CP Biology Semester 1 FINAL Study Guide

Transcription

1 Name: Period: CP Biology Semester 1 FINAL Study Guide Unit 1- Introduction to Biology Define each of the following: 1. Match the following vocabulary words on the left with their definition on the right. Biology Independent variable a. A possible explanation for an observation that can be tested b. Study of life Dependent variable c. One group in the experiment where no change is made Control group d. Variables in an experiment that are kept the same Constant Hypothesis e. Variable that is controlled by the experimenter (the change) f. Variable that is measured in the experiment (the result) 2. What are the levels of organization? Atoms cells tissue organ system population ecosystem biosphere 3. Identify the characteristic of life that the following scenarios depict. a. You do not have enough water in your body so your kidneys reabsorb water and you urinate less often. b. You touch a hot stove and immediately pull your hand away. c. A puppy becomes an adult dog. d. A plant uses sunlight to create sugar. e. Your pupils dilate when you enter a dark room. 4. In the scientific method, how is a hypothesis tested? 5. Why does a well-designed experiment include a control group? 6. Use the following graph to identify the variables and make a conclusion about the data. i. Independent variable: ii. Dependent variable:

2 iii. What can you conclude about enzyme activity based on the above graph? 7. Identify the independent and dependent variables: Athletes who do not get enough sleep the night before will not run as fast the next day. a. Independent variable: b. Dependent variable: 8. Identify the control and experimental groups: Athletes who do not get enough sleep the night before will not run as fast the next day. a. Control group: b. Experimental group: Unit 2- Ecology Water 9. How does a covalent bond form? 10. How does an ionic bond form? 11. Draw a molecule of water labeling which atoms have partial negative and which have a partial positive. 12. Water has both hydrogen and polar covalent bonds- where is each located? 13. Why is a molecule of water considered to be polar-covalent? Introduction to Ecology 14. Define the following and give an example of each. a. Abiotic factor: b. Biotic factor: 15. What is a niche? Explain why two species are not able to occupy the niche? 16. Put the following in order of who eats who: primary consumers, decomposers, tertiary consumer, producer, secondary consumer.

3 17. Put the following in order of the largest to fewest in number in an ecosystem: primary consumers, tertiary consumer, producer, secondary consumer. 18. What is a trophic level? 19. Only 10% of energy stored at each trophic level in an ecosystem can be passed into the next trophic level. What happens to the remaining energy? 20. What would organisms in the same trophic level compete for? 21. Which group (consumer, producer) has the most total energy and why? 22. What is biological magnification AND what organism is most affected? 23. Relationships a. Fill in the following chart: Definition Commensalism Benefits one species? Benefits the other? Example Mutualism Predation Parasitism b. What is mimicry and give an example. 24. Carbon Cycle a. How does carbon leave the atmosphere? b. How do organisms at the top of the food chain get carbon?

4 c. How do humans impact the amount of carbon in the atmosphere? 25. Invasive Species a. How do invasive species impact an environment? b. Why do populations of invasive species grow so quickly? 26. Population Growth a. What is carrying capacity? Draw a graph with carrying capacity. b. What are the factors that limit the size of a population? c. What would happen to the population if there is not enough resources? Unit 3: Homeostasis and Macromolecules Homeostasis 27. Define homeostasis and give an example. 28. How does the body use a feedback loop to maintain homeostasis? 29. For the following situation: fill in the boxes on the feedback loop and then answer the questions. Suzy Q has just consumed a large pumpkin spice muffin and washed it down with a venti caramel macchiato. This massive influx of carbohydrates caused a drastic rise in her blood sugar. The pancreas is the organ that is most responsible for controlling blood sugar and rising blood sugar is sensed by the Islet cells located within the pancreas. The islet cells respond to rising blood sugar levels by releasing the hormone insulin. Insulin is a hormone which increases the permeability of cell membranes allowing sugar to enter the body cells and leave the blood. This process lowers blood sugar to normal levels.

5 a. What is the stimulus? b. What is the control center? c. What are the sensors? d. What are the effectors? e. Explain how homeostasis is restored. 30. The two elements present in all living things (organic molecules) is: and 31. Why is carbon considered special compared to other molecules? How many bonds does it make? 32. Complete the following table about macromolecules. Macromolecule Building Blocks Function Example Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid 33. Define the following: a. Dehydration Synthesis:

6 b. Hydrolysis: 34. What is the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? 35. What is the function of an enzyme? 36. What is the definition of a substrate? How do enzymes interact with substrate? 37. What happens to the function of an enzyme if it is denatured? 38. How can enzymes be denatured? 39. What is the optimum ph for both enzymes in the graph below? Pepsin: Trypsin: Unit 4- Homeostasis: Cell Transport 40. Match the organelle with its function. Organelle Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Lysosome Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cell Membrane Function A. Make energy for the cell from sugar B. Cleans the cell by using digestive enzymes. C. Provides support for plant cells. D. A membrane bound space used for storage or transport in/out of the cell. E. Creates sugars from sunlight. F. Contains the genetic material of the cell G. Creates, packages and releases proteins and lipids.

7 Vacuoles H. Creates proteins. Cell Wall I. Separates the internal and external environment of a cell. 41. Draw and label the cell membrane. Include the following: phospholipid head, fatty acid tails, phospholipid bilayer, transport proteins, polar area, non-polar area, inside of cell, outside of cell 42. What is the function of the cell membrane? 43. What is the difference between active and passive transport? 44. Which way does the movement of substances go in passive transport? 45. Which way does the movement of substances go in active transport? 46. Explain what the following solutions are and draw how a cell is affected. a. Hypotonic: b. Hypertonic: c. Isotonic: 47. The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the cell membrane, but water can. a. If the concentration of solutes outside the cell is 15%, what would happen to the cell? b. What type of solution would this be in comparison to the cell? Circle One: Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

8 48. Complete the following table. Process Active or Passive? Endocytosis Describe the process and what is moving across the membrane Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Exocytosis Unit 5: Cell Energy Make sure you look at your unit 5 study guide!