Know the eye anatomy listed on page 103. What are the major functions of each of these structures?

Transcription

1 1 BIOL 219 Fall 2015 Study Sheet for Laboratory Practical # 2 Exercise 12.1 Know the eye anatomy listed on page 103. What are the major functions of each of these structures? What is the significance of the central fovea? How are rods vs. cones distributed along the retina? What do the words emmetropia, myopia, and hyperopia mean? What is the cause of myopia and hyperopia? How are these problems fixed? (Hint: With glasses is not an adequate answer). How do glasses fix the problem (specifically, what type of lens fixes the problem)?) What is a Snellen eye chart? How is it used? What type of visual defect(s) does it test for? Know how to read this chart. i.e. Be able to describe 20/20 vs. 20/40 vision. What is an astigmatism? How is an astigmatism chart used? How would this chart appear to someone with normal vision? How would this chart appear to someone with an astigmatism? What is accommodation? How does it work? Why is it important? What is presbyopia? Be able to describe the accommodation, near point of vision, and extrinsic eye muscle procedures. Know what each procedure was designed to illustrate. What is the blind spot? What are the two types of photoreceptors present in our eyes? Which are capable of detecting color? After staring at a colored square against a dark background, why do we see a square of a different color against a light background? (Hint: Think about what is happening to each population of cones during this time.) What color square will you see on a light background if you initially look at a red, yellow, or blue square on dark background? i.e. If you look at a red square against a dark background for 1 minute, what set of photoreceptors are you bleaching out? The negative afterimage is the result of the activity of which photoreceptors? What is the basis for color blindness? What is the most common type? Why is it more common for men than women to be color blind?

2 2 Be able to answer the questions on pages 111 and 113. Exercise 12.2 Know the ear anatomy listed on page 115. What are the major functions of each of these structures? Compare and contrast Rinne s and Weber s Test. Distinguish between sensory and conduction deafness. How would the results of the Rinne s and Weber s tests change with sensory vs. conduction deafness? Identify two ways we are able to distinguish if a sound comes from the left or right. What is the vestibular apparatus? What is its purpose? What is nystagmus? How is nystagmus related to rotation? Be able to answer the questions on page 121. Exercise 13.1 Be able to differentiate between smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle under the microscope. You should also be able to identify the characteristic features of each tissue type listed under procedure A. Be able to identify the structures listed on page 125 on any of the muscle models. Exercise 13.2 What does EMG stand for? What is it a record of? Be able to look at an EMG trace and make conclusions about motor unit recruitment. What is asynchronous recruitment? In what kind of contraction could asynchronous recruitment occur? What is the purpose of asynchronous recruitment? How would electrical activity generated by antagonistic muscle groups differ with different exercises? (i.e. flexion vs. extension biceps vs. triceps) How does muscle fatigue alter the EMG? Be able to answer the questions at the end of the exercise.

3 3 Exercise 14 Be able to identify the structures listed in the heart anatomy lab (page 137) on dissected hearts and models. What are the functions of these structures? How can you tell the left from the right side of the heart? Be able to answer the question on page 139. Exercise 15 What does ECG stand for? What is it a record of? How does an ECG work? What is Einthoven s triangle? Be able to identify the waveforms present in an ECG. What does each waveform represent? Know how to measure the PQ interval, QRS interval, QT interval, ST interval, and TQ interval. What events in the cardiac cycle correspond to the above intervals? How would you calculate heart rate based on the T2-T1 measurement? What is the diving reflex? Why is it useful? What stimuli are important for initiating this reflex? Be able to calculate the percent change in heart rate or the percent change of some ECG interval given a resting and exercise/diving reflex value. How does exercise change the ECG reading? Be able to answer all the questions posed in the exercise. Exercise 16.1 What events in the cardiac cycle do the two heart sounds correspond to? What is auscultation? What is a heart murmur? What could be a cause of a heart murmur? What is a stenotic valve? An insufficient valve? When might you hear a systolic murmur (relative to the two heart sounds)? A diastolic murmur? Be prepared to identify the cause of a heart murmur based on (1) the sound made (gurgling, whistling, etc.), (2) timing (systolic vs. diastolic) and (3) where the murmur is best heard. Be able to identify the events of the cardiac cycle listed in Table 1 on page 153. Be able to answer the questions on page 155.

4 4 Exercise 16.2 What are Korotkoff sounds? Mean arterial pressure is dependent on what factors? Hint: Start with the formula in the manual. Be able to calculate both mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. What pieces of equipment are necessary to measure blood pressure? Spelling counts! What is systolic pressure? Diastolic pressure? Be able to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure of a subject. What are the values of systolic and diastolic pressure for a normal subject? For an individual with prehypertension? Hypertension? Why would changes in posture affect blood pressure? What is hypertension? Orthostatic hypotension? Be able to answer the questions posed in/at the end of the exercise. Exercise 17 What is spirometry? What piece of equipment is used for measuring ventilation volumes? Be able to define the lung volumes and capacities (and volume and capacity abbreviations) listed in the laboratory handout. What does each lung volume and capacity represent? Be able to calculate pulmonary (minute) ventilation. No formula will be given on the exam. Is this a good estimate of the actual volume of air available for gas exchange? Why or why not? Be able to calculate VC, TLC, IC, EC, FRC. What do these abbreviations stand for? *** You will not be given the formulas on the exam *** Some of these values you may have to read from a spirogram. Be able to calculate FEV1 and FVC given patient data. What do these abbreviations stand for? What do these measurements represent? Compare and contrast obstructive vs. restrictive disorders. How might lung volume measurements, FEV1, FEV1/FVC change with these types of disorders? Be able to answer the questions posed at the end of the exercise. Exercise 18 Define the vocabulary words at the beginning of the exercise. What are buffers? An important ECF buffer?

5 5 Be able to diagnose simple acid-base disorders based on arterial ph, PCO2 and HCO3 -. How do you know if compensation is occurring? Exercise 19 Identify the list of kidney structures on page 183 on various models. What are the functions of these structures? Identify the structures and tissues listed on page 186 on microscope slides of the kidney. What are the functions of these structures? Exercise 20 What is urinalysis? What is specific gravity? What piece of equipment is used to measure specific gravity? How does this piece of equipment work? What is the normal range for specific gravity? Why might a urine sample fall outside of the normal range? Be able to measure the specific gravity of a urine sample. Be able to make conclusions about solutes present in a urine sample using a dipstick and color chart. Be able to explain why blood, glucose, protein, leukocytes, nitrites, ketones, bilirubin or hemoglobin might be present in the urine. Be able to answer the questions at the end of the exercise (pages 191 and 193). Be able to perform the calculations on page 195. Case Studies Be able to answer the questions posed in the exercises. Review the major topics covered in each case study.