Key Management Areas for Preweaned Calves. Advances in Colostrum Management. Outline. Why is colostrum important to calf welfare?

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1 Advnces in Colostrum Mngement Key Mngement Ares for Prewened Clves Sndr Godden DVM, DVSc Deprtment of Veterinry Popultion Medicine University of Minnesot Mternity pen mngement Cre of newborn clf Colostrum mngement Housing nd snittion Prewening nutrition Disese detection nd tretment Why is colostrum importnt to clf welfre? Immune & nutritionl fctors: Pssive bsorption of immunoglobulins (Ig) Non-specific immune fctors, growth fctors Nutrients (24% Totl solids) Successful pssive trnsfer: Serum IgG 1 g/l (24 72 hrs) Serum Totl Protein. or.2 g/dl FPT rte in U.S.: 19% (NAHMS 27) Gol: < 1% with FPT Benefits of Successful Pssive Trnsfer of IgG Reduced tretment nd mortlity - 31% of deths < 3 wks ttributed to FPT (USDA-APHIS-VS, 1992; Wells, 1996) Improved growth rtes nd feed efficiency (Fowler, 1999; Fber et l., 2; Nocek et l., 1984; Robison et l. 1988; Fber. 2) Decresed ge t first clving (Fber et l. 2) Increse 1 st & 2 nd lcttion milk production (DeNise, 1989; Fber, 2) Gols for the colostrum progrm: > 9% of clves with serum IgG > 1 mg/ml Get 1 2 g IgG into the clf ASAP The Q s of colostrum mngement progrm Qulity: > g/l IgG Quntity: 1% BWt (~4 qts) Quickness: 1-2 hrs (< 6 hrs) SQueeky clen (bcteril contmintion) Quntifying pssive trnsfer (monitoring) Outline New tools for monitoring: Colostrum qulity Pssive trnsfer in clves Methods to reduce microbil exposure: Use of Colostrum replcers: Het-treting colostrum: 1

2 Colostrum Qulity Gol: > g/l IgG in colostrum Fctors ffecting qulity: Dry cow vccintion progrm Feed blnced dry cow rtion Avoid dry cow stress (het, crowding) Avoid short dry periods (< 21 dys) Milk cows within 1-2 hrs (mx 6 hrs) IgG % of originl hrs 6 hrs 1 hrs 14 hrs Time to first milking (hrs) Moore et l., J.A.V.M.A : cows 2 qurters Colostrometer IgG < g/l (Chigerwe, JAVMA 233: 28) Opticl Brix Refrctometer IgG > g/l (Bielmnn JDSci. 21) Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Qulity: Colostrometer or Brix Refrctometer Instrument Cutpoint Used Sensitivity Green 7% 22% Brix scle (recc: cutpoint 7) Specificity Cost 87% $4 9.% 8% $8 - $3 Pros / Cons Rpid, Simple / Frgile, Temperture dependent Rpid, Simple, Not temp. dependent Colostrometer IgG < g/l (Chigerwe, JAVMA 233: 28) Opticl Brix Refrctometer IgG > g/l (Bielmnn JDSci. 21) Cow-side Tests of Colostrum Qulity: Colostrometer or Brix Refrctometer Instrument Cutpoint Used Sensitivity Green 7% 22% Brix scle (recc: cutpoint 7) Specificity Cost 87% $4 9.% 8% $8 - $3 Pros / Cons Rpid, Simple / Frgile, Temperture dependent Rpid, Simple, Not temp. dependent Brix Refrctometer Exmples (> 22% on Brix scle = Good colostrum) MISCO Plm Abbe Digitl Refrctometer - Clevelnd, OH - Cost: $3+ - Scles: - Brix scle for colostrum or serum - Serum totl protein scle (g/dl) - Whole milk totl solids estimte Vee Gee BX- Opticl Brix Refrctometer Cost: $1 - Scles: - Brix scle for colostrum or serum or to estimte milk totl solids On-frm monitoring of serum totl protein to evlute the colostrum progrm Dt from: Swnet l. 27.JDSci.9:387 refrctometer Tht s fine for monitoring colostrum, but wht bout monitoring pssive trnsfer rtes in clves? Serum TP (g/dl) Serum IgG (mg/ml). or.2 g/dl STP vlue to predict serum IgG of 1 mg/ml: (Cllowy, et l., 22) 2

3 On-frm monitoring of serum totl protein to evlute the colostrum progrm How? Bleed 12 cliniclly norml clves 24 hrs 7 d old Let blood clot, test serum with refrctometer Interpret results t the group level Gol: 9% of clves should hve TP.2 g/dl (Tyler. 23. p.c.) or 8% of clves should hve TP. g/dl (McGuirk, 26) Is higher better? YES You cn use either Serum Totl Protein (STP, g/dl) or Brix refrctometers to predict serum IgG in clves STP Refrctometer: - Gol: 9%.2 g/dl or 8%. g/dl Brix Refrctometer: - Gol: 9% 8.4% (Deeln et l., JDSci ) Summry on uses for refrctometers (opticl nd digitl) STP scle (g/dl): Estimte serum IgG in clves: 1 g/l IgG.2 g/dl (group level interprettion) Brix scle : Colostrum qulity: g/l IgG 19-22% Pssive trnsfer in clves: 1 g/l IgG 8.4% Estimte TS in whole milk or milk replcer Outline New tools for monitoring: Colostrum qulity Pssive trnsfer in clves Methods to reduce microbil exposure: Use of Colostrum replcers: Het-treting colostrum: Additionl uses for Brix scle: Mple syrup, honey, beer, wine. How often do producers feed contminted colostrum? Consequences of microbil contmintion of colostrum? Gol: TPC < 1, cfu/ml TCC < 1, cfu/ml Ntionl study: 43% of 827smples from 67 herds exceeded limit (Morrill et l., 212. JDSci 9:3997) Sheil McGuirk UWI-Mdison Sm Ledley Attic Vet, NY Pthogens my cuse disese (e.g. E. coli, Slmonell spp., Mycoplsm spp., M. vium subsp. prtuberculosis) Bcteri counts re ssocited with serum IgG levels Jmes et l., JDSci 1981; Poulson et l., ACVIM 22; Godden et l., JDSci 212 Serum IgG (mg/ml) Log1 (Totl Coliform Count) (Corley et l., JDSci ) 3

4 Criticl Control Points to Reduce Contmintion Cow Identify infected cows (MAP) Don t let clf suckle dm Udder prep Don t pool rw colostrum Equipment Snittion of milking, storge & feeding equipment Prolifertion Feed ASAP (< 1-2 hrs) Refrigerte (< 48 hrs) Freeze Preservtives Replcers, Het-treting Colostrum Supplements nd Replcers Colostrum Supplements & Replcements Supplements: $9 to $18 USD per dose 2 to 6 g IgG per dose Indequte IgG nd nutrients if fed lone Intended to supplement poor qulity or indequte volume of mternl colostrum: No vlue to supplementing high qulity MC Replcements: $2-4 USD per dose 1 to 1+ g IgG per dose Replces mternl colostrum MC Clf s Choice Totl Gold 6 g; Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Clf s Choice Totl HiCl 1 g; Ssk. Colostrum Co. Dose of IgG (g) Fed Most CR products include 1-13 g IgG but Relly need 1-2 g IgG if expect 9% clves to pss (serum IgG 1 mg/ml) How to get to 1-2 g IgG? Some products provide lrger dose (e.g. 1 g/dose) Lrge tubs: Opertor determines the dose Feed multiple doses Lnd O Lkes CR 1 g Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Lnd O Lkes CR Tub Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Clf s Choice Totl Gold 6 g Ssktoon Colostrum Co. Serum IgG (mg/ml Dose response of serum IgG to IgG mss fed Study 1 FPT = 4% (Godden et l., 29. JDSci. 92:17-177) 1.2 Study 2 FPT = % g 1 g 2 g IgG mss fed (g) Study 1 FPT = % Conclusion: Producers wishing to reduce the risk of FPT my opt to feed higher doses IgG (1-2 g) in Colostrum Replcers Compring Efficcy of Supplement nd Replcement Products Ask for the dt: Mny products re untested Hed-to-hed controlled trils needed to mke comprisons Fctors to evlute: Serum IgG in clves (mg/ml) Dose of Ig (g) fed Efficiency of bsorption of IgG Clf helth Future performnce Disese control (e.g. Johne s) 4

5 Smple of Colostrum Replcement Product Comprtive Efficcy Studies Role of Colostrum Replcements in Disese Control Progrms? Study Tx Group IgG fed (g) Godden et l., JDSci 29 Plce et l., AABP 21 MC 3.8 L (71 g/l) LOL CR-1 dose LOL CR-2 doses LOL CR-1. doses Colostrx 13 1 dose 271 g 1 g 2 g 1 g 13 g AEA 32% 36% 37% Serum IgG (mg/ml) b % % b 9.6 b Though fecl-orl trnsmission is most common, MAP cn be shed in colostrum nd milk of subcliniclly infected cows (Sweeney et l. J.Clin.Micro ; Streeter et l., J. Clin. Micro ) Priestley et l., JDSci 213 MC 3.8 L (NR) Clf s Choice Tot Silver -1 dose Acquire 1 1 dose NR 1 g 1 g NR 38.8% 21.6% b b 9.3 b Finl serum IgG is function of dose fed (g) nd bsorption Cn one feeding of colostrum cuse infection with MAP? Will use of colostrum replcer prevent MAP trnsmission? Risk of MAP Infection in Clves Fed Rw Colostrum or Colostrum Replcer (Pithu et l. 29.J.A.V.M.A. 234: ) Results: Clves fed colostrum replcer hd reduced risk for MAP infection Newborn heifer clves from 12 herds (N = 497) mternl colostrum (n = 261) colostrum replcer (n = 236) Acquire / Secure APC, Inc. Adult Period: 1 st clving to 4 mos: - Fecl culture nd serum ELISA for MAP t 3, 42 nd 4 mos. Outline New tools for monitoring: Colostrum qulity Pssive trnsfer in clves Methods to reduce microbil exposure: Use of Colostrum replcers: Het-treting colostrum: Developing Method to Het-tret Colostrum Trditionl Psteuriztion (PMO): Continuous flow (72 C x 1 sec) or Btch (63 C x 3 min) Uncceptble thickening 2-32% loss of IgG (mg/ml) Lower serum IgG in clves (Green et l. JDSci :246; Godden et l. JDSci :13) Het-tret: 6 C (14 F) x 6 min No viscosity chnges No chnge in colostrum IgG (g/l) Significntly reduced MAP (gone in 3 of 4 btches) Eliminted Slmonell, Mycoplsm, E. coli,. 2-3 log reduction in Totl bcteri & coliform counts (McMrtin et l. JDSci :211; Godden et l., JDSci 26.89:3476)

6 Het-tretment reduces colostrl bcteri counts (TPC = Totl Plte Count; TCC = Totl Coliform Count) No effect of het-tretment on colostrl IgG levels Log, cfu/ml Het-treted TPC TCC TPC TCC TPC TCC TPC TCC Colostrum IgG (g/l) Het-treted Johnson et l. Elizondo-Slzr Godden et l. JDSci 27 & Heinrichs AABP 212 JDSci 29 Kryzer et l. MDHC 213 Clves fed het-treted colostrum hve incresed serum IgG levels (mg/ml) Serum IgG (mg/ml) Het-treted 22.3 b 18.1 Johnson et l. JDSci b 19.6 Elizondo-Slzr & Heinrichs, JDSci b Kryzer et l. MDHC 213 Diry Tech Perfect Udder System (DiryTech, Inc., Greeley, CO) Works eqully well s compred to btch psteuriztion (Kryzer et l., JDSci :187) Tht s fine, but will feeding het-treted colostrum produce helthier clf? Study Objectives Describe the effect of feeding het-treted (HT) colostrum on helth nd performnce: Short-term outcomes: Colostrum qulity Pssive trnsfer of IgG in clves Clf helth 6

7 Methods: Clf Enrollment Methods: Smple / Dt Collection - Summer, 27-6 lrge commercil herds (MN, WI) Colostrum (TPC, TCC, IgG) d (serum IgG) Helth Records Wen Wen Het-tret (6 o C x 6 min) Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts (n = 3) Het-tret (6 o C x 6 min) Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts n = 3 colostrum collected dily, pool & refrigerte Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts ( n = 18) Wen colostrum collected dily, pool & refrigerte Refrigerte (n = 266) feed 4 qts n = 18 Wen Totl Coliform Count Short-term Results Totl Plte Count (TPC) nd Totl Coliform Count (TCC) No negtive effect on colostrum IgG (g/l) Incresed clf serum IgG (mg/ml) Proportion Affected Reduced Morbidity in Clves fed Het-treted Colostrum 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% % % (Donhue et l., 212; Godden et l., 212) 36.% b 3.9% 2.7% b 16.% 11.4% 9.4% 4.8% 3.3% 2.1% 1.% Het-treted Odds of tx for scours: 2% Odds of tx for ny illness: 32% 2.% 3.3% 1.7% 2.4% Illness (All) Scours BRD Nvel Blot Other Died,b: Diff signif. t P <. Long-term follow up Smple / Dt collection: Tested nimls for MAP in the 1 st, 2 nd nd 3 rd lcttion (serum ELISA nd fecl culture) Collected DHIA records to 61 mos old ( yrs) Culling / deth Milk production Anlysis: Mixed liner or logistic regression nd survivl nlysis to evlute the effect of feeding HT colostrum on: Milk production in the first 2 lcttions Risk for MAP infection by 61 mos Risk for culling or deth by 61 mos Results (Godden et l., JDSci :63) Prmeter Hettreted Number enrolled 18 3 P vlue MAP Positive 9. % 8.6 %.24 Culled from herd 72% 68%.8 Totl Milk in L1 + L2 (kg) 2,33 2,78.7 Summry: Despite some positive trends, there ws no significnt benefit of feeding HT colostrum on long-term helth or performnce 7

8 Why didn t we see reduction in risk for MAP infection in cows fed het-treted colostrum? In our study herds, MAP exposure through colostrum ws too little to mtter (only 1% of btches fed were PCR+ for MAP) => no lrge opportunity to see positive impct of HT Other sources of exposure (e.g. environment) my hve overwhelmed tretment effect The 6x6 HT protocol doesn t work completely? If inoculte MAP t 1^3 cfu/ml then het-tret: Vible MAP in 1 of 4 btches (Godden et l., JDSci 26) Vible MAP in 1 of 8 btches (M. Noori. Rzi Institute, Tehrn. Unpublished dt. 214) So where does tht leve us now? We re currently evluting 6 C x 9 minute HT protocol to investigte if it will increse our confidence tht MAP is eliminted while still protecting IgG sty tuned for results In the mentime Tke steps to feed clen colostrum Producers feeding HT (6x6) colostrum: Cn relize short-term benefits: Improved pssive trnsfer of IgG nd improved prewening helth No evidence of long-term benefits, including reduction of MAP trnsmission Must do s to het-tret colostrum Fctsheet t Methods: Btch design or Perfect Udder System (DiryTech, Inc.) NOT Ultrviolet tretment: 43-% loss of IgG Constnt gittion Active (not pssive) heting nd cooling Monitoring: Times & temps: 14 ºF x 6 minutes: No fluctutions bove 141 ºF Periodic culture of het-treted colostrum: TPC < 2, cfu/ml; TCC < 1, cfu/ml Clves: STP, morbidity, mortlity Summry New tools (e.g. Brix) for monitoring: Colostrum qulity Pssive trnsfer in clves New methods to reduce microbil exposure: Use of Colostrum replcers: Feed 1-2 g IgG Het-treting colostrum: Btch or Perfect Udder System Thnk you! 8