The number of variables (independent/manipulated) that can be changed during an experiment.

Transcription

1 Semester 1 Study Guide 2015/2016 Chapter 1 Scientific Method Terms: experimental method, hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, control variables, experimental group, control group, scientific theory, scientific law. The number of variables (independent/manipulated) that can be changed during an experiment. Analyze scenarios An experiment is designed to test the effects of sunlight on the rate of photosynthesis. The students are brilliant and hypothesis that if plants are exposed to sunlight, then the growth will increase. The student place three plants in the light and three in the dark. They keep the temperature, water, nutrients, type of plants, etc. all the same. Each day for three weeks they measure and record the growth of the plants in centimeters. The experimental group Independent variable Control group Dependent variable Control variables (the ones listed above) In biology class, the rate of photosynthesis was measured using spinach leaf chads. The rate of photosynthesis corresponded to the production of oxygen causing the spinach leaf to float. Initially, students compared the rate of photosynthesis in tap water versus water with baking soda. The baking soda provided the carbon dioxide, a necessary component of photosynthesis. The hypothesis stated that If carbon dioxide availability is related to photosynthesis, then the beaker with the baking soda (carbon dioxide) will photosynthesize at a faster rate. The experimental group Independent variable Control group Dependent variable Control variables Remember - only one manipulated/independent variable is changed/tested. Otherwise, you cannot know which variable is causing the results. Chapter 2 Chemistry Terms- atom, protons, electrons, neutrons, isotope, atomic number, atomic mass, bohr model, lewis dot structure, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, valence electrons, carbohydrates and monomers of carbohydrates, proteins and monomers of proteins, lipids and monomers of lipids, nucleic acids, element, compound, covalent, ionic, cohesion, adhesion, heat capacity, solvent, solute, solution, ph, acids, bases, and neutral, buffers, enzymes, activation energy, active site, denature, catalyst. A pure substance made up of one type of atom is an A substance mixed with two or more types of atoms is The atom carbon has an atomic number of 6, meaning there are protons neutrons. electrons and generally Atoms of elements with different numbers of neutrons are called The charge of a proton is the charge of an electron is the charge of a neutron is The nucleus of an atom contains which two subatomic particles? The subatomic surrounding the nucleus is held in place because of the positive charge of protons and the negative charge of this particle.called the

2 A bond where electrons are shared is called a and a. A bond where electrons are transferred to another element is metal and a. bond. This bond occurs between a non- metal bond. This bond occurs between a Draw your own Bohr model of - Aluminum look up atomic number Draw a Lewis Dot Structure of Aluminum What is the difference between a Lewis dot structure drawing and a Bohr model drawing? Why are valence electrons important? Polarity of Water and Hydrogen Bonds. Drawing of 2 Hydrogen + Oxygen (also show polarity- negative charge and positive charge. Draw another water molecule and label the covalent bond and the hydrogen bond What is polarity?

3 What characteristics results from the polarity of water? What is a solution? What is a solute and provide an example? In a solution, if water is the solvent, sodium chloride, or salt is the. What characteristic gives water the ability to be an amazing solvent? Draw a ph scale What does the ph scale indicate? Draw a ph scale- label where H+ ions increase and OH- increase- label acids, bases, and neutral What is the ph of water? What is the ph of many of your biological systems in your body? A solution that produces H+ (hydrogen ions) in a solution is an A solution that produces 0H- (hydroxide ions) in a solution is a Your stomach has a lot of HCL which dissocociates into H+ and Cl-, increasing the H+ ions. This increases/decrease ph and becomes more/less acidic. Would the ph be closer to 3 or 10? What is a buffer? Define, know importance, and basic requirements for buffers to work. Carbon compounds and Macromolecules Each of the four groups of macromolecules found in living organisms contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein and nucleic acids also contains nitrogen. Nucleic acids also contain phosphorus.

4 Macromolecules Table Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Elements and ratios of each Foods where molecules are found How are they used in our body Monomer and polymer Enzymes Enzymes are protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions. The reactants are the necessary components (ingredients for the reactions) and the products are what is produced. All reactions in biological systems require an enzyme, which are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy to speed up chemical reactions. What is an enzyme? What is the enzyme-substrate complex? What is the active site? Are enzymes reusable (liver lab)? What conditions influence the 3-D structure of an enzyme (shape) reducing or eliminating the ability of the enzyme to work? Enzymes are involved in the chemical digestion of macromolecules? The human digestive system is a long tube where food is mechanically and chemically digested in order for molecules to become small enough, or broken into monomers, so they can enter the cell.

5 Where is the main site of chemical digestion? What is provided by the pancreas and the liver to help with digestion? these organs secrete their hormones (insulin) and enzymes (amylase, trypsin, lipase)? Where do What is the only macromolecule digested in the stomach? What are the monomers of carbohydrates? What are the monomers of proteins? Glucose is a monosaccharide produced by the digestion of carbohydrates and the main source of energy in humans. Chapter 7 Life is Cellular Cells, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, plant cell, animal cell, cell boundaries, membrane, cell wall, osmosis, diffusion, What is the difference between a eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell? What is the difference between a plant and an animal cell? (Note: they are both eukaryotic) Cell Membranes Study Guide 3 points extra credit if RSQ and complete, correct answers complete on a sheet of notebook paper- due at the time of the test Lipid bilayer, protein channels, carbohydrates, concentration gradient, Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion), Active Transport- (endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis), hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic 1. Draw a picture of a lipid bilayer with protein channels and carbohydrates. Label the function of each part. Also, label the hydrophilic portion of the cell membrane and the hydrophobic portion. 2. What are the functions of a cell membrane? (204) 3. Which portion of the cell membrane is hydrophilic? How does the hydrophilic section orient itself in a lipid bilayer? Why? Remember the fluid cells are floating in are mostly water. 4. Which portion of the lipid is hydrophobic? How does the hydrophobic portion orient itself in the bilayer and why? 5. What does the term selectively permeable mean and how does it apply to cells? 6. Does passive transport require energy? 7. Define diffusion. 8. In diffusion which direction do molecules move? High to low or low to high. 9. What are the types of molecules that can freely (without energy) cross the cell membrane? 10. Define osmosis and why it is called facilitated diffusion?

6 11. Does facilitated diffusion require energy? 12. What is hypertonic? Hypotonic? And isotonic? 13. If a potato is placed in a beaker of 100% water and the potato contains 75% water (25% solute), is the solution hyper or hypotonic? Which direction will the water move? 14. If the potato is moved to a solution that is 65% water and 35% solute (salt), which direction will the water move? Is the solution hypertonic or hypotonic? Assume the inside of the potato has 15% salts and 75% water. 15. If the potato was placed in a solution that was placed in a solution that is 75% water (25% solute)- same as the inside of the potato is the solution hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic? Which direction will the water move? 16. What is active transport? Provide three examples of active transport? Photosynthesis Chapter 8 1. Define photosynthesis 2. Write the equation of photosynthesis 3. How would an increase in carbon dioxide level influence photosynthesis? (increase or decrease) 4. How would a decrease in water availability influence photosynthesis? (increase or decrease) 5. What does an increase level of oxygen indicate about photosynthesis? (increase or decrease) 6. What type of organisms photosynthesize?

7 Note: The sun does not provide energy for autotrophs to grow directly provides energy to make carbohydrates which is food for autotrophs- they break down and use oxygen and sugars to make energy to grow, respond to stimuli (such as sun, nutrients, water, etc). produce fruit, etc. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? What are the roles of pigments in photosynthesis? Why are plants green? Do they grow well in green light? Why or why not? Process of Cellular Respiration- chapter 9 1. What is a heterotroph and how do they obtain energy? 2. What is a calorie? 3. What is cellular respiration define. 4. What is the equation of cellular respiration? 5. Would a decrease in available oxygen would increase or decrease cellular respiration? 6. Would a decrease in available glucose (sugar) increase or decrease cellular respiration? 7. Since, type 1 diabetics have limited ability to get glucose into their cells, would they have an increased or decreased level of cellular respiration? How might this make them feel? 8. What do we need from our food we eat? (this is background knowledge) 9. What happens in the process of glycolysis? 10. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? 11. What organelle does the kreb cycle and electron transport take place? What happens in the process of the kreb cycle? 14. What happens in the process of electron transport and ATP synthesis? 15. How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available? 16. What are the two pathways of fermentation?

8 17. What products are produced from alcoholic fermentation? What products are produced from lactic acid fermentation? Ecology Ecology Unit Study Guide 1. What is ecology- Example Ecology is the.. 2. What is the level of organization of the biosphere (entire planet) Put in order populations, community, species, biome, ecosystem, individual organisms 3. What are biotic and abiotic factors? Give two examples of each. 4. What is a producer? 5. What is an autotroph? 6. What is a heterotroph? Energy in Ecosystems 7. What organism(s) above is/ are producers? 8. What organisms are consumers? 9. What organisms are primary consumers? Secondary consumers? Tertiary Consumers? 10. What organisms are heterotrophs? Autotrophs? 11. What organisms are decomposers? 12. Which organisms are omnivores? Herbivores? Carnivores?

9 13. If 100% energy is available from producers, how much will be available for second level consumers? Third level? 14. What happens to the energy that is not used for the next trophic level (given off as what)? 15. How does nitrogen enter the food chain to be used by organisms? 16. What two macromolecules contain nitrogen? 17. Draw a water cycle and label with precipitation, condensation, runoff, and transpiration 18. Carbon cycle- underline important words and reread statement 7 times! Trusting you! Carbon enters biological systems through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Photosynthetic producers (plants, algae, blue-green bacteria) intake CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate it into their structure as starch. The equation for photosynthesis is CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen). Now there is carbon in the form of glucose/starch in producers. Carbon in the form of glucose enters the food chain through consumers (herbivores or omnivores). This gets passed through the food chain and is used for all macromolecules lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. 19. What is chemosynthesis? What is an example of an organism that undergoes chemosynthesis? 20. Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels (lights in home, car driving, plane flying, etc) cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which blocks energy from leaving the atmosphere and increases global temperature 21. What is a niche? 22. What is a competition exclusion principle state? 23. REMEMBER ONLY ONE SPECIES PER NICHE. THERE MAY BE MANY BIRD SPECIES LIVING IN THE SAME TREE BUT THEY OCCUPY SPECIFIC NICHES WITHIN THE TREE 24. Describe mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism and provide an example of each. 25. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? 26. Volcanic activity would result in succession; whereas, a wildfire would result in succession. 27. Photic (light) zones range from a few meters (swamps) to 200 meters deep- (tropical seas)- Read 2 times 28. What is exponential growth?

10 29. What is logistic growth? 30. If a bacterium multiplies every 20 minutes, How many bacteria will there be in 2 hours? 31. What is logistic growth? 32. What is carrying capacity? 33. What are density-dependent limiting factors? 34. What are density-independent limiting factors? 35. Sunfish study: Ecologist capture 50 sunfish and mark them. These fish are released and over the next month the ecologist captures sunfish in the lake. When sampling, the ecologist collects a total of 400 sunfish and 60 have a mark. What is the population of sunfish in North Long Lake? Total sampled X Original number marked Recaptured with mark 36. In Helena there are 30,000 residents. The city covers an area of 42 Km2. What is the population density of Helena. 37. In San Francisco there are 740,000 residents. The city covers an area of 600 km2. What is the density of San Francisco?. 38. What does a population s age structure show? 39. What country is experiencing exponential growth? 40. What country has population growth slowed down/or declined? 41. What is the population of Montana?

11 Look at the columns to the left. The arrows will let you know which are primary producers, secondary, tertiary and fourth level. Organisms do not always stay in the same trophic level. I am a primary consumer, herbivore when eating a salad, but a secondary consumer, carnivore if I eat a burger. Primary consumers are always herbivores. Pyramids of energy, biomass and numbers The following pyramid states that 100% of the energy from producers is available for consumptions. When a primary consumer, herbivore consumes a producer they use most of the energy for life functions. The remaining energy is lost as heat (burning of energy). There is 10% of the original energy from producers available for consumption. If a secondary consumer eats the primary consumer most of the energy will be used for life functions and only a small amount of energy (10% of the primary consumer and only 1% energy from the original amount available from the producer) will be available for third level consumers.

12 Because of the energy available for each level, the pyramid of numbers and biomass generally follow the pyramid shape. - The biomass and the numbers decrease as you move up the trophic levels. There are a lot more plants than tiger sharks or moray eels. Draw an energy pyramid for Helena, Montana animals. Include biomass and numbers in your pyramid Cycles of Matter -matter is cycled through the ecosystem Relate the biological process of each cycle to our needs The three nutrient cycles include the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Each of these cycles relates to the macromolecules or organic molecules we need to consume. Amazing! We also studied the water cycle. 1) Water cycle shows water moving from groundwater through plants to the atmosphere by a process called transpiration. 2) The carbon cycle relates to biology in using sun in a process called photosynthesis to create carbohydrates. Autotrophs (plants) use energy to make carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are then consumed by consumers and used in a process called cellular respiration. In cellular respiration we (and others) breathe in oxygen and eat carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down into water and carbon dioxide (we breathe out). The equation: Remember we can get carbon into our bodies through eating any of the organic/macro molecules- carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, or lipids 1) What are two human activities increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? We need nitrogen for making amino acids. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins/polypeptides. Proteins are necessary for the body- to make muscle, enzymes for reactions (digestion, breaking down hydrogen peroxide, releasing energy, etc. etc. ) and hormones- human growth hormone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, insulin. Obviously, proteins are important. How is nitrogen incorporated into animals and plants? 78% of nitrogen in our biosphere is atmospheric, which is not usable by most living organisms. Luckily, there are nitrogen fixing bacteria that take atmospheric nitrogen gas and convert it to ammonia. These bacteria live on the roots

13 of certain plants called legumes. (peanuts, beans, peas). The nitrogen is incorporated into the plants and then can move through trophic levels through consumptions and create all the proteins our bodies need. Chapter 4 Definition of a niche- the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce. Physcial factors: temperature, nutrients, camouflage, place to live, etc. Biological factors- competition within a populations, competition within a community, prey, predators, offspring, Competition exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time. *understand predator- prey populations. The graph below shows how relationships are related. As the moose population increases so does the population of wolves. As the wolves decrease the moose population the wolf population will also decrease. What benefits do the wolves have from this relationship? (food) What benefits does the prey have from this relationship? Population control- more available resources for the moose and less disease. *Similar relationship for herbivore-plant relationship? How can the predator population influence the plant population? Symbiosis- where tow organism live closely together. Three types: Mutalism, commensalism, and parasitism Mutualisms- both organisms benefit Example: sea anemones sting- however some fish still try to eat the anemone. The clown fish is immune to stings from the anemones and live protected among the anemones. If a predators tries to eat the anemones the clownfish chase them away. Both benefit. Parasitism: One benefits the other is harmed. Example- wood tick (food) on a deer (harmed) Commensalism: One benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Example barnacles on whales. The barnacles get more food and the whales are not harmed.

14 Biomes- classification of the Earth s terrestrial ecosystems according to abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors might include temperature, precipitation, soil types, climate. The biotic factors include types of animals and plants. Succession Primary succession Secondary sucession