Biology. Slide 1 / 140. Slide 2 / 140. Large Biological Molecules. Vocabulary Slide 3 /

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1 Slide 1 / 140 Slide 2 / 140 iology Large iological Molecules Vocabulary Slide 3 / 140 amino acid amphiphilic carbohydrate cellulose denaturation disaccharide N fatty acid fructose glucose glycogen hydrocarbon lipid monosaccharide nucleic acid nucleotide peptide bond phosphodiester bond polysaccharide primary structure protein purine pyrimidine quaternary structure RN saturated secondary structure starch steroid sucrose tertiary structure trans fat triglyceride unsaturated waxes

2 Large iological Molecules Unit Topics Slide 4 / 140 lick on the topic to go to that section Organic hemistry, Hydrocarbons arbohydrates, Polysaccharides Nucleic cids mino cids, Proteins Lipids Review Organic hemistry, Hydrocarbons Slide 5 / 140 Return to Table of ontents arbon Slide 6 / 140 arbon is the backbone of biological molecules. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. arbon has the ability to form long chains, enabling the creation of large molecules: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

3 Organic ompounds Slide 7 / 140 Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones. Organic compounds contain: lways Often Occasionally H N S O P Si Halogens Organic hemistry Slide 8 / 140 arbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms which are in different directions. This allows the molecule to take on a 3 configuration. It is this 3 structure that defines the molecule's function. Electron onfiguration Slide 9 / 140 arbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds. You should remember from chemistry, electron configuration is the key to an atom s characteristics. Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms.

4 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of. Slide 10 / 140 functional groups. carbon compounds. water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. inorganic compounds. 1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of. Slide 10 (nswer) / 140 functional groups. carbon compounds. nswer water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. inorganic compounds. 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? Slide 11 / 140 arbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. arbon has a valence of 4. arbon forms ionic bonds. and only. E,, and.

5 2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? Slide 11 (nswer) / 140 arbon has 6 to 8 neutrons. arbon has a valence of 4. arbon forms ionic bonds. and only. E,, and. nswer 3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form? Slide 12 / 140 E ionic hydrogen covalent and only, and 3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form? Slide 12 (nswer) / 140 E ionic hydrogen covalent and only, and nswer

6 4 How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? Slide 13 / How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? Slide 13 (nswer) / 140 nswer 4 5 Which of the following is an organic compound? Slide 14 / 140 H 2O Nal 6H 12O 6 O 2

7 5 Which of the following is an organic compound? Slide 14 (nswer) / 140 H 2O Nal 6H 12O 6 O 2 nswer Hydrocarbons Slide 15 / 140 These molecules consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Each carbon atom makes 4 bonds. Each hydrogen atom makes 1 bond. arbonhydrogen bonds are non-polar, so those bonds are hydrophobic. Fossil fuels are examples of hydrocarbons that are formed from decaying organic matter. Saturated Hydrocarbons Slide 16 / 140 In saturated hydrocarbons: every carbon atom is bonded to four different atoms no new atoms can be added along the chain

8 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Slide 17 / 140 In unsaturated hydrocarbons: some of the carbon-carbon bonds are double or triple bonds H H H H those can be broken and replaced with a single bond H H double bond H H at that point, additional atom(s) can be added 6 Hydrocarbons. Slide 18 / 140 are polar are held together by ionic bonds contain nitrogen contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms 6 Hydrocarbons. Slide 18 (nswer) / 140 are polar are held together by ionic bonds contain nitrogen contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms nswer

9 7 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages They are hydrophilic They are lighter than water Slide 19 / What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages They are hydrophilic They are lighter than water nswer Slide 19 (nswer) / Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called. Slide 20 / 140 saturated polar non-polar unsaturated

10 8 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called. Slide 20 (nswer) / 140 saturated polar non-polar unsaturated nswer 9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms are called. Slide 21 / 140 saturated polar non-polar unsaturated 9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms are called. Slide 21 (nswer) / 140 saturated polar non-polar nswer unsaturated

11 10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is. Slide 22 / 140 less dense than water non-polar and water is polar volatile and water is not polar and water is non-polar 10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is. Slide 22 (nswer) / 140 less dense than water non-polar and water is polar volatile and water is not nswer polar and water is non-polar iological Macromolecules Slide 23 / 140 Hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different classes of macromolecules (large molecules) have been derived. We have mentioned these 4 types of molecules before. List them below. (See the first slide in this chapter for a hint)

12 Polymers Slide 24 / 140 Three of the classes of life s organic molecules are polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. lthough organisms share the same limited number of monomer types, each organism is unique based on the arrangement of how their monomers are used to make polymers. n immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers. Polymer : Proteins arbohydrates Nucleic acids Monomer they're made from: mino acids Simple sugars (monosaccharides) Nucleotides Slide 25 / 140 Review: ehydration Synthesis short polymer monomer OH H H OH longer polymer water 11 are to carbohydrates as are to proteins. Slide 26 / 140 nucleic acids; amino acids monosaccharides; amino acids amino acids; nucleic acids monosaccharides; nucleic acids

13 11 are to carbohydrates as are to proteins. Slide 26 (nswer) / 140 nucleic acids; amino acids monosaccharides; amino acids nswer amino acids; nucleic acids monosaccharides; nucleic acids 12 ehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a dehydration synthesis reaction? Slide 27 / 140 6H 12O 6 + 6H 12O 6 --> 12H 22O 11 + H 2O 3H 6O 3 + 3H 6O 3 --> 6H 12O 6 6H 12O 6 + H 2O --> 3H 6O 3 + 3H 6O 3 3H 6O 3 + H 2O --> 3H 6O 4 12 ehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a dehydration synthesis reaction? Slide 27 (nswer) / 140 6H 12O 6 + 6H 12O 6 --> 12H 22O 11 + H 2O 3H 6O 3 + 3H 6O 3 --> 6H 12O 6 nswer 6H 12O 6 + H 2O --> 3H 6O 3 + 3H 6O 3 3H 6O 3 + H 2O --> 3H 6O 4

14 arbohydrates, Polysaccharides Slide 28 / 140 Return to Table of ontents arbohydrates Slide 29 / 140 arbohydrates are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Simple carbohydrates also called sugars also called saccharides. Formula for arbohydrates Slide 30 / 140 arbohydrates have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen atoms, but twice as many hydrogen atoms. The general formula for a carbohydrate is x H 2x O x So some possible formulas for carbohydrates are: 6H 12O 6 8H 16O 8 9H 18O 9

15 13 In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 31 / H x O 8 x =? 13 In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 31 (nswer) / H x O 8 x =? nswer In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 32 / 140 x H 14 O x x =?

16 14 In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 32 (nswer) / 140 x H 14 O x x =? nswer 7 15 In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 33 / 140 x H 6 O x x =? 15 In the carbohydrate described by the formula Slide 33 (nswer) / 140 x H 6 O x x =? nswer 3

17 arbohydrates Slide 34 / 140 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are the monomers that are used to build more complex carbohydrates. The most common of these are glucose and fructose. isaccharides are formed by combining two monosaccharides. Table sugar, (sucrose) is made up of glucose and fructose. Polysaccharides are formed by combining chains of many monosaccharides. Monosaccharides Slide 35 / 140 Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars. Examples include glucose and fructose In solution, they form ring-shaped molecules. The basic roles of simple sugars are as: fuel to do work, the raw materials for carbon backbones the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are synthesized. arbohydrate Solubility Slide 36 / 140 Sugars all have several hydroxyl (OH - ) groups in their structure that makes them soluble in water. Glucose (monosaccharides) Fructose Note: the names of sugars typically end in "ose"

18 arbohydrate Structures Slide 37 / 140 In solution, sugars form cyclic structures. These can form chains of sugars. isaccharides Slide 38 / 140 ells link 2 simple sugars together to form disaccharides isaccharide formation is another example of a dehydration synthesis reaction. The most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose + fructose) What other molecule is produced when sucrose is formed? 16 Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide? Slide 39 / 140 sucrose glucose fructose &

19 16 Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide? Slide 39 (nswer) / 140 sucrose glucose fructose & nswer 17 isaccharides are formed by combining how many monosaccharides? Slide 40 / isaccharides are formed by combining how many monosaccharides? Slide 40 (nswer) / nswer

20 18 What is another name for a simple carbohydrates? Slide 41 / 140 sugars saccharides monosaccharides all of the above 18 What is another name for a simple carbohydrates? Slide 41 (nswer) / 140 sugars saccharides monosaccharides all of the above nswer Polysaccharides Slide 42 / 140 Polysaccharides are polymers of glucose. ifferent organisms link monosaccharides together, using dehydration reactions, to form several different polysaccharides. The most important 3 are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

21 Polysaccharides: Starch Slide 43 / 140 Starch is used for long term energy storage in plants. starch can be branched or unbranched. Polysaccharides: Glycogen Glycogen has the same kind of bond between monomers as starch but it is always highly branched. Slide 44 / 140 It is used for long term energy storage in animals. It's used in muscles to provide a local supply of energy when needed. Glycogen is broken down to obtain glucose. What kind of reaction is used? Polysaccharides: ellulose Slide 45 / 140 ellulose is a carbohydrate used to make cell walls in plants. ellulose has a different kind of bond between monomers, forming chains that are crosslinked by hydrogen bonds.

22 reakdown of ellulose Slide 46 / 140 ecause cellulose is the principle structural molecule in cell walls of plants, it needs to be strong. nimals cannot break down cellulose without the help of intestinal bacteria. It is commonly referred to as fiber. Getting Energy Slide 47 / 140 In order for cells to obtain energy from polysaccharides, they must be first broken down into monosaccharides. occurs, breaking the polysaccharide into glucose molecules. 19 The fundamental unit of a polysaccharide is Slide 48 / 140 fructose glucose sucrose and

23 19 The fundamental unit of a polysaccharide is Slide 48 (nswer) / 140 fructose glucose sucrose and nswer 20 Simple sugars do not include Slide 49 / 140 monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides glucose 20 Simple sugars do not include Slide 49 (nswer) / 140 monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides glucose nswer

24 21 Starch and glycogen are similar molecules because Slide 50 / 140 they are both disaccharides they are both structural molecules they are both used to storage energy they are both highly branched 21 Starch and glycogen are similar molecules because Slide 50 (nswer) / 140 they are both disaccharides they are both structural molecules they are both used to storage energy nswer they are both highly branched 22 necropsy (an autopsy on an animal) is performed by a veterinarian. The stomach contents contain large amounts of cellulose. We can conclude that this animal is a/an. Slide 51 / 140 carnivore herbivore omnivore decomposer

25 22 necropsy (an autopsy on an animal) is performed by a veterinarian. The stomach contents contain large amounts of cellulose. We can conclude that this animal is a/an. Slide 51 (nswer) / 140 carnivore herbivore omnivore decomposer nswer 23 In plants is used to for energy storage and is found in cell walls. Slide 52 / 140 glucose; starch starch; glycogen starch; cellulose cellulose; starch 23 In plants is used to for energy storage and is found in cell walls. Slide 52 (nswer) / 140 glucose; starch starch; glycogen starch; cellulose nswer cellulose; starch

26 Nucleic cids Slide 53 / 140 Return to Table of ontents Nucleic cids Slide 54 / 140 Nucleic acids are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The two main types of nucleic acids are N and RN Nucleic cids Slide 55 / 140 Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides. nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide Nucleic cid

27 24 In this diagram, the is the monomer. Slide 56 / 140 Nucleic cid Nucleotide Nucleic cid 24 In this diagram, the is the monomer. Slide 56 (nswer) / 140 Nucleic cid Nucleotide nswer Nucleic cid Phosphodiester bond Slide 57 / 140 The bonds between nucleotides are called phosphodiester bonds. Like bonds between saccharides, they are formed by dehydration synthesis.

28 Parts of a Nucleotide Slide 58 / 140 Nucleotides have three parts: a base (a nitrogen compound) a sugar a phosphate Sugars Slide 59 / 140 Ribonucleic cid (RN) uses the sugar ribose, while eoxyribonucleic cid (N) uses the sugar deoxyribose. Ribose eoxyribose Here's the difference. Slide 60 / 140

29 Slide 61 / 140 Nucleotides Slide 62 / 140 Each strand is unique due to its sequence of bases. In this way, genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotides. Since the bases are not part of the sugar or the bond, the base sequence is independent of them. ny base sequence is possible. 25 The creation of a phosphodiester bond involves the removal of from the nucleotides: Slide 63 / 140 phosphates glucose water nucleic acids

30 25 The creation of a phosphodiester bond involves the removal of from the nucleotides: Slide 63 (nswer) / 140 phosphates glucose water nucleic acids nswer 26 Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? Slide 64 / 140 phosphate group nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar glucose 26 Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? Slide 64 (nswer) / 140 phosphate group nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar glucose nswer

31 27 Which base is found in RN but not N? Slide 65 / 140 ytosine Uracil Guanine denine 27 Which base is found in RN but not N? Slide 65 (nswer) / 140 ytosine Uracil Guanine denine nswer 28 The only structural difference between RN and N is in their nitrogenous bases. Slide 66 / 140 True False

32 28 The only structural difference between RN and N is in their nitrogenous bases. Slide 66 (nswer) / 140 True False nswer FLSE 29 denine would be characterized as a purine. Slide 67 / 140 True False 29 denine would be characterized as a purine. Slide 67 (nswer) / 140 True False nswer TRUE

33 30 Uracil is a purine. Slide 68 / 140 True False 30 Uracil is a purine. Slide 68 (nswer) / 140 True False nswer FLSE 31 Pyrimidines are bases with single carbon rings. Slide 69 / 140 True False

34 31 Pyrimidines are bases with single carbon rings. Slide 69 (nswer) / 140 True False nswer TRUE Slide 70 / 140 Slide 70 (nswer) / 140

35 RN Slide 71 / 140 RN is a single strand of nucleotides. This strand folds in on itself, hydrogen bonds forming between the bases, and between bases and surrounding water. These bonds cause RN to form different shapes. ifferent sequence of bases = different shapes RN base pair bonding Slide 72 / 140 onds form between bases in a predictable pattern. nucleotide with an adenine base () will hydrogen bond with a nucleotide with a uracil (U) base. nucleotide with a guanine (G) base bonds with a nucleotide with a cytosine () base. U G RN Slide 73 / 140 In early life, RN played many roles that have now been taken over by more specific molecules. RN's role is still essential, but more limited than it once was. Think back to last chapter and fill in the molecules which control these functions now. Function Then Now catalyze reactions RN store energy store genetic information RN RN

36 N Slide 74 / 140 N is double-stranded. It only forms one shape: the double-helix. Pair bonding between nucleotides still occurs, but in N it is between guanine (G) and cytosine () and between adenine () and thymine (T) Thymine denine ytosine T G Guanine ouble Helix Slide 75 / 140 Instead of nucleotides being attracted to other bases in the same strand, to create shapes, they bond to matching nucleotides in a second strand, to create the double stranded helix. N v. RN Slide 76 / 140 This makes N a better archive for genetic information since the bases are on the inside of the helix, protected. Thymine is also more stable than uracil. ut it also means that N can't directly work in the cell. It is a library of information, but the only way that information can be used is via RN. RN is chemically active in the cell, N is not.

37 Storage and Implementation of the Genetic ode Slide 77 / 140 So N is more useful and stable as an archive, while RN is more useful working in the cells. RN carries genetic information from N to where it can be used. N is maintained in a safe environment to maintain the integrity of the genetic code. RN is used throughout the cell to implement the genetic code that's stored within N. N and RN Slide 78 / 140 RN strands are shorter and less durable than N strands, but they are critical to communicate the instructions of the N code to the cell where they can be executed. Without RN, the information stored in N could not be used. nd without N, the information would not be as stable. 33 N is more stable than RN because. Slide 79 / 140 it can form a double helix it contains the base uracil it can form a double helix and contains the base uracil it can form a double helix and contains the base thymine

38 33 N is more stable than RN because. Slide 79 (nswer) / 140 it can form a double helix it contains the base uracil it can form a double helix and contains the base uracil it can form a double helix and contains the base thymine nswer 34 N. RN Slide 80 / 140 is a polymer of nucleic acid; is a polymer of glucose is always a double helix; forms many shapes has hydrogen bonds between its bases; bases do not form bonds acts as an enzyme; stores genetic code 34 N. RN Slide 80 (nswer) / 140 is a polymer of nucleic acid; is a polymer of glucose is always a double helix; forms many shapes nswer has hydrogen bonds between its bases; bases do not form bonds acts as an enzyme; stores genetic code

39 N N and RN RN double helix ribose sugar Slide 81 / 140 thymine base guanine doublestranded found inside and group multiple single adenine phosphate base outside the shapes strandedbase made up of nucleus deoxyribose remains in nucleotides sugar nucleus cytosine uracil bas base Proteins Slide 82 / 140 Return to Table of ontents Proteins Slide 83 / 140 Proteins are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Proteins also called peptides also called polypeptides.

40 mino cids Slide 84 / 140 Proteins are chains of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids used to construct the vast majority of proteins. While there are a few others that are sometimes used, these 20 are the "standard" amino acids. ll life on Earth uses virtually the same set of amino acids to construct its proteins. omponents of mino cids mino cids always include an amine group (NH3), a carboxyl group (OOH) and a side chain that is unique to each amino acid. Slide 85 / 140 The side chain (sometimes called the R-group) determines the unique properties of each amino acid. Here it is symbolized by the letter "R". carboxyl group (OOH) amine group (NH3) side chain Peptide onds Slide 86 / 140 The chemical bond that is formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond. Like bonds between saccharides and nucleotides, they are formed by dehydration synthesis. Hydroxyl group H atom Water

41 Peptide bonds Slide 87 / 140 Peptide chain with 50 or more amino acids can form an individual protein mino cids Slide 88 / 140 The common "amine" group (NH3) and "carboxyl" group (OOH) are shown in black. The unique side chains are shown in blue. The 8 amino acids in orange are nonpolar and hydrophobic.the others are polar and hydrophilic. The 2 in the magenta box are acidic ("carboxyl" group in the side chain). The 3 in the light blue box are basic ("amine" group in the side chain). 35 Glucose molecules are to starch as are to proteins. oils Slide 89 / 140 fatty acids amino acids nucleic acids

42 35 Glucose molecules are to starch as are to proteins. oils fatty acids amino acids nucleic acids nswer Slide 89 (nswer) / Which of the following is not a component of amino acids? R-group mine Group Hydroxyl Group arboxyl Group Slide 90 / Which of the following is not a component of amino acids? R-group mine Group Hydroxyl Group nswer arboxyl Group Slide 90 (nswer) / 140

43 37 Which component of amino acids varies between the 20 different kinds? Slide 91 / 140 mine group arboxyl group Hydroxyl group R-group 37 Which component of amino acids varies between the 20 different kinds? Slide 91 (nswer) / 140 mine group arboxyl group Hydroxyl group R-group nswer Protein Shape and Structure Slide 92 / 140 Shape is critical to the function of a protein. protein's shape depends on four levels of structure: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

44 Proteins: Primary Structure Slide 93 / 140 The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that comprise it. Each protein consists of a unique sequence. lanine Valine Leucine Serine Lysine or Leucine Leucine lanine or Lysine lanine Serine Lysine or... hanges in Primary Structure Slide 94 / 140 hanges in the primary structure of a protein are changes in its amino acid sequence. hanging an amino acid in a protein changes its primary structure, and can affect its overall structure and ability to function. Sickle ell disease is an example of a single amino acid defect Sickle ell isease Slide 95 / 140 Sickle ell isease is a blood disorder specifically involving hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. single glutamate amino acid is replaced in the primary sequence by a valine.the result changes the overall shape of the hemoglobin molecule and does not allow it to properly carry oxygen.

45 Secondary Structure Slide 96 / 140 Secondary Structure is a result of hydrogen bond formation between amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids in each polypeptide chain. epending on where the groups are relative to one another, the secondary structure takes the shape of an alpha helix or a pleated sheet. Note: R-groups do not play a role in secondary structure. Secondary Structure Slide 97 / 140 pleated sheets alpha helix Tertiary Structure Slide 98 / 140 Tertiary Structure is the overall 3- shape of the polypeptide. It results from the clustering of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups and bonds between them along the helices and pleats.

46 Structure etermines Function Slide 99 / 140 The function of proteins is determined by their shape: it's tertiary structure. It's shape is driven by chemistry, but it is the shape, not the chemistry, that dictates function. Each sequence of amino acids folds in a different way as each amino acid in the chain interacts with water and the other amino acids in the protein uniquely. For instance, upon contacting water, a protein can fold into grooves that function as binding sites for other molecules. enaturation Slide 100 / 140 hanges in heat, ph, and salinity can cause proteins to unfold and lose their functionality, known as denaturation. This egg's protein has undergone denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high rise in the temperature of the egg during the cooking process. 38 The tertiary structure of a protein refers to: Slide 101 / 140 its size the presence of pleated sheets its over all 3 structure the number of R-groups it contains

47 38 The tertiary structure of a protein refers to: Slide 101 (nswer) / 140 its size the presence of pleated sheets its over all 3 structure the number of R-groups it contains nswer 39 The structure of a protein consists of a chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order. Slide 102 / 140 primary secondary tertiary quaternary 39 The structure of a protein consists of a chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order. Slide 102 (nswer) / 140 primary secondary tertiary quaternary nswer

48 40 Hydrophobic interactions have occurred between R groups of adjacent amino acids in a protein. This is the structural level and forms a/an. Slide 103 / 140 secondary; alpha helix secondary; pleated sheet tertiary; 3 shape primary; alpha helix 40 Hydrophobic interactions have occurred between R groups of adjacent amino acids in a protein. This is the structural level and forms a/an. Slide 103 (nswer) / 140 secondary; alpha helix secondary; pleated sheet tertiary; 3 shape nswer primary; alpha helix Quaternary Structure Slide 104 / 140 Some proteins have a Quaternary Structure. Quaternary structure consists of more than one polypeptide chain interacting with each other through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions.

49 Primary Level Structure Notes Secondary Tertiary Quaternary bonds between amino acids hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxyl groups clustering of hydrophobic or hydrophilic R groups attractions between multiple peptide chains single chain of amino acids alpha helix, pleated sheet disulfide bonds not present in all proteins Slide 105 / enaturation causes a protein to Slide 106 / 140 lose its shape lose its function both and none of the above 41 enaturation causes a protein to Slide 106 (nswer) / 140 lose its shape lose its function both and nswer none of the above

50 42 t which structural level does a protein get its function? Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Slide 107 / t which structural level does a protein get its function? Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary nswer Slide 107 (nswer) / 140 Types of Proteins Proteins have 7 different roles in an organism. Slide 108 / 140 Type Structural ontractile Storage efense Transport Signaling Enzymatic/ chemical Function hair, cell cytoskeleton as part of muscle and other motile cells sources of amino acids antibodies, membrane hemoglobin, membrane hormones, membrane regulate speeds of reactions

51 43 Hormones are an example of what class of protein? Slide 109 / 140 structural defense transport signaling 43 Hormones are an example of what class of protein? Slide 109 (nswer) / 140 structural defense transport signaling nswer 44 Hemoglobin is an example of what class of proteins? Slide 110 / 140 Transport Signaling Enzymatic Structural

52 44 Hemoglobin is an example of what class of proteins? Slide 110 (nswer) / 140 Transport Signaling Enzymatic Structural nswer Lipids Slide 111 / 140 Return to Table of ontents Lipids Slide 112 / 140 Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers. Main functions of lipids include energy storage the major component of cell membrane involved with metabolic activities

53 Review: molecules and water Slide 113 / 140 Recall the definitions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic. water water Hydrophobic molecules Hydrophilic molecules mphiphilic Slide 114 / 140 mphiphilic molecules have a hydrophobic "tail" and a hydrophilic "head". So one of its ends is attracted to water, while the other end is repelled. What molecule did we already learn about that was amphiphilic? hydrophilic hydrophobic Lipids are either hydrophobic or amphiphilic. Triglicerides: Hydrophobic Lipids Triglicerides are hydrophobic. They are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: a single glycerol and three fatty acids Slide 115 / 140 Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a very long chain of carbon atoms. They vary in the length and the number and locations of double bonds they contain. glycerol a fatty acid H 2OH H2OH H 2OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H OOH H H H H

54 Triglicerides Slide 116 / fatty acids added to glycerol produce a trigliceride. Phospholipids: mphiphilic Lipids Slide 117 / 140 Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group. The phosphate end is polar and hydrogen bonds with water. The fatty acids are made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen, making them non-polar. s a result, the phosphate end is hydrophilic and the fatty-acid end is hydrophobic. Overall, phospholipids are amphiphilic. 45 How are lipids different from other large biological molecules? Slide 118 / 140 they do not contain carbon they contain oxygen they are hydrophillic they are not polymers

55 45 How are lipids different from other large biological molecules? Slide 118 (nswer) / 140 they do not contain carbon they contain oxygen they are hydrophillic nswer they are not polymers 46 Lipids can be. Slide 119 / 140 E hydrophobic hydrophilic amphiphilic hydrophobic and amphiphilic hydrophilic and amphiphilic 46 Lipids can be. Slide 119 (nswer) / 140 E hydrophobic hydrophilic amphiphilic nswer hydrophobic and amphiphilic hydrophilic and amphiphilic

56 47 phospholipid is an example of a/an. Slide 120 / 140 hydrophobic molecule hydrophilic molecule amphiphilic molecule hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecule 47 phospholipid is an example of a/an. Slide 120 (nswer) / 140 hydrophobic molecule hydrophilic molecule amphiphilic molecule nswer hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecule Saturated Lipids Slide 121 / 140 Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible Have no double bonds in their carbon chain They are solid at room temperature

57 Unsaturated Lipids Slide 122 / 140 Have one or more double bonds. Oils are liquids at room temperature. When hydrogenated (by adding more hydrogen) they become solid and saturated. Fatty cid onding Structure Slide 123 / 140 Saturated fatty acids double bond Unsaturated fatty acids Trans Fats Slide 124 / 140 The chemical process that's used to saturate unsaturated fatty acids can lead to transfats. These have a double bond that is rotated, resulting in a linear chain. These do not function well in biological systems and are a health hazard. Trans unsaturated fatty acids (transfats) click here to see a video on lipids twisted double bond

58 Trans Fat: Margarine Slide 125 / 140 Margarine is a trans fat which which developed during World War II ue to a milk and butter shortage, scientists took corn oil and hydrogenated it. The double bonds became single bonds and a solid was formed Health Hazards of Trans Fats Slide 126 / 140 Trans fats tend to stay in the bloodstream much longer than saturated or unsaturated fats. Trans fats are much more prone to arterial deposition and plaque formation. Trans fats are thought to play a role in the following diseases and disorders: cancer, alzheimers disease, diabetes, obesity, liver dysfunction, and infertity. mphiphilic Lipids: Soaps and etergents Slide 127 / 140 The hydrophobic end of a soap or detergent is repelled by water, but attracted to other non-polar molecules, like grease and oil. The hydrophilic end of the soap or detergent hydrogen bonds with water.

59 Soaps and etergents Slide 128 / 140 So the soap or detergent bonds with many stains (oil, grease, etc.) and pulls them from the surface being cleaned and into the surrounding water. The water then goes down the drain, along with the oil or grease, leaving the surface clean. IRT IRT REMOVE detergent hydrophobic end hydrophilic end fabric being washed Waxes Slide 129 / 140 Waxes are effective hydrophobic coatings formed by many organisms (insects, plants, humans) to ward off water. They consist of 1 long fatty acid attached to an alcohol. Steroids Slide 130 / 140 Steroids are lipids with backbones which form rings. holesterol is an important steroid as are the male and female sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen.

60 48 Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be: Slide 131 / 140 saturated unsaturated triglycerides monoglycerides 48 Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be: Slide 131 (nswer) / 140 saturated unsaturated triglycerides nswer monoglycerides 49 Which of the following is not a lipid? Slide 132 / 140 wax cellulose cholesterol triglyceride

61 49 Which of the following is not a lipid? Slide 132 (nswer) / 140 wax cellulose cholesterol triglyceride nswer 50 ellulose is a lipid found in cell membranes. Slide 133 / 140 True False 50 ellulose is a lipid found in cell membranes. Slide 133 (nswer) / 140 True False nswer FLSE

62 51 Which of the following is not one of the four major groups of molecules found in living organisms? Slide 134 / 140 E glucose carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids 51 Which of the following is not one of the four major groups of molecules found in living organisms? Slide 134 (nswer) / 140 E glucose carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids nswer Review Slide 135 / 140 Return to Table of ontents

63 Slide 136 / 140 carbon-hydrogen-oxygen 1:2:1 monosaccharides simple sugar primary source of energy Glucose Fructose long chains of monosaccharides ring shaped plants (autotrophs) monosaccharides Starch ellulose Glycogen polysaccharides table sugar Slide 137 / 140 types found in phosphate store genetic information deoxyribose guanine make proteins thymine cytosine nucleotides ribose adenine carbon, hydrogen, uracil N nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus Nitrogenous base sugar RN Slide 138 / 140 have enzymes amine group quaternary structure control the rate of chemical reactions muscle, hair cartilage, nails, meat we eat carboxyl group primary structure and sometimes tertiary structure r group secondary structure amino acids carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur body to function properly

64 Slide 139 / 140 are are energy storage amphilic carbon-hydrogen-oxygenphosphorus head and tail hydrophobic phospholipids triglicerides glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate saturated OR unsaturated hormones and cell membranes Slide 140 / 140