Digestive System. Presented by: Dr M. Arianmanesh PhD in Reproductive and Developmental Biology Dept. of Anatomical Sciences
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2 Digestive System Presented by: Dr M. Arianmanesh PhD in Reproductive and Developmental Biology Dept. of Anatomical Sciences
3 Today we will discuss: Histological layers of alimentary canal Oral cavity Lip Tongue Teeth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
4 Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract: Upper GIT: Oral cavity + Esophagus + Stomach Lower GIT: Small intestine + colon + Rectum + anal canal Accessory digestive organs: Liver Pancreas Gall bladder Salivary glands
5 Histological Layers of Alimentary Canal Mucosa: Epithelium Lamina propria: Loose CT Contains lymphoid tissue and glands Muscularis mucosa: 1 or 2 layers circular smooth muscle Submucosa: Meissner s/submucosal Plexus Dense CT or loose CT Present in some parts Contains lymphatic follicles in ileum & appendix Contains mucus glands in esophagus & deodenum
6 Continued Histological Layers of Alimentary Canal Muscularis externa: Two layers: Inner circular layer: Sphincters Outer longitudinal layer Myenteric/Auerbach s Plexus Serosa: (Visceral peritoneum) Mesothelium + loose underlying CT From stomach to end Adventitia: CT such as esophagus
7 Meissner s Plexus Auerbach s Plexus
8 Histological Layers of Digestive System Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Inner Circular Outer Longitudinal Epithelium Lamina Propria (LP) Muscularis Mucosa Serosa (or) Adventitia
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10 Oral Cavity Epithelium: Cheeks, oral surface of lips and soft palate: Non keratinized stratified squamus Hard palate and gingiva: Keratinized stratified squamus: Orthokeratinized: Squamus cells without nucleus Parakeratinized: Most squamus cells contain pycnotic nucleus Orthokeratinized Ep. Parakeratinized Ep.
11 Vermilion border Lip Skin: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Vermilion zone: Very thin keratinized epithelium Oral (Labial): Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Fibers of orbicularis oris muscle in submucosa Vermilion Border Vermilion Zone
12 A D C B A: Skin B: Vermillion Zone C: Oral (Labial) Mucosa D: Minor Salivary Glands
13 Tongue Ventral of tongue: Non keratinized stratified squamus EP. Dorsal of tongue: Median sulcus Terminal sulcus: Base of the tongue: Post. 1/3 Lingual tonsil Body of the tongue: Ant. 2/3 Lingual papillae: Filiform: Keratinized Projections (2-3 mm)
14 Continued Fungiform: Non keratinized Ep. Contains taste buds Tongue C A B A A. Fungiform Papilla B. Filiform Papilla
15 Continued Tongue Foliate: A few taste buds
16 Continued Tongue Circumvallate: 8-12 Surface epithelium: Keratinized Wall epithelium: Nonkeratinized, presence of taste buds Von Ebner s Glands (Serous Glands)
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19 Unique sense organ Taste Buds Barrel shaped bodies in EP of circumvallate, foliate & fungiform papillae Found in soft palate, epiglottis, larynx & pharynx Cells of taste bud: Cells Taste pore In LM?
20 Continued Taste Buds In EM: 4 Types of cells: Type I: Supporting cells (60%) Type II: Supporting cells (30%) Type III: Gustatory cells (7%) Type IV: Basal cells (3%)
21 Lingual: Anterior: Mixed Middle: Serous (Von Ebner) Posterior: Mucous (Weber) Lingual Glands
22 Teeth Deciduous/Milk Teeth Permanent Teeth
23 Crown: Dental pulp Dentin Enamel Neck Root: Dental pulp Dentin Cementum Periodontal ligament (PDL) Alveolar bone Woven bone Structure of Tooth
24 Dental Pulp Pulp Horns Pulp Chamber Located in Crown Accessory Canals/Lateral Canal Root Canal Treatment Failures Root Canal Located in Root Apical Foramen
25 Dental Pulp Specialized loose connective tissue Composition of the dental pulp Extracellular matrix Cells: Fibroblast Macrophage Plasma cell Undifferentiated mesenchyme cell Odontoblasts surrounding pulp Blood vessels and nerves
26 Composed of: Dentin 70% Mineral Materials: Hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] 20% Organic Material: 90% Collagen: Type I 10% glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins 10% Water Yellow Odontoblast cells: Apical cytoplasmic process Dentinal tubule Predentin and dentin
27 Odontoblast layer Predentin Dentinal tubules
28 Composed of: Enamel 95-96% Mineral Materials: Hydroxyapatite 4% Organic Material & Water: Amelogenins (90%) Non-amelogenins: (10%) Enamelin White Ameloblasts: Tall columnar Tom s process Disappear after amelogenesis Thinnest at the neck (cementoenamel junction) Thickest at the cusps
29 Structure of Enamel Rod enamel Interrod enamel Keyhole shape Rod sheath: Ameloblastin protein
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31 pcw = Proximal Cell Web dcw= Distal Cell Web
32 Cementum Composed of: 45-50% Mineral Material (Hydroxyapatite) 50-55% Organic Material: 90% collagen type I Acellular cementum: Next to dentin Cellular cementum: Cementoblasts Cementocytes
33 Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Dense specialized connective tissue Location: between cementum & alveolar Bone Fibers: Collagen (type I) Oxytalan Cells: Fibroblasts Cementoblasts Osteoblasts and osteoclasts Ground Substance Vitamin C Deficiency
34 Gingiva/Gum Free (Marginal), Attached & Interdental Gingiva Thick Orthokeratinized or Parakeratinized Stratified Squamous EP Attached Gingiva Attached to the Neck of the Tooth by Junctional Ep Gingival sulcus
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36 Esophagus Mucosa: cm Epithelium: Nonkeratinized stratified squamus At the end: Simple columnar Mucus glands in LP Submucosa: loose CT Mucus glands Muscularis mucosa Muscularis externa: 1/3 superior: Striated 1/3 middle: Striated + Smooth 1/3 inferior: Smooth (inner circular + outer longitudinal) Adventitia: Loose CT In thorax Serosa in abdominal esophagus Myenteric/Auerbach s Plexus
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38 Longitudinal section of esophagus
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42 Stomach Mucosa: Epithelium: Simple columnar Gastric pit Secretes bicarbonate-buffered mucus LP contains glands Muscularis mucosa Submucosa: Fibroelastic CT Rugae Muscularis externa: Innermost oblique Intermediate circular: Pyloric sphincter Outermost longitudinal Serosa
43 Gastric Glands Cardiac & pyloric glands: Mucosal glands Fundic & body glands: Gastric glands High in number of glands Simple & compound tubular glands Three parts in one gland: Pit Neck Base
44 Continued Gastric Glands Gastric glands: Mucous neck cells: Between parietal cells Secretion of acidic mucous Parietal cells/oxyntic: Big pyramidal Acidophilic In all parts of gland High in mitochondria Long microvilli Secretory canaliculi HCL secretion Intrinsic factor: Absorption of vitamin B12 Anemia
45 Continued Gastric Glands Chief/Zymogenic cells: Pyramidal At the base of the gland Basophilic cytoplasm Zymogen granules Secretion of: Pepsinogen Pepsin Lipase Renin Endocrine cells/apud/argentaffin: Between chief cells Small & round Secretion of: APUD in fundus: Seretonin APUD in pyloric: Gastrin Stem cells/regenerative cells: At the neck of the gland Small, basal nucleus
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48 Layers of the Stomach
49 Gastric Pits & Glands
50 Neck of the Glands Gastric Glands Base of the Glands
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52 Duodenum (25 cm) Jejunum (2.5 m) Ileum (3.5 m) Small Intestine
53 Small Intestine Designed for absorption: Great length: 5-7 m Plicae circulares/kerckring s valves: Penetration of submucosa toward mucosa Increasing 3-fold of mucosa Villi: mm in height Penetration of LP toward EP Contains: Blood vessels Lymphatic/lacteal vessels Smooth muscle cells Increasing 10-fold of mucosa Microvilli: Striated border Increasing 20-fold of mucosa Crypts/Lieberkuhn s glands 600-fold
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55 Continued Small Intestine Mucosa: Epithelium: Simple columnar/absorptive cells Brush border LP: Peyer s patches in ileum Muscularis mucosa Submucosa: Relatively dense CT Brunner s glands in duodenum: Mucus glands Muscularis externa Serosa
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57 Continued Cells of Mucosa Absorptive cells: In both villi & crypts Brush border Glycocalyx Membranes of microvilli contains different enzymes: Disaccharidase Aminopeptidase Enterokinase in duodenum: Trypsinogen from pancreas to Trypsin Goblet cells: In both villi & crypts Increased toward end of intestine Paneth cells: At the base of gland Tall pyramidal Acidophilic granules Secretion of lysozyme & defensin
58 Continued Endocrine cells/apud: Base of the gland Secretions: Secretin Cholecystokinin Somatostatin Substance P Neurotensin Cells of Mucosa Undifferentiated cells M/Microfold cells: In Ep. Overlying lymphatic follicle Without microvilli Basolateral folds Antigen presenting cells
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61 Leaf-like villi Brunner s glands: Mucous secretion ph: Duodenum
62 Long finger-like villi Jejunum
63 Peyer s patches M-cells in the EP. Covering Peyer s patches Ileum
64 Ileum
65 Muscularis Externa Myenteric Plexus
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68 Fat Absorption
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71 m Parts: Cecum Appendix Colon: Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum Large Intestine/Colon
72 Continued Large Intestine/Colon Mucosa: Absence of pelica & villi Epithelium: Simple columnar Short & irregular microvilli Low ability of absorption Water absorption Cells of epithelium: Absorptive cells Goblet cells LP: High lymphatic follicles Muscularis mucosa Submucosa: High lymphatic follicles
73 Continued Large Intestine/Colon Muscularis externa: Inner circular Outer longitudinal: 3 muscular bands called Teniae coli In rectum: Similar to small intestine Serosa
74 Continued Large Intestine/Colon Cells of gland: Absorptive Goblet Undifferentiated APUD
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79 Appendix 5-10 cm High lymphatic follicles in LP & submucosa 10-year-old child 36-year-old man
80 Anal Canal 2-3 cm Mucosa: Epithelium: Simple columnar Nonkeratinized stratified squamus Keratinized stratified squamus LP: Large venus network Hemorrhoid (enlarged veins) Columns of morgagni/anal columns Anal sinuses Pectinate line Muscularis externa: Inner circular: Involuntary sphincter Outer striated: Voluntary sphincter
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82 Epithelium of Anal Canal
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