What is histology? HISTOLOGY
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1 Introduction to Histology
2 What is histology? HISTOLOGY histo = tissue ogy = study So HISTOLOGY = the study of tissues!
3 What is a TISSUE? Tissues are groups of cells with specialized structural and functional roles. Intercellular materials, varying from solid to liquid, separate cells. (also known as MATRIX)
4 Four Main Kinds of Tissue: -Epithelial -Connective -Muscle -Nervous
5 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: *General Characteristics: covers all free body surfaces (outer and inner surfaces of organs) major tissue of glands
6 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: anchored to connective tissue by a BASEMENT MEMBRANE lack blood vessels
7 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: nutrients get to the epithelial tissue by diffusion from the connective tissue below
8 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: readily divide; so injured areas heal quickly as new cells replace lost or damaged ones
9 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: cells are tightly packed form effective protective barriers
10 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: functions include: protection secretion absorption excretion
11 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: cells are classified according to shape and number of layers of cells -simple = single layer of cells -stratified = two or more layers of cells -squamous = thin, flattened cells -cuboidal = cube-shaped cells -columnar = elongated cells
12
13 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: free surface cells may have modifications suited to their function (i.e. cilia, microvilli, mucus-secreting cells)
14 Connective, Muscle and Nervous Tissues
15 General Characteristics: Functions include: Support Provide framework Protect Fill space Store fat Produce blood cells Connect Protect against infection Repair damaged tissue
16 Connective Tissue: Considerable amount of intercellular material (MATRIX) between cells *Matrix consists of fibers and ground substance
17 Connective Tissue: Major Cell Types: 1) Fibroblasts: produce collagenous & elastic fibers 2) Macrophages: phagocytes (engulf pathogens) 3) Mast cells: usually near blood vessels; release heparin and histamine
18 Connective Tissue Fibers may be: 1) Collagenous fibers: composed of collagen; have great tensile strength 2) Elastic Fibers: composed of microfibrils embedded in elastin; are very elastic 3) Reticular fibers: very fine, collagenous fibers
19
20 Categories of connective tissue: Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue: -forms thin membranes between organs and binds them -beneath the skin and between muscles Adipose tissue: -stores fat -found beneath the skin, around kidneys, heart and joints
21 Categories of connective tissue: Dense connective tissue: -composed of strong, collagenous fibers -found in tendons, ligaments, white portion of eyes, deep layer of skin
22 Categories of connective tissue: Cartilage: -provides a supportive framework for various structures -intercellular material made of fibers and gel-like ground substance -cartilaginous structures enclosed in a perichondrium -cartilage lacks a direct blood supply and is slow to heal -major types are: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
23 Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage
24
25 Categories of connective tissue: Bone: -intercellular matrix contains mineral salts and collagen -cells are organized in concentric circles around central canals -an active tissue that heals rapidly
26
27 Categories of connective tissue: -transports substances; helps maintain a stable internal environment -composed of: red blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in plasma. -blood develops in red marrow in the hollow parts of long bones.
28 MUSCLE TISSUES General Characteristics: muscle tissues contract, moving structures that are attached to them three types are: SKELETAL, SMOOTH, and CARDIAC
29 Skeletal Muscle Tissue: usually attached to BONES and controlled by conscious effort cells, or muscle fibers, are long and threadlike muscle fibers contract when stimulated by nerve impulses, then immediately relax
30 Smooth Muscle Tissue: in the walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels usually it is involuntarily controlled
31 Cardiac Muscle Tissue: found only in the heart cells are joined by intercalated discs and form branched networks
32
33
34 NERVOUS TISSUES in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
35 Neurons (Nerve Cells): sense changes and respond by transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or muscles or glands coordinate, regulate, and integrate body activities
36 functions include: (Nervous Tissue) Supporting Cells: -bind and support nervous tissue -phagocytosis -connect neurons to blood vessels
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