Food Insecurity and Lack of Dietary Diversity: Its Association with Anemia In Senegalese Women and Children. Lauren Ballini

Transcription

1 Food Insecrity and Lack of Dietary Diversity: Its Association with Anemia In Senegalese Women and Children Laren Ballini

2 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Prpose The main goals of this stdy inclded: Correlating food insecrity and dietary diversity to anemia Discovering which food grops are missing in the Senegalese diet A look at the prevalence of the three major sppliers of haem iron - fish, chicken and red meat - and their relation to people with and withot anemia

3 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Agricltral Prodction Lack of progression in both global ntrition and agricltre advancements (D, 2015). Senegal has several regions that provide ample potential for both animal and ntritional advancement (Ravel, 2015).

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5 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Food Secrity and Dietary Diversity Food secrity: refers to the commnity s access to available foods these can be prchased at markets or harvested on farms ( Trade Reforms and Food Insecrity, 2003). Dietary diversity: the varied foods one can consme in a day (Swindale and Bilinsky, 2006).

6 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Utilization Having adeqate dietary intake and the ability to absorb and se ntrients in the body. Having sfficient qantities of appropriate food available. Availability Food Insecrity Stability Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors (nemployment, rising food prices) may have an impact on yor food secrity stats. Having adeqate income or other resorces to access food. Access

7 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Women s Role in Agricltre The IFAD links the improvement of women s farming capabilities with poverty redction, lower infant mortality and redced child malntrition ("Promotion of Rral Employment for Poverty Redction, 2008). FAO states that 50% of the Sb-Saharan African agricltral labor force is made p of women (Amenyah, 2013). Women s role in agricltre has proven to be beneficial towards ntritional progress in Senegal (Black, 2013).

8 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Anemia Anemia is a condition in which the blood does not have enogh red blood cells to bring oxygen to the body's tisses (Belter, 2005). Iron is not only important for oxygen transport and red blood cell prodction, bt also for a healthy immne system ("Iron - Are Yo Getting Enogh," 2016). Haem iron is easily absorbed and fond in red meat, chicken and fish, while non-haem iron is not absorbed as well and is fond in plant foods (Belter, 2005).

9 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Impact on Children Over 600,000 children in Senegal nder the age of five die from cases related to malntrition ( Former President Fights Against Childhood Malntrition in West Africa, 2011). 35 % of all the child deaths in the region ( Former President Fights Against Childhood Malntrition in West Africa, 2011). Senegal is 1/15 contries in the world with the worst nder the age of five mortality statistics ("Former President Fights Against Childhood Malntrition in West Africa," 2011). 7/15 contries are in West Africa ("Former President Fights Against Childhood Malntrition in West Africa," 2011). If interventions are created at earlier stages of a child's life, there is a greater possibility that he/she will not become ndernorished (Rel et. al, 2008).

10 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Qestion and Hypothesis The research qestion asks if dietary diversity is associated to the overall health of Senegalese people; specifically, will anemia be present among the women and children with lower dietary diversity scores? The hypotheses are: H 1 : Senegalese women and children will have a limited dietary diversity becase of food insecrity. H 2 : Senegalese women and children will have a limited dietary diversity becase of lack of women s inflence. H 3 : If more people in Senegal have an inadeqate dietary diversity and are food insecre, they will have anemia and will not be eating as many haem iron based foods.

11 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Methods Condcted in 70 villages in three separate regions of Senegal. The three regions were Dakr, Thies, and Diorbel A clster-randomized control trial in which participants were randomly selected from a pool of 140 candidate sites. The participants were finger pricked for anemia to indicate the overall health stats of the sbject.

12 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Methods Contined The sbjects, women and children, were then asked a series of qestions regarding several topics inclding agricltre and diet. The participants were also asked what they ve eaten in the last day in order to assess dietary diversity. The data was analyzed sing a one-way Anova with post-hoc Tkey HSD calclator in SPSS Statistics.

13 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Food Insecrity Figre 1: The Senegalese women s responses to the food insecrity qestionnaires. Food Insecrity Percent of Participants (ot of 1246) % 30% Food Insecre Stats 60% Food Secre Food Secre Severe (yes to 7 or more of the 8 qestions) Moderate or Worse (yes to 4 or more of the 8 qestions)

14 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Dietary Diversity Figre 2: Dietary diversity scores (DDS) of the Senegalese women. 350 Dietary Diversity Scores for Women Nmber of Women Total: 513 women or 48% Total: 554 women or 52% Did not meet minimm Met minimm

15 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Dietary Diversity Figre 3: Additional information on the diets of the Senegalese women 100% Food Grops Consmed by Women 80% % of Women 60% 40% 20% 0% Grains Eggs Plses Leafy greens Nts&seeds Dairy Vitamin A rich foods Meat, Other frits Other poltry&fish vegetables Did not meet dietary diversity minimm Met dietary diversity minimm

16 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Dietary Diversity Figre 4: Dietary diversity scores (DDS) of the Senegalese children. 350 Dietary Diversity Scores for Children Nmber of Children Total: 395 children or 37% Total: 676 children or 63% Did not meet minimm Met minimm

17 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Dietary Diversity Figre 5: Additional information on the diets of the Senegalese children 100% Food Grops Consmed by Children 80% % of children 60% 40% 20% 0% Grains Legmes Eggs Dairy Meat, poltry&fish Vitamin A rich foods Did not meet dietary diversity minimm Other frits&vegetables Met dietary diversity minimm

18 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Anemia Figre 6: The anemia stats of the women and children Senegalese Women and Children's Hemoglobin Stats Percent of Participants Normal Mild Moderate Severe Women Children

19 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Anemia Figre 7: Children s Anemia Stats Based on Age % Children's Anemia Stats Based on Age Percent of Children in Given Age Grop 75.00% 50.00% 25.00% Severe Moderate Mild Normal 0.00% 5 to 11 months 12 to 23 months 24 to 35 months 36 to 47 months 48 to 59 months Stats

20 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Anemia Figre 8: The three -flesh grop s percentage consmed by Senegalese children. Percent of Consmption (By Children) % 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 3.10% Flesh Food Grops Consmed By Senegalese Children * p =.330 p =.025 p = % 63.70% 70.50% 1.00% Red Meat Fish Chicken Flesh Food Grop 0.30% Anemia No Anemia

21 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Reslts: Anemia Figre 9: Flesh Food Grops Consmed by Senegalese Women Percent of Consmption (By Women) % 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 5.10% Flesh Food Grops Consmed By Senegalese Women 8.00% 91.90% 88.60% * p =.076 p =.079 p = % Red Meat Fish Chicken Flesh Food Grop 2.50% Anemia No Anemia

22 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Discssion Major Findings Food insecrity plays a large role in the ntritional stats of the Senegalese women, half of the women (513 women) did not consme five of the food grops. Abot forty percent of children did not consme enogh food grops to meet the minimm reqirements.

23 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Discssion Researchers fond that the prevalence of anemia in Ginea Bissa was at 80.2% - a severe pblic health concern (Thorne and Roberts, 2013). Consistent with a stdy among Jewish children, where children ages 1.5 to 3 years old had a higher prevalence of anemia than those 3 to 6 years old de to their lower red meat consmption (Moshe, 2013).

24 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Conclsion The hypothesis of this stdy was validated. The women and children s diet was limited de to their food insecrity stats. This stdy provides insight into the main grops of food lacking in West Africa that cold be the sorce of many health problems. A lack of diverse diets can lead to a host of health isses.

25 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Limitations The location The sbjects Lack of technology

26 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Ftre Research To prevent measres of disease by creating access to markets and food sorces or giving the tools to Senegalese people to cltivate harvest by themselves (i.e. irrigational systems). An intervention of ntritional edcation can help the mothers learn abot the types of food grops their children need to consme in order to avoid certain health conditions.

27 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Acknowledgements My mentor My teacher My parents

28 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Bibliography Amenyah, Ivy Drafor. "Women in Agricltre: An Assessment of the Crrent State of Affairs in Africa." (2013). Web. < handle/ /282>. "Anemia." Overview. Mayo Clinic, 10 Feb Web. 25 Jly "Assessing Ntritional Stats and Vlnerability." The State of Food Insecrity in The World FAO, Web. 25 Jly Betler, Ernest, and Jill Waalen. "The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration?" Blood Jornal (2005): n. pag. Web. Black, Robert E, Cesar G Victora, Ssan P Walker, Zlfiqar A Bhtta, Parl Christian, Mercedes De Onis, Majid Ezzati, Sally Grantham-Mcgregor, Joanne Katz, Reynaldo Martorell, and Ricardo Uay. "Maternal and Child Underntrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Contries." The Lancet: Print. Centrone, Francesca Alice. "Agricltral Gender Indicators To Improve Development Programs: A Critical Approach." (2015). Print. Ch, Jessica. "Gender and Land Grabbing in Sb-Saharan Africa: Women's Land Rights and Cstomary Land Tenre." Development: Print. DeClerck, Fabrice A. J. "Ecological Approaches to Hman Ntrition." 1 Jan Web. 4 May DeClerck_Ecological-approaches-to-ntrition-FNB.pdf. Diaw, Adja Adama. "Agricltral Practices and Perceptions of Climate Change in Ker Samba Géye Village, Senegal, West Africa." Web. hdl.handle.net/10919/ Domènech, Laia. "Is Reliable Water Access the Soltion to Underntrition?" International Food Policy Research Institte Discssion Paper (2015): 22. Print. D, Lidan, Victor Pinga, Alyssa Klein, and Heather Danton. "Leveraging Agricltre for Ntrition Impact throgh the Feed the Ftre Initiative." Advances in Food and Ntrition Research: Print. Fanzo, Jessica. "The Role of Chemistry in Addressing Hnger and Food Secrity." 1 Jan Web. 4 May "Former President Fights Against Childhood Malntrition in West Africa." UNICEF. N.p., Web. 25 Jly 2016.

29 Introdction Qestion and Hypothesis Methods Reslts Discssion Bibliography Bibliography Gita, and Caren Grown. Development Crises, and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives. New York: Monthly Review, Print. "Iron - Are Yo Getting Enogh?" Astralian Sports Commission. Astralian Government, Web. 25 Jly "Iron." NZ Ntrition Fondation. N.p., Web. 25 Jly Kbga, Clement. "The Association between Dietary Diversity Score and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Reprodctive-aged Women in Ghana." FASEB Jornal 20.1 (2016): n. pag. Web. Masters, William A., Patrick Webb, Jeffrey K. Griffiths, and Richard J. Deckelbam. "Agricltre, Ntrition, and Health in Global Development: Typology and Metrics for Integrated Interventions and Research." Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2014): Print. Moshe, Galit. "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Children: Association With Red Meat and Poltry Consmption." Jornal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Ntrition 57.6 (23): , Web. Ndiaye, Amado. "Crricla and Farming Trainings in Senegal: Extension Workers Skills and Needs in Farming Risks Management." JAES Jornal of Agricltre and Environmental Sciences Print. Negin, Joel. "Integrating a Broader Notion of Food Secrity and Gender Empowerment into the African Green Revoltion." 9 Apr Web. 4 May cgsd.colmbia.ed/files/2012/11/integrating-a-broader-notion-of-food.pdf. "Promotion of Rral Employment for Poverty Redction." International Labor Conference, 97th Session, Web. 25 Jly Ravel, Sophie, Oleg Mediannikov, Geraldine Bossard, Marc Desqesnes, Gerard Cny, and Bernard Davost. "A Stdy on African Animal Trypanosomosis in For Areas of Senegal." Folia Parasitologica (2015). Print. Rel, Marie T, Prnima Menon, Jean-Pierre Habicht, Cornelia Loechl, Gilles Bergeron, Gretel Pelto, Mary Arimond, John Malccio, Lesly Michad, and Bekele Hankebo. "Age-based Preventive Targeting of Food Assistance and Behavior Change and Commnication for Redction of Childhood Underntrition in Haiti: A Clster Randomised Trial." The Lancet: Print. Sibhat. Prodction diversity and dietary diversity in smallholder farm hoseholds Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : "Sstainable Development Goals - United Nations." UN News Center. UN, 15 Sept Web. 25 Jly Swindale, Anne, and Pala Bilinsky. "Hosehold Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measrement of Hosehold Food Access: Indicator Gide." Food and Ntrition Technical Assistance (2006): Web. 25 Jly 2016.