Avian Mycoplasma Myths

Transcription

1 1960 Avin Mycoplsmosis Avin Mycoplsm Myths Chris Morrow Glol Technicl Mnger PhD BVSc Hrd to grow simple cteri No cell wll Chronic infections The ide of mycoplsm freedom Aim until now: Mycoplsm freedom for poultry Essentil for genetic stock Single ge Well isolted 400 yrds ( 400 metres) etween sheds (AA GP mnul) Achieved for MG in the 1970s MS? Gives options to customers Breks re prolem (production forecst) No immunity in flock Risk mngement Myth I MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE IS NOT IMPORTANT. 4 5 Myth 1: MS does nothing. Cliniclly mycoplsmosis cn e dignosed ut lortory testing (culture nd specition or PCR) is need to differentite MG nd MS s the cuse Anything MG cn do MS cn lso do. Chronic infections men these orgnisms sty round. Antiiotics cn mke infection sttus difficult to determine. 6 Quntifiction of Pthogen cost Mycoplsm gllisepticum Lyers 10 to 20 eggs per yer nd FCR Egg drop in ly Decresed htchility Primry respirtory disese nd CRD Mortlity nd poor FCR in progeny Mycoplsm synovie Lyers 5-10 eggs per yer nd FCR Infectious synovitis Amyloidosis in rown lyers Egg drop in ly Decresed htchility Incresed condemntions Respirtory disese in comintion other viruses nd respirtory vccines E. coli Peritonitis in lyer Glss top eggs 8 dpted from Stipkovits nd Kempf

2 Most strins do not cuse Infectious synovitis Often no joint disese Some countries vets rgue tht their MS strins do nothing so why worry Becuse their country descries MS new syndromes every yer Their experts sy MS is importnt MS strin effects Hrder to grow thn MG NAD requirement No sttionry phse Hrder to control No officil control No monitoring Airsculitis fter comined MS & IBV (experimentl) Chronic Respirtory Disese MG or MS Synovitis due to MS field cse Respirtory insult Dust, NH3, Respirtory viruses And vccines CRD E.Coli 11 Slmonell 12 MS involvement in E. coli peritonitis coming into ly Peritonitis in erly ly is the most importnt cuse of mortlity in commercil lyers in Europe Prophylctic enrofloxcin is used in some res. Experimentl evidence from Rviv nd Kleven Not the sme s peritonitis in Broiler reeders 14 MS Glss top eggs. Egg Apicl Anormlity 15 Feerwee nd others Avin Pth Nov

3 EAA EAA This condition is temporrily responsive to OTC or tylosin nd MS cn e esily isolted from the oviduct. My e MS strin ssocited (Hmmond group 3) nd IBV my hve ig effect The Netherlnds, Itly, Germny, UK, Turkey, Frnce, Denmrk nd Jpn. Up to 4-10% of eggs Less drmtic in Broiler reeders (2%) Second qulity eggs (Not EAA) Hgn & Brdury: UK Survey done y ELISA on egg yolk nd questionnire. Sttisticlly significnt incresed second qulity eggs in MS infected lyer flocks Similr findings in Austrli Low shell reking strength nd shell deformtion in seropositive flocks (yolk ntiody) Gole, K.K. Chouslker, J. Lievrt nd J. R. Roerts APSS Koren nd Jpnese elief MG ts-11 prevents speckled rown eggs Vlule in these mrkets 21 Airscculitis in Pips Increse lte mortlity nd decresed htchility Not sure if ll strins do this eqully ut my e useful in low tech monitoring 22 MS does it do nything? Often rgued tht MS does nothing. This is very strin dependent ut lso slesmn dependent. If you cnt fix it techniclly then feture it. Some strins cuse more prolems thn MG strins (Strin s10 in Arknss, Egg production drop, irscculitis in roiler) Under-dignosed ecuse of prophylctic ntiiotic therpy (products with zero withdrwl times). 23 3

4 Antiiotics Wht re ntiiotics doing in Asin poultry production Limiting MG nd MS impct Especilly during ly Limiting MG nd MS ntiody production Helping to control Avicterium prgllinrum, P. multicod, Slmonell, E. coli, Brchyspir species Cn we control these with other strtegies? Antiiotics in eggs out!!! Myth II MS TRANSMISSION NEEDS DIRECT CONTACT! Mycoplsms hve irorne trnsmission! MS cn trvel 2km in the wind in temperte climtes. The reson why some res cnt control MS. Unknown distnce in tropicl climtes Risk fctors for mycoplsm trnsmission + Source Size of flock Antiiotic tretment Stress Time since infection d 2 Humidity Wind direction Your stock Vccintion Size of flock Antiiotic prophyllxis 28 4

5 Wht hve we got Multige GP nd PS frms Sheds seprted y 400 m Lyer frms Multige with or without rering on site Bckyrd Grndprent Locl epidemiology of MG nd MS in Western countries BB Breeders Broilers Turkeys Lyers Free Rnge lyers Biosecurity only for Mycoplsm freedom If you choose freedom then you re mintining lrge popultions with no protection from infection. You must keep the ird seprted totlly from the mycoplsm. Multige lyer sites Current control in mny res is routine tretment with Timulin, tylosin or CTC/OTC often in feed (Zero withdrwl). Residues Resistnce (grdul loss of efficcy) Other cteril infections my lso e eing controlled. Slmonell (vccinte) Brchyspir (cidify wter) Is ts-11 strong enough? Myth IIIts-11 IS NOT STRONG ENOUGH Scientific studies to dte re not relevnt to the field sitution Bsed on pen trils In contct chllenge is too strong Prcticl experience is tht ts-11 is strong enough. 36 5

6 Do you need to erdicte with F strin first efore using ts-11? Levishon nd Kleven 2000 (Rev Sci Tech OIE 19(2): ) Field experience nd unpulished studies. Contrst to Austrlin nd overses experience where persistent use of ts-11 hs een more successful (K. Whither pers comm). It cn e done (Turner nd Kleven 1998 Avin Dis 42, ) At cost (lyers, residul virulence, -7 eggs/hh) Pen studies results my not e pproprite for extrpoltion to the field. Free F strin vcc Infected (Fstrin) Ts 11 vccinted Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Shed 1 Shed 2 Shed 3 Shed 4 time Turner nd Kleven 1998 Antiiotics Control only Decrese mycoplsm numers Prevent clinicl disese ut decreses ntiody response Resistnce development cn e prolem Residues nd withholding periods 40 Vccintion ims/clims To prevent clinicl disese Respirtory Reproductive Synovitis To prevent excertion of other infections To prevent verticl trnsmission To prevent suclinicl losses To prevent wild strins from infecting irds (horizontl trnsmission) To decrese ntiiotic dependence Avin mycoplsm vccintion Controlled exposure Killed Bcterins 1960s Lte 1960s First genertion live vccine Injection(s) Loss of 5 to 20 eggs Limited DOI nd limited protection Mild strins 1970s Second genertion F strin 6/85 Attenuted strins Pox vectored 1980s Third genertion ts-11 MSH 1990s Fourth genertion Limited success 42 Controlled exposure Bsed on the oservtion tht nturl infection provides protection ginst susequent chllenge Mke sure hens were positive for MG efore production Prevents egg production drops Still hve losses from su-clinicl infection. 6

7 Air Sc Lesion Incidence % Air sc lesion incidence (%) Medin ir sc lesion score 2/3/2012 Killed cterins nd mild strins ts + vccines Core temperture of the chicken (>41.5C) is too high for the vccine strin to survive so infection is limited to the upper respirtory trct. Plenty of humorl ntiody ut.. Immunogenicity ppers correlted with residul pthogenicity 45 Dose Response: Air sc lesions 2 weeks fter chllenge dose c NV/NC Neg. NV/C Pos Dose 10 x CCU/ ird 5 week old SPF irds vccinted with MS-H Chllenge 6 weeks fter vccintion with wild-type MS Neg. = non-vccinted non-chllenged Pos. = non-vccinted + chllenged 47 Onset of immunity: Air sc lesion incidence Durtion of immunity: Air sc lesion incidence (comined onset nd durtion of immunity results) c Neg. Cont. MS-H Pos. Cont. (7NS) Unvccinted MS-H 10 c Weeks fter vccintion Weeks post vccintion

8 Protein Profile of MSH & recent MS strins from Europe. Ech strin is from different Hmmond group geneticlly diverse 50 Proteins proed with ser from (A) unvccinted irds nd (B) vccinted irds Shows multiple ntigens recognized from eyedrop vccintion. Predicts tht protection will e rod (especilly compred to suunit vccines) 51 Economic enefits: Austrli The introduction of MS-H into the roiler-reeder prent popultion hs ment tht clinicl disese relted to MS is essentilly no longer recognised Dr. P. Scott (2002) Meril newsletter Vccintion t work in Broiler Breeders. Economic enefits: Mexico The use of cterins nd mediction progrms hs not een effective in MS control. The introduction of MS-H vccine strin hs llowed recovery of productive performnce in reeders nd their progeny, plus sustntil svings due to mediction in oth. Likewise, its usge in lying hens hs llowed the recovery of egg viility nd production (4.5 to 13 eggs per ird per cycle). Dr. E. Soto Proceedings of ANAECA meeting, Puerto Vllrt, Mexico Administrtion of ts + mycoplsm vccines Eye drop (1x) etween 3 nd 6 weeks of ge Administer prior to exposure to wild-type mycoplsm!! Dose 30 µl or 5 x 10 7 vile orgnisms Thw quickly (~35 0 C out 9 minutes) Keep cool Use within 2-3 hrs 54 Antiiotic usge in vccinted flocks Amoxycillin (& ceftifour nd phosphomycin) For gut prolems you cn use ntiiotics not sored from the gut Colistin Neomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin Erythromycin (MS intely resistnt). Don t use two weeks efore nd for 4 weeks fter vccintion. If you must use product with ntimycoplsml ctivity use in short high doses. You wont need it. 8

9 Where do these vccines fit in Erdiction ts-11 is prticulrly suitle this ppliction with its low horizontl spred Suitle fter rndom rek hs occurred Continuous vccintion Continuous protection If the underlying risk of reking hs not chnged then keep vccinting Discuss with production mngers wht risk they will ccept (insurnce) 56 Asin multi-lyered MG control progrmmes. Live MG vccine (4 weeks) Pox vectored MG vccine (8 weeks) 2 killed MG vccine Tylosin one week per month t. Is this ny different from Tylosin lone in iologicl efficcy? Tylosin resistnce hs een noted. 57 Vxsfe MG (Austrlin origin) Distriutor Registrtion dte Austrli Bioproperties 1990 Jpn NBI 30 Aug 95 South Kore Meril 30 Jun 98 Thilnd Pfizer 28 Dec 99 Chin Sinder 1999 Mlysi Pfizer 6 Nov 01 Philipines Pfizer 14 Mr 01 Indi Pfizer 1 Apr 03 Indonesi Meril 2 Mr 06 Irn Austrl Medi 2010 Turkey RTA Vxsfe MG (mnufctured under license from Bioproperties) Country Site of mnufcture Dte of registrtion USA USA 8 Fe 1994 South Americ USA From 1999 Brzil Brzil 2 June 2005 South Afric USA Sept 1995 Pkistn USA 2006 Itly Itly 1996 Hungry, Romni, Egypt, Bulgri, Polnd Sudi, Lenon Others 59 Vxsfe MS (MSH) Compny Registrtion Vccintion to prevent EAA Austrli Bioproperties 1996 Mexico Avimex 16 Jun 1997 South Afric Protectchick August 2005 Jpn NBI 7 Dec 05 Argentin Meril 7 Mr 06 Irn Austrl Medi Vet 29 Oct 07 Brzil Meril 16 Sept 08 Indonesi Meril Fe 2011 EU 27 Phrmsure June 2011 Philippines Fort Dodge June Done t Deventer lortory using their chllenge model IB intrtrchel nd IM ll groups. Groups No MS vccine no MS chllenge (IB only) MS vccine no MS chllenge MS vccine nd MS chllenge No Ms vccine ut MS chllenge 64 9

10 Proportion of EAA eggs (%) 2/3/2012 Experimentl chllenge of vccinted irds Vxsfe MSH, Jpn IBV-Ms EAA IBV-Ms vccine-ms EAA W1 W3 W5 W7 W9 W11 Weeks p.i. M. synovie 65 Commercil lyers Comprison of flocks vccinted with MSH nd ts-11 to ts-11 vccinted flocks only Jpnese mngement moult flocks when they fll to 77% HD production Vccinted flocks did not hve glss top eggs compred to previous flocks Up to 4% glss top nd 10% totl second qulity eggs efore MSH vccintion. 66 Jpnese Vxsfe MSH trils Prmeter to 57 weeks Tril 1 82K soni grey Tril 2 Lohmnn Totl eggs eggs/hd eggs/hd Pthology IS MS Norml eggs +1.4% +2.9% Egg mss +795 g +787g FCR More eggs erlier More eggs erlier Infectious Synovitis in South Afric in rown lyers MSH Vccintion on infected sites Incresed 8-12 eggs per hen housed Reduced E.coli nd less culling needed Less runting nd etter uniformity Less drmtic production drops when chllenged with other diseses or stresses nd etter recovery Totl reduction in infeed mediction nd 80% decrese in wter mediction Other experiences Hve een le to repet Brour et l (2000) in Chin nd some other plces Vxsfe ts-11 Vccintion of reeders leding to MG free roilers Similr results with MSH in Mexico In Austrli clinicins report less non mycoplsml cteril prolems fter mycoplsm vccintion Less totl dependence on ntiiotics

11 Villge Potentil vccintion trgets Could vccintion protect GPs from MG or MS? Use vccines to decrese wild chllenge of GP Villge Potentil vccintion trgets Could vccintion protect GPs from MG or MS? Vccinte GPs BB BB Grndprent Breeders Broilers Grndprent Breeders Broilers Lyers Lyers Dignostic prolems Myth IV SEROLOGY IN VACCINATED FLOCKS Serology (RSA nd ELISA) Flse positives Equivocl results during erly infection Decresed ntiody response fter ntiiotic tretment Not definitive if the irds hve een vccinted No good for determining Dy old chick sttus Serologicl result fter vccintion Antiody Response High Vccine (6+ weeks) Field chllenge vccine worked Alterntive explntion Field chllenge vccintion filure Med Usul Erly field chllenge Low to zero Cn hppen especilly efore ly Poor vccintion Follow up PCR nd ssessment of protection PCR Reled PCR Reled 75 Predictive vlue of MG RSA test in roiler reeders Group Age vc wk RSA rectors (score rnge)* ts-11/c 3 0% (0-0) ts-11/nc 3 0% (0-0) ts-11/c 6 40% (0-1) ts-11/nc 6 20% (0-0.5) NV/C NV 0% (0-0) *Tested t 17 wk, immeditely efore chllenge 76 11

12 Predictive vlue of MG RSA test in roiler reeders Group Age vc wk RSA rectors (score rnge)* Trchel mucos µm ts-11/c 3 0% (0-0) 101±5 ts-11/nc 3 0% (0-0) 98±5 ts-11/c 6 40% (0-1) 105±5 ts-11/nc 6 20% (0-0.5) 105±6 NV/C NV 0% (0-0) 273±44 *Tested t 17 wk, immeditely efore chllenge Tested 2 weeks fter chllenge 77 Does negtive RSA response to ts-11 men poor protection? Vccinted 3w Chllenged 17w Vccinted 3w Not chllenged Not Vccinted Chllenged 17w 78 Locl Immunity in Airwys Comprison of ts-11 nd killed MG vccine Group n RSA Score ts-11* ±1.1 Bcterin* ±0.5 Unvccinted* 10 0 Not chllenged 10 0 Locl Immunity in Airwys Comprison of ts-11 nd killed MG vccine Group n RSA Score Mucos µm ts-11* ± Bcterin* ± c Unvccinted* c Not chllenged RSA= rpid serum gglutintion test (serology) 79 *Aerosol chllenge,,c P<0.05 RSA= rpid serum gglutintion test (serology) 80 Protection y MG vccines Killed MG vccine Ts-11 High level of serum ntiody does not provide protection! 81 Strong Mucosl Immunity Requires: Antigenic stimultion t the mucosl surfce Live vccines etter thn killed Persistent ntigenic stimultion Immunologicl memory for mucosl immunity tends to e short MS-H persists on the mucosl surfce of the ird nd stimultes protection for life 82 12

13 Strin ID Strin ID of MS y HRMP nlysis Sequence sed Direct sequencing HRM Not RAPD Not ts phenotype 83 Jeffrey et l. Microiology : Strin identifiction of MS Strin ID of MG ts-11 By strin ID method we could show tht chllenge strin only ws ssocited with EAA eggs Cn e used in field studies to identify vccine. 2hr result from trchel sw Time is right With MS nd MG vccintion the need for ntiiotics is gretly reduced. Export mrkets re sensitive to ntiiotic residues. Supermrkets my led rther thn government. Totl Mycoplsm Control Freedom, vccintion, iosecurity nd good dignostics 87 13

14 Investigting ts-11 prolems The End THANK YOU Chris Morrow Bioproperties ts-11 filure to protect Frost free freezers re d Cold chin prolems Administrtion prolems Overwhelming chllenge Birds lredy infected Birds chllenged efore immunity develops Antiiotics Immunosuppression MS prolem not MG Dye stins eye nd mouth Expect 100% of mouths to e stined rpidly fter ppliction Only use dyes recommended y Bioproperties 14