UNIT 2 - Structure and Function (ORGANS & SYSTEMS)

Transcription

1 UNIT 2 - Structure and Function (ORGANS & SYSTEMS)

2 Enduring Understandings and Essential Questions 1. All living things rely on the same processes to stay alive. 2. The components of living things, from molecules to organ systems, have a particular structure that determine their function. 3. The components of living systems, from the organelles of a single cell to organ systems, interact to maintain homeostasis. Learning Outcomes - Skills Students will be able to... Develop a model to identify and describe the relevant parts (organ system, organs, and their component tissues) and processes (e.g., transport, nutrition ) of body systems in multicellular organisms. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. Analyze and explain how the body restores homeostasis after a malfunction within one of the body systems Evaluate the effects on the body when exposed to pathogens or disruptions in homeostasis; determine actions taken when homeostasis cannot be restored naturally. Construct an explanation of the importance/purpose of vaccinations and how they create immunity in the body Relate internal organs to their functions Explain how interactions between organ systems are necessary to proper life function Curate resources into ways that are coherent and sharable (ICT Sec 3.3) Interact with experts, peers, or others in order to examine a problem (ICT Sec 7.2) Protein receptor molecules enzymes (biological catalysts) hormone digestion tissue organ Vocabulary In written work and discussion, students will use... organ system pathogen organism antigen homeostasis antibody metabolism white blood cells feedback mechanisms vaccine stimuli allergy (allergic reaction) receptor molecules HIV/AIDS immunity Organ rejection

3 INTERACTION - How do the parts work together to make a whole? LIFE IS ORGANIZED SO THAT: Organelles work together/interact to create. CELLS Cells work together/interact to create. TISSUES Tissues interact to make. ORGANS Organs interact to make. ORGAN SYSTEMS Organ systems interact to keep the organism in HOMEOSTASIS ( ). INTERNAL BALANCE The 8 LIFE PROCESSES must occur at the cell and the organism level for something to be considered ALIVE. The 8 LIFE PROCESSES ARE: 1. RESPIRATION 2. REGULATION 3. REPRODUCTION 4. GROWTH 5. EXCRETION 6. NUTRITION 7. TRANSPORT 8. SYNTHESIS For cells, the life processes are done by the interacting/working ORGANELLES together. For organisms, these life processes are done by the interacting. ORGAN SYSTEMS To do these 8 Life Processes, the cells/organism need raw materials (stuff) from the environment). We already know that a single cell gets their raw materials using the life process of TRANSPORT through the CELL MEMBRANE. BUT How does this interaction work inside a multicellular organism like a human?

4 How do all of the cells/organs of a human organism get the raw materials that they need to survive? Let s Brainstorm what we already know first: 1. List some of the materials that are needed to complete the 8 Life Processes. OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS (SUCH AS GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS) REMOVAL OF WASTES 2. How do these materials get from outside the body to inside the body? (or the other way around) BREATHING IN OXYGEN; EATING AND DIGESTING FOOD FOR NUTRIENTS WASTES ARE REMOVED BY BREATHING OUT/URINATING, SWEATING 3. How do the materials that have entered the body travel to the cells? (or the other way around) THROUGH THE BLOOD Now, let s create a formal biological explanation. FOUR different systems interact so cells/organisms receive nutrients and oxygen and remove the waste created. 1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (NUTRIENTS IN AND DIGESTED) 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (OXYGEN IN AND CARBON DIOXIDE OUT) 3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (MOVES ITEMS AROUND IN BLOOD) 4. EXCRETORY SYSTEM (REMOVES WASTE FROM BODY...URINE, SWEAT, BREATHING OUT)

5 SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS 1. Glucose enters the body through the DIGESTIVE System. 2. Oxygen enters the body through the RESPIRATORY System. 3. The CIRCULATORY System moves O2 and glucose from these systems to all the cells in the body. It also moves the wastes to organs in the System EXCRETORY that remove them from the body so we don t poison ourselves. Without all 4 of these systems working together, an organism would have no energy (ATP), their cells would be full of waste and they would die.

6 HOW THE SYSTEMS INTERACT/WORK TOGETHER Systems work together ( ) INTERACT to help get raw materials into the body, alter them as needed, move them around the body and then get them out of the body. Each system has a specific structure that allows them to directly INTERACT with the other systems. Each of these interacting structures has a specialized STRUCTURE that allows them to perform their. FUNCTION SOME EXAMPLES of INTERACTION: 1. Moving nutrients from the digestive track bloodstream FROM: VILLI CAPILLARIES The VILLI of the DIGESTIVE system interact with CAPILLARIES of the system CIRCULATORY to put digested nutrients into the blood. 2. Moving oxygen from the lungs bloodstream & Moving carbon dioxide from the bloodstream lungs. FROM: ALVEOLI CAPILLARIES FROM: CAPILLARIES ALVEOLI The ALVEOLI of the system RESPIRATORY interacting with CAPILLARIES of the CIRCULATORY system to put oxygen into and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. 3. Moving nutrients and oxygen from bloodstream to cells & moving wastes from cells to bloodstream. FROM: CAPILLARIES CELL MEMBRANE FROM: CELL MEMBRANE CAPILLARIES The CAPILLARIES of the CIRCULATORY system interacting with the membrane of all cells delivering necessary materials/removing waste and then with the specialized cells of the KIDNEY, SKIN and ALVEOLI ( EXCRETORY system) to remove waste from the body.

7 LET S LOOK AT THESE INTERACTIONS WITH MORE DETAIL! 1. How does the VILLI help in the absorption of the nutrients into the capillaries of the bloodstream? **The majority of nutrients in the Small intestine are digested and small enough to move in and out of cells and blood. **The Villi are located in the Small Intestine. **The entire Small Intestine tube is lined with millions of these Villi. **The digested food is absorbed/diffused into the villi where it meets up with capillaries and goes into the blood. **Since there are SO MANY villi, the maximum amount of nutrients can be absorbed and put into the blood. 2. How does the ALVEOLI help oxygen move from the lungs to the capillaries of the bloodstream? *The Alveoli are found in the lungs of the Respiratory System. **There are millions of Alveoli in each lung. ALVEOLI **The oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lung and the blood at these Alveoli. **Since there are so many alveoli, the maximum amount ofoxygen can be brought into the body and carbon dioxide canbe removed. CAPILLARY 3. HOW DOES THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DELIVER NUTRIENTS & OXYGEN TO OUR CELLS, PICK UP THE WASTE FROM OUR CELLS AND DELIVER THE WASTES TO OUR EXCRETORY ORGANS? **EVERY CELL in your body is attached to a Capillary. **Capillaries are only 1 cell thick, so nutrients, oxygen, and wastes can move in and out of them. **Materials move/diffuse in and out of the cells/ excretory organs through these capillaries.

8 INTERACTION REQUIRES COMMUNICATION How do the organs know how/when to interact? - The only way to keep this interaction working correctly is our body s ability to between the various organs and systems. COMMUNICATE - Most of this communication occurs through two systems: o NERVOUS SYSTEM o ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Similarities between the systems: Messages are sent as chemicals and received by receptors to assure correct interaction between/within organs The chemical messages must shape-match a receptor to deliver the message. Differences between the systems: The type of chemicals and the pathway used to deliver them is different. Nervous System delivers chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS on its own pathway of NEURON CELLS that line up to create NERVES. Endocrine System delivers chemicals called HORMONES (released from GLANDS) into the BLOOD to shape-match receptors on BODY CELLS.

9 NERVOUS SYSTEM:.How do nervous system messages travel around the body? The Nervous System uses a pathway of neurons (nerve cells) that make neurotransmitters to match the receptor on the next neuron. 1. Neurons line up to send NEURON 1 throughout MESSAGES the body. 2. The space between the neurons is called a. SYNAPSE NEURON 2 3. Specifically shaped Chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS are released into this synapse (space) so the message can be sent. 4. These chemicals attach to NEURON 1 RECEPTORS next neuron based on on the their SHAPE & NEURON 2 RECEPTORSS can then communicate their message. 5. If the receptor is blocked (by drugs or medicine), no message will be sent.

10 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM How do the glands send messages to organs? The Endocrine System uses GLANDS that make HORMONES that travel IN THE BLOOD to match the RECEPTORS on the cells where they are meant to deliver their message. GLANDS 1. GLANDS PUT SHAPE- SPECIFIC HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD 2. HORMONES TRAVEL IN BLOOD LOOKING FOR MATCHING RECEPTORS (CAPILLARY) 3. HORMONES SHAPE- MATCH RECEPTORS 4. THE MESSAGE IS SENT TO THE CORRECT CELL

11 NERVOUS SYSTEM BOTH ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Message is in the form of a neurotransmitter Message is sent thorugh a synapse Message is released by a neuron Send messages Structure/shape is important Receptors receive the message Message is in the form of a hormone Message is sent in the blood Message is released by a gland Place the following ideas in the correct section of the Venn Diagram above. Send messages Message is sent using the blood Structure/Shape is important Message is in the form of a neurotransmitter Message is in the form of a hormone Message is sent through synapse Message is released by a gland Message is released by a neuron Receptors receive the messages

12 HOMEOSTASIS When working correctly, the communication from the System NERVOUS and the ENDOCRINE System provides a consistent balance in an organism. This important balance is called BODY TEMP DEGREES F. HOMEOSTASIS TIME (HOURS) Homeostasis is really a Equilibrium DYNAMIC (changing balance) that is maintained by. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (FEEDBACK LOOPS) All organisms are striving to be in Homeostasis. The further an organism is from expected normal, the more uncomfortable, diseased or closer to death they will be. Examples of an organism maintaining HOMEOSTASIS: 1. Sweating to cool your body down 2. The sensation of hunger so you eat and can create energy 3. The urge to urinate so you remove waste 4. The urge to breathe in and out to get O2 in and CO2 out 5. Blinking to regulate water in your eyes For the remainder of this unit, we will review 3 different ways human organisms work to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

13 HOMEOSTASIS LOOKING A LITTLE DEEPER 1. THE FEAR RESPONSE (Fight or Flight) When we sense danger our body communicates a response that coordinates 5 systems in an effort to keep us safe and in. HOMEOSTASIS When sensing fear stimuli, the nervous system communicates using neurotransmitters that match receptor shape. After passing from one neuron to another, these ultimately relay a message to the adrenal gland of the endocrine system. The adrenal gland then sends the adrenaline hormone into the blood. Adrenaline matches shape with receptors on the cells of the heart (Circulatory System), liver (Digestive System) and lungs (Respiratory System). Since they match shape, the hormone delivers a message to each of these organs to increase the heart rate, increase amount of glucose put into the blood and to increase breathing rates. These changes permit more oxygen and glucose traveling to the body cells so that they can make energy and respond to the threat. DIRECTIONS: 1. Use the underlined words in this paragraph to complete the flow chart that you will find on google classroom. o Place the names of the systems in the empty circles o Replace the blanks with the other words in the word bank. 2. Compare your answers with a classmate until you both agree. 3. Now, ask for an answer sheet and check for accuracy.

14 HOMEOSTASIS LOOKING A LITTLE DEEPER 2. MAINTAINING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS BLOOD GLUCOSE There is an optimal range for the amount of. It will increase and decrease within this acceptable. RANGE However, if it gets too HIGH or too, you will be out of LOW HOMEOSTASIS, which will result in discomfort, disease and possibly death. time (hrs) THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM'S Our body uses INSULIN & GLUCAGON HORMONESto and GIVE FEEDBACK assure that you stay in the acceptable blood sugar range. A person who lacks working insulin and cannot stay in the acceptable blood sugar range has the disease called. DIABETES TO REVIEW: Use the link on Google Classroom, to complete the lab experience. It will help you to review the hormone insulin working correctly to regulate blood sugar and incorrectly causing diabetes.

15 HOMEOSTASIS LOOKING A LITTLE DEEPER 3. Immune System and their White Blood Cells When foreign invaders try to invade an organism there is an System IMMUNE that helps to get us back in. HOMEOSTASIS The official name for these foreign invaders that try to disrupt our homeostasis is. PATHOGENS (ALWAYS CAUSE HARM) There are 4 main categories of. PATHOGENS VIRUS BACTERIA PARASITE FUNGUS

16 PATHOGENS these try to disrupt homeostasis and are the enemies of living organisms PARASITE Uses another organism (host) to help themselves...gain a safe/warm place to live and reproduce FLEA In doing this, the parasite hurts the host TAPEWORM BACTERIA Reproduces asexally Bacteria can infect and destroy our cells Antibiotics WILL work to fight the bacteria FUNGUS Rreproduce asexually with spores Easily transferred from one place to another Can be destroyed with anti-fungal medicines Can be destroyed by anti-parasitics/or removal of the parasite ATHLETE'S FOOT RINGWORM VIRUS Can only reproduce by using the cells of the organism they infect destroy our cells CANNOT BE CURED WITH ANTIBIOTICS HIV

17 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OUR DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS Define the following terms: Pathogen SOMETHING THAT ENTERS YOUR BODY AND HARMS YOU BY DISRUPTING YOUR HOMEOSTASIS Antigen Antibody SOMETHING ENTERING YOUR BODY THAT YOUR BODY THINKS WILL HARM YOU SO IT CREATES AN UNNECESSARY IMMUNE RESPONSE...ALLERGENS, DONATED ORGANS, ETC. YOUR WHITE BLOOD CELL THAT WORKS TO FIGHT OFF THE PATHOGENS AND THE ANTIGENS...THESE ARE SHAPE SPECIFIC TO WHAT THEY ARE FIGHTING. How does the immune system respond when pathogens/antigens enter our body? IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE 1. engulfs ANTIGEN/PATHOGEN and displays antigen MACROPHAGE receptors on surface. 2. HELPER T CELL recognizes the antigen receptors on the macrophage and calls for help. 3. Helper T-cell stimulates B CELLS to make ANTIBODIES and gets killer T-cells ready. 4. ANTIBODIES bind to antigen and DISABLE it. 5. MEMORY cells are created so that the organism can REMEMBER the specific antigen/pathogen and it DESTROY when it comes again without any symptoms.

18 1. Macrophage engulfs antigen and displays antigen on surface. 2. Helper T-cell recognizes the antigen receptors on the macrophage and calls for help.. 3. Helper T-cell stimulates B-cells to make antibodies and gets killer T- cells ready. 4. Antibodies bind to antigen and inactivate it. 5. Now we have MEMORY CELLS that will recognize and fight this specific antigen if it comes again and we will never even get symptoms. HOMEOSTASIS IS MAINTAINED!

19 VACCINES USING THE CONCEPT OF MEMORY CELLS TO PREVENT VIRUSES FROM A SUCCESSFUL ATTACK 1. What did people hope to gain by putting small pox scabs into their noses and pus from small pox into their skin? THEY HOPE TO GET A SMALL/WEAK VERSION OF THE SICKNESS THAT THEY CAN FIGHT OFF WITHOUT GETTINGN TOO SICK SO THEY CAN CREATE IMMUNITY FROM THAT VIRUS IN THE FUTURE. 2. Why did Jenner feel that he could inject the boy with small pox after he had cowpox? COWPOX CREATED A MEMORY ANTIBODY THAT WOULD THEN CREATE IMMUNITY TO SMALLPOX 3. How do these stories relate to memory cells and antibodies? MEMORY CELLS ARE CREATED AFTER WE SUCCESSFULLY FIGHT A FOREIGN INVADOR AND THEY ARE READY WITH ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT THAT INVADOR WITHOUT CREATING SICKNESS IF IT ENTERS THE BODY AGAIN.

20 BRAIN POP Vaccines Instructions: Go to Brainpop.com and login as rhkninth, password: student and search for Vaccines Watch the movie on Vaccines and answer the questions below 1.) What do white blood cells do? FIGHT FOREIGN INVADORS 2.) Describe the contents of a vaccine. A DEAD OR WEAKENED VERSION OF THE VIRUS 3.) Identify the system in the body that is most directly affected by a vaccination. IMMUNE SYSTEM 4.) Explain how a vaccination results in the long-term ability of the body to resist disease. THE DEAD OR WEAK VIRUS CAUSES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE THAT CREATES MEMORY ANTIBODIES THAT FIGHT OFF THE DISEASE THE NEXT TIME IT ENTERS THE BODY BEFORE ANY SYMPTOMS OCCUR. 5.) Why do children need to get booster shots of a vaccine? SOMETIMES THE MEMORY CELLS ARE NOT ENOUGH IN NUMBER/STRONG ENOUGH AND NEED TO BE BOOSTED SO MORE MEMORY CELLS ARE FORMED 6.) Why does a new flu vaccine have to be made every year? THE FLU VIRUS MUTATES AND THE MEMORY CELLS WON'T WORK FOR THE ONE SPECIFIC FLU VIRUS.

21 SOME OTHER IMMUNE SYSTEM CONCEPTS AN OVER-REACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM ALLERGIES ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS An immune response is created toward your own cells or towards the transplanted organ. An immune response is created to a harmless substance such as peanut butter, pollen, cats. This reaction creates histamines that create swellilng Swelling creates symptoms like hives, difficulty breathing and itchiness. This reaction destroys your cells (harms the transplanted organ) and prevents them from completing their functions for the body. If you have received an organ transplant, you take immunosuppressants that lesson you immune system in an effort to preserve the organ. USING OUR BODY TO STOP SICKNESS BEFORE IT STARTS VACCINES A dead or weak version of the virus is injected. THE VACCINE CREATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A DEAD VERSION OF A PATHOGEN. THIS CREATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE (THAT IS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE THE PATHOGEN IS DEAD OR WEAK). AFTER THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IS COMPLETE, THE MEMORY CELLS ARE CREATED SO THE ORGANISM CAN DISABLE THE PATHOGEN IF IT ENTERS AGAIN WITHOUT ANY SYMPTOMS. WHEN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ATTACKED HIV/AIDS HIV virus attacks your own immune cells (T-cells). Without T cells, you do not make antibodies. Your immune system no longer works correctly and you cannot fight off even the simplest of pathogens

22 IMMUNE SYSTEM REVIEW: Instructions: Answer the following questions using the following resources as needed. your textbook (pages ) Brainpop.com (login as rhkninth, password: student and search for Immune System and/or Viruses and/or Allergies) Mrs. Biata s webpage 1.) What is the function of the immune system? to fight off foreign invadors 2.) What are PATHOGENS? virus, bacteria, fungus or parasite that enter your body and harm it. 3.) What are ANTIBODIES? the White Blood Cells that fight off the pathogens/antigens based on shape matching. antibiotics 4.) What kind of medicines kill bacterial infections but not viruses? 5.) How do vaccines help the immune system? What do they do? THE VACCINE CREATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A DEAD VERSION OF A PATHOGEN. THIS CREATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE (THAT IS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE THE PATHOGEN IS DEAD OR WEAK). AFTER THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IS COMPLETE, THE MEMORY CELLS ARE CREATED SO THE ORGANISM CAN DISABLE THE PATHOGEN IF IT ENTERS AGAIN WITHOUT ANY SYMPTOMS. 7.) Allergies are one malfunction that can occur in the immune system. Describe what happens in the immune system of a person with allergies. An allergy is an immune response to something that your body should ignore (it won't hurt you). Because of the unnecessary immune response, hitamines are created. They create swelling and the symptoms of hives, itchiness, difficulty breathing. 8.) When a person is infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), what system of the body is damaged? How does this increase the person s chance of death? The immune system is damaged. A person can die because they are unable to fight off even the simplest pathogens.

23 Name: Structure & Function (organs/systems) Study Guide Topic 1: Organic compounds, organization of life Use the diagram below to organize the levels of complexity of the human body from cell to organ system. (Use the following words: organ, cell, organism, tissue, organ system) List some examples of the following terms: Organelles: Cells: Organs: Organ systems:

24 TOPIC 2: INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS Match the system below with its corresponding job in helping to get items into, around and out of the body. Digestive System Circulatory System Respiratory System Excretory System A. Brings nutrients/oxygen to cells and picks up waste B. Brings Oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide C. Removes wastes from the body D. Brings in and prepares nutrients for the body 1. The VILLI are a part of which system? 2. What is the purpose of the VILLI in the small intestines? 3. How do the villi make the digestive system more efficient in the delivery of glucose to the blood? 4. The Alveoli is a part of which system? 5. What is the purpose of the ALVEOLI in the lungs? 6. How do the alveoli make the respiratory system more efficient? 7. The CAPILLARIES are a part of which system? 8. How do the capillaries interact with: a. The Digestive System b. The Respiratory System

25 c. The Excretory System 9. What is the main function of the excretory system? TOPIC 3 COMMUNICATION 1. What are the two systems that are most important in maintaining communication? 2. The Nervous System communicates using chemicals called that are released into the and connect to the on the next neuron IF they match the correct (and if the receptor is not blocked by medicine/drugs). 3. The Endocrine System communicates using chemicals called that travel through the and connect to the on the cell membrane of cells IF they match the correct.

26 TOPIC 4 - HOMEOSTASIS 1. What is Homeostasis? 2. Give 3 examples of a human body trying to maintain homeostasis. a. b. c. 3. What systems work together to maintain homeostasis during a Fight/Flight response? 4. What system regulates our blood sugar levels? 5. Two different hormones help to maintain blood sugar levels. Name them and tell whether they bring the blood sugar level up or down. HORMONE AFFECT ON BLOOD SUGAR 6. Draw a general graph that depicts the changes in blood sugar over the course of a day. 7. What disorder does a person have if they cannot regulate their blood sugar? 8. How does feedback work to keep the body in homeostasis?

27 TOPIC 5 IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO LOSS OF HOMEOSTASIS 1. What is the overall function of the immune system? 2. What are the four types of pathogens that damage an organism and force the immune response? 3. What does it mean when it is said that a person had an immune response? 4. What is the general name for the type of cells that create the immune response? 5. What is the name of the specific white blood cell that your body produces to disable the pathogen? 6. Since a virus can only be destroyed by your immune system (medicines/antibiotics do not destroy them), what do doctor s give you to prevent them from damaging your homeostasis? 7. What is in a vaccine? 8. How do vaccines work?

28 9. What happens in your immune system when you have an allergy, an autoimmune response or organ rejection? 10. How does HIV/AIDS affect your immune system?

29 Regents Questions Unit Review 1.) Which structures carry out life functions within cells? (1) tissues (2) organelles (3) organ systems (4) proteins 2.) The function of a cell depends primarily on its (1) life span (2) structure (3) color (4) movement 3.) The graph below shows the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time. This graph represents (1) an allergic reaction (3) maintenance of homeostasis (2) an antigen-antibody reaction (4) autotrophic nutrition 4.) The virus that causes bird flu can attach to the cells of the lower part of the respiratory system in humans, but not to the cells of the upper part of the respiratory system. The most likely reason for this is that these two groups of cells have different (1) DNA codes in their nuclei (3) amounts of water in their cytoplasm (2) enzymes in their mitochondria (4) receptor molecules on their membranes 5.) Which process is most directly responsible for maintaining internal stability in an organism when its environment is constantly changing? (1) digestion (2) reproduction (3) feedback (4) evolution 6.) The ability of the human body to keep blood sugar levels within a fairly narrow range, despite the intake of meals high in carbohydrates, is an example of (1) active transport (3) homeostasis (2) genetic recombination (4) digestion

30 8.) To replace burned skin, doctors can successfully transplant replacement skin taken from another part of the body of the burn victim. Which statement best explains why the transplanted skin is not rejected? (1) The transplanted skin is damaged, making the immune system nonfunctional. (2) The antigens of the replacement skin are the same as those of the damaged skin. (3) Burn victims lose so much blood that white blood cells cannot cause an immune response. (4) There is no blood supply to the skin, so mixing of antigens does not occur. 9.) A vaccine used against an infectious disease may contain (1) specialized blood cells (3) a variety of antibiotics (2) toxic enzymes (4) weakened pathogens 10.) Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are (1) predators (2) pathogens (3) parasitic fungi (4) decomposers 11.) The virus that causes AIDS is damaging to the body because it (1) targets cells that fight invading microbes (2) attacks specific red blood cells (3) causes an abnormally high insulin level (4) prevents the normal transmission of nerve impulses 12.) Many viruses infect only a certain type of cell because they bind to certain (1) other viruses on the surface of the cell (3) hormones in the cell (2) mitochondria in the cell (4) receptor sites on the surface of the cell

31 13.) A single cell and a multicellular organism are represented below. Which structures are correctly paired with their primary function? (1) A and G - transmission of nerve impulses (2) B and E - photosynthesis (3) C and H - digestion of food (4) D and F - gas exchange 14.) In some people, substances such as peanuts, eggs, and milk cause an immune response. This response to usually harmless substances is most similar to the (1) action of the heart as the intensity of exercise increases (2) mechanism that regulates the activity of guard cells (3) action of white blood cells when certain bacteria enter the body (4) mechanism that maintains the proper level of antibiotics in the blood 15.) The diagram below shows a cell in the human body engulfing a bacterial cell. The cell labeled X is most likely a (1) red blood cell (2) liver cell (3) white blood cell (4) nerve cell

32 16.) Which sequence shows a decreasing level of complexity? (1) organs organism cells tissues (2) organism cells organs tissues (3) cells tissues organs organism (4) organism organs tissues cells 17.) An organelle that releases energy for metabolic activity in a nerve cell is the (1) chloroplast (2) mitochondrion (3) ribosome (4) vacuole 18.) Which row in the chart below contains an event that is paired with an appropriate response in the human body? Base your answers to questions 19 through 20 on the passage below. A normally healthy 35-year-old woman was found to have a severe intestinal infection usually seen in much older and sicker patients in hospitals. Because of so many cases like hers, some doctors became alarmed that the organism responsible could spread rapidly and cause unusually severe illnesses and some deaths. Scientists suspect that the cause is a mutated form of an organism that has a resistance to some of the most common treatments. 19.) Since it is difficult to cure an infection caused by this organism, it might be easier to prevent these infections by using a vaccine. Identify the specific material a vaccine would have to contain to prevent future infections. 20.) Explain how this vaccine would prevent future infections.

33 I HAVE NO IDEA I NEED HELP I'VE GOT THIS STRUCTURE & FUNCTION (ORGANS & SYSTEMS) TARGETS 1. I CAN explain the various systems that bring materials into the body, move them around and remove wastes from the body. 2. I CAN describe how the various systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory & excretory) must work together (interact) to effectively do their jobs. 3. I CAN name the organs (villi, alveoli & capillary) that permit the systems to interact so efficiently and explain how they work together. 4. I CAN name the two systems (nervous & endocrine) that communicate with the other systems. 5. I CAN descibe the similarities and differencees between the nervous and endocrine systems. 6. I CAN relay the importance of shape with chemical messages and receptors. 7. I CAN define homeostasis. 8. I CAN describe how the fight/flight response maintains homeostasis. 9. I CAN describe how insulin and glucagon work in a feedback loop to maintain our blood sugar. 10. I CAN name the 4 pathogens that the immune system fights to keep our bodies in homeostasis. 11. I CAN explain the steps of the immune response, especially understanding how memory cells create future immunity. 12. I CAN describe vaccines, allergies, auto-immune disorders and HIV/AIDS.