RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATION SYSTEMS (CH 22 & 23) BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Molecules cells tissues organs organ system organisms

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1 RESPIRTORY ND CIRCULTION SYSTEMS (CH 22 & 23) 1 BIOLOGICL ORGNIZTION Molecules cells tissues organs organ system organisms FORM FITS FUNCTION natomy study of the form and structure of organisms Physiology study of the function of those structures Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism 2 1

2 RESPIRTORY & CIRCULTION SYSTEMS Work together to supply O 2 to the body and remove CO 2 CO 2 is exchanged for O 2 in the lungs Circulatory system Respiratory system O 2 attaches to hemoglobin and is transported in blood vessels Heart Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea O 2 diffuses from blood vessels into cells; CO 2 diffuses from cells into blood vessels to be exported from body Blood vessels Lung 3 RESPIRTORY SURFCES thin moist layer of cells that performs gas exchange by diffusion Gas is transferred from the respiratory surface to a transport structure. Cross section of the respiratory surface (the outer skin) This setup varies by organisms depending on their environment Earth worm skin is it s respiratory surface! CO 2 O 2 Capillaries Staying moist is a big concern 4 2

3 RESPIRTORY SURFCES Tracheal Systems Moisture is a concern Tracheae made of chitin ir sacs Circulatory system not involved entilation O 2 CO 2 Tracheae Body surface Respiratory surface (tips of tracheae) Tracheoles ir sac Body cell Tracheole Trachea Body wall O 2 CO 2 5 RESPIRTORY SURFCES quatic organisms use gills to facilitate gas exchange O 2 concentration is a concern Built for high efficiency Respiration occurs on gills Gas is transported though capillaries and blood vessels entilation (ray finned fishes) Blood vessels Gill arch Water flow Operculum (gill cover) Water flow Lamellae surface CO 2 Gill filaments bearing many platelike lamellae O 2 Capillary 6 3

4 RESPIRTORY SURFCES Mammals have bronchial tubes that bring air to lungs Lungs protected by ribs Nasal cavity (processing) Pharynx (throat) Esophagus: (to intestine) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Right lung Bronchus Bronchiole Left lung Bronchitis Diaphragm (Heart) 7 RESPIRTORY SURFCES lveoli in mammals High surface area (form fits function) Lined with single layer of epithelial cells Surrounded by capillaries To heart Oxygenrich blood Bronchiole From heart Oxygen-poor blood CO 2 O2 Epithelial cells covered with cilia and mucus lveoli Blood capillaries Epithelia: sheets of closely packed cells that cover the body surface and line internal organs and cavities protective barrier 8 4

5 HUMN RESPIRTORY PROBLEMS Problems with alveoli can result in respiratory conditions Secretion of surfactants (premature babies) Exposure to fine particles/pollutatnts can damage alveoli Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects gas exchange and lung ventilation (emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis) 9 LUNG CNCER Lung cancer is the 2 nd most common cancer and primary cause of cancer related deaths in the U.S. Prior to 1940: 1% of all cancer cases Observational studies and experiments have linked increase to smoking tobacco Mortality peaked in 1990s and is began decreasing in 2000 s Still leading cause of preventable death HOW DOES BRETHING HPPEN? Hold your ribs! 10 5

6 NEGTIE PRESSURE BRETHING Concentration of CO 2 increases blood acidity Blood acidity results in response from brain Contractions signaled by brain; message passed along nerves Heart can also signal increased breathing rate (Ex: t altitude) Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Lung Diaphragm The diaphragm contracts (moves down) The diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Breathing in humans is INOLUNTRY!!!!! 11 TRNSPORT OF GSES O 2 binds to respiratory pigments to be transported throughout the body; CO 2 can dissolve in bloodstream or bind to hemoglobin HEMOGLOBIN Contains iron (iron + O 2 = red color) 250 million molecules of hemoglobin in each red blood cell (RBC) Made of 4 polypeptides (chains of amino acids) Hemoglobin Molecule Iron Heme Polypeptide Each hemoglobin can hold 4 O 2 molecules (1 per iron) CO 2 H 2 CO 3 + H

7 TRNSPORT OF GSES Blood with dissolved gases are pumped to the heart and then transported throughout the body as necessary One side of the heart handles low O 2 blood, the other handles high O 2 blood Gases are exchanged via capillaries throughout body CO 2 in exhaled air lveolar ir spaces epithelial cells CO 2 O 2 Low O 2 blood lveolar capillaries of lung Tissue capillaries CO 2 O 2 O 2 in inhaled air High O 2 blood Heart Circulatory system Tissue cells throughout the body 13 CIRCULTORY SYSTEMS Facilitate transport and exchange of many materials Pores Tubular heart Open Circulation System (all arthropods) Interstitial fluid Capillaries (convey blood between arteries and veins) rtery (carries blood away from heart) Closed Circulation System: (earthworms, squid, octopi and vertebrates) Gill capillaries rtery ein (carries blood toward heart) 14 7

8 CRDIOSCULR SYSTEMS TRIUM () receives blood from veins ENTRICLE () pumps blood through arteries to tissues / organs PULMONRY CIRCUIT ( to lungs) / SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT (to body) 15 Superior vena cava Capillaries of head, chest, and arms Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery orta Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Lung capillaries Pulmonary THE HUMN vein CRDIOSCULR SYSTEM The pulmonary circuit circulates blood to and from the lungs; the systemic circuit circulates blood from the heart to the body Right atrium Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Left ventricle Left atrium orta Pulmonary vein Capillaries of abdominal region and legs 16 8

9 THE CRDIC CYCLE Pumps blood throughout the body by contracting and relaxing the heart muscle Blood can travel through entire body in 1 minute Diastole (heart relaxed) 0.4 sec Systole 1: atria contract; ventricles fill with blood 2: ventricles contract alves that flow out of heart open; blood is pumped into arteries Muscle cells alves that flow out of heart close. Blood fills all contract w/out chambers of the heart brain stimulation sec 0.3 sec THE S NODE Sets the tempo for contractions so heart beats as 1 unit The heart s electrical impulses can be detected by an EKG S Node (Pacemaker) sends an electrical impulse node delays the signal for 0.1 sec Heart attack = S node can t maintain normal rhythm 0.1 sec entricles contract ED rtificial Pacemaker 0.4 sec 0.3 sec 18 9

10 HERT TTCKS The damage or death of heart muscle tissue therosclerosis plaque develops on inner walls of arteries, narrowing passage of blood to heart Can result in stuck blood clot Blood clots vs. inflammation? Blockage Dead muscle tissue 19 BLOOD ESSELS ary in form depending on function RTERY: thicker, for high velocity and high pressure transport; can constrict rtery Capillary Tissue cell Capillary Interstitial fluid ein alve CPILLRY: thin for easy diffusion into interstitial fluid and tissues EIN: moderate thickness for slow velocity and low pressure; one way valves keep blood flowing towards heart rteriole enule 20 10

11 BLOOD PRESSURE Measuring pressure of blood at diastole and systole can indicate health problems Systolic: pressure resulting from contracting ventricles and stretched arteries; Healthy < 120 Pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure Systolic pressure Blood pressure: 120/80 Diastolic: pressure as arteries snap back from being stretched; Healthy < 80 Blood pressure can be affected by stress, nerve impulses or hormones 21 BLOOD Is made up of 45% cells and 55% plasma Plasma (55%) Mostly water with salts, ions, proteins, gases, nutrients and waste material transport and water balance Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Basophils Cellular elements (45%) Number per μl (mm 3 ) of blood Eosinophils Functions 5 6 million Transport of O 2 and some CO 2 5,000 10,000 Defense and immunity Lymphocytes Neutrophils Monocytes Platelets 250, ,000 Blood clotting 22 11

12 RED BLOOD CELLS Live 3 4 months Synthesized by bone marrow when EPO hormone is secreted by kidney (low O 2 levels) Training at high altitude increases red blood cells EPO can be injected (Ex: Lance rmstrong) ; Dangerous nemia: low red blood cells low oxygen fatigue 23 PLTELETS Work with fibrinogen to clot blood when vessels are injured INJURY? Constrict blood flow Platelets stick to broken epithelium cells and secrete sticky chemicals Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin and scab forms Platelets contract, decreasing size of broken epithelium Hemophilia: no clotting factors in blood 1 Platelets adhere to the 2 platelet plug forms. exposed connective tissue. Epithelium Connective tissue 3 fibrin clot forms. Platelet Platelet plug Fibrin clot 24 12

13 REQUIRED IDEOS The core concepts of this material are fair game for exams! What is Leukemia? See link on the course website: