strw in Winter Nesting Score 1 Nesting Score 2 Nesting Score 3 Group Housing Potentil Pros: Lbor svings? Allows use of free choice or computerized feeding systems Opertor comfort Potentil Cons: Competition for resources (feed, spce)? Direct contct between clves (nose-to-nose; cross sucking; shred nipple) Incresed disese!!! Photos courtesy of Bob Jmes, Tom Erleywine Principles of clf utofeeders Biotic industries, Bell Buckle, TN Sophisticted Systems $-$25, per mchine (Coming down to $-$15,?) One mchine cn dispense to up to 4 nipples/pens 25-3 clves per pen (I disgree) Progrm desired mel sizes (no limit) CIP for dispenser / feeding hoses (not perfect; nipples?) Downlods intke records Forster Technik, Germny Delvl, GEA, Lely Photos courtesy of Bob Jmes, Tom Erleywine 69 7 Bsic Systems $2,5 for 1 mchine 1 nipple: 1 group 25 clves (I disgree) Mx. 1 pint/mel (devel. for kids/lmb) Clf leves hungry More stnding round witing Hopper holds 25 lbs powder Must refill frequently No softwre to monitor intkes Mnul clening, more difficult Biotic Bell Buckle, TN Wht hve we lerned bout group housing nd computer feeders? 12

13 Virgini Tech Reserch Mchdo nd Jmes, 11 6 frms in VA nd NC identified with utofeeders: Survey of mngement Visited monthly between June-Sept. Mesure: Temperture Stndrd Plte Count (SPC) Brix refrctometer: estimte totl solids Bob Jmes Kyl Mchdo Men stndrd plte count ( 5 ), temperture (ºF), nd refrctometer (Brix) reding by mchine type Mchine type Vrible N Men SD Minimum Mximum Bsic SPC Brix Temperture Sophisticted SPC Brix Temperture Summry of Virgini Tech Survey Study: Lck of precision, poor snittion Totl solids were vrible: worse for bsic systems Feeding tempertures were vrible: Gol: -5ºF Averges OK, but minimum (81ºF) nd mximums (118ºF) indicted lck of precision in severl systems These temperture extremes could cuse cold stress or decrese milk intke. Milk replcers don t mix well t lower tempertures. Snittion vrible, often poor: There is no gol for SPC for milk replcer. Gol <, cfu/ml in psteurized wste milk These verges were ll well over, cfu/ml Snittion nd Equipment Mintennce Photos Courtesy of Tom Erleywine Mchine Snittion / Mintennce Clening steps generlly indequte (esp. hoses, nipples) Switch out nd disinfect nipples dily Replce w new hoses nd nipples weekly Monitor nipple condition nd replce more frequently if needed Check totl solids of mixture frequently Hve distributor verify clibrtion frequently Age t introduction: Older is better (> 12 dys) Dy 6 compred to Dy 14? More restless 1 st dy fter introduction (Rsmussen et l, 6) Needed more guidnce to feeder (Jensen, 8) Svensson et l., 6. PVM 73:43 Rndomized clinicl tril evluting group size: 892 clves in 9 Swedish herds 5% Incresed risk for respirtory disese if move into group t 12 dys of ge Photo Jensen

14 Group Sizes? Smller is better (< clves) More competition t feeder Cn ll clves consume their dily llownce? (Jensen, 4. JDSci. 87:3428) Bigger groups => More disese Svensson et l., 6. PVM 73:43 Rndomized clinicl tril: 892 clves in 9 Swedish herds Clves rndomized to smll (6-9) vs Lrge groups (12-18) 4% incresed risk for respirtory disese in lrge groups Reduced growth in lrge groups Helth of Single Pen vs Group Housed Clves Svensson et l., 3. PVM 58:179 Observtionl study: 381 clves in 122 Swedish herds Incidence of respirtory disese(%) Single pen: 3.5% Smll groups (3-6 clves): 3.3% Lrge groups (8 to 3 clves): 7.4% b Losinger et l., J. Diry Res. 64:1 USDA ntionl study: 47,57 clves in 1685 US herds Mortlity risk ws 4-52% higher in lrge groups ( 7/group) s compred to single pen or smll groups (2-6/group) 79 Milk Allownce? (more is better) If restrict intke, hungry clves, crowding feeder, intersucking, more stress, reduced helth/growth Recommended: 2 to 2.8 lbs DM per dy (pprox gllons/dy) 1.5 to 2.4 L per mel Most clves will consume round 3-5 mels per dy (sophisticted systems) Photo Courtesy of Bob Jmes Photo Courtesy of Tom Erleywine Summry of Best Mngement Prctices for Group Housing Excellent colostrum mngement Dely introduction (> dys) Smll group sizes (< clves) Do not restrict milk intke Snittion/monitoring/mintennce of feeding equipment Don t overcrowd (> 35-4 ft 2 /clf) Excellent ventiltion, no drfts Clen, dry, bundnt bedding Mnge s ll in ll out system Creful, frequent observtion of clves (Tom Erleywine, Bob Jmes) Summry: Principles of Good Clf Housing No contct with older nimls or their environment (ir, wter, bedding, feed, psture) Avoid direct contct between clves Drft-free but well ventilted Bedding: Clen, dry, bundnt Snittion Clen & snitize pens between uses All in-ll out Ese of hndling (stress & injury) Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion Disese detection & tretment Is your veterinrin involved? If not, invite them in. 14

15 Summry Clf mngement hs: Short term impcts on helth nd growth Long term impcts on productivity, longevity, economics Thnk you! Key mngement res: Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Prewening nutrition Housing nd snittion A successful clf progrm will yield dividends (nd mkes life more fun) 15