Effect of Periodicity of Exercise on Serum Metabolites of Stall Housed competition Horses under Climatic Conditions of Odisha, India

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1 Interntionl Journl of Current Microiology nd Applied Sciences ISSN: Volume 7 Numer 0 (2018) Journl homepge: Originl Reserch Article Effect of Periodicity of Exercise on Serum Metolites of Stll Housed competition Horses under Climtic Conditions of Odish, Indi S. Knungo 1*, C.R. Prdhn 1, L.K. Bu 1, K. Beher 1, A.K. Plei 1, B. Jen 2 nd D.P. Ds 1 Deprtment of Livestock Production Mngement, 2 Deprtment of Argo, Deprtment of Pthology, C.V.Sc. nd A. H., O.U.A.T., Bhuneswr-75100, Indi *Corresponding uthor A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s Exercise, Hemtologicl, Serum iochemicl, Prmeters, Horses, Hot climte Article Info Accepted: 26 Ferury 2018 Aville Online: 10 Mrch 2018 The present study ws crried out in the thoroughred stll housed horses mintined t College of Veterinry Science nd Animl Husndry, Bhuneswr under hot nd humid climtic conditions of Odish with n ojective to determine the effect of exercise on hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl indices. Blood smples were drwn from jugulr veins of the nimls in the morning nd 0, 240 nd 480 minutes fter exercise nd susequently ssessed for hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl prmeters. It ws confirmed tht the men totl erythrocyte nd leucocyte, hemogloin concentrtion, Pcked Cell Volume, totl serum protein vlues incresed immeditely fter the exercise, wheres the ESR, whole lood glucose showed decresing trends. Further, the serum chloride level decresed significntly 4 hours fter the exercise, ut the vlues relted to serum N, K, Mg, C nd P levels were not sttisticlly significnt fter exercise in the horses. It cn e concluded tht the horses mintined under hot nd humid climtic conditions of Odish exhiited similr chnges in lood when given exercise nd the chnges were of trnsitory nture. Further study is needed to e tken up to scertin the fcts responsile for low erythrocyte count in these horses. Introduction Vritions in hemtologicl prmeters in horses re ssocited with severl fctors such s exercise nd trining, feeding, ge, sex, reed, diurnl nd sesonl vrition, temperture nd the physiologicl sttus etc. Physicl, hemtologicl, nd iochemicl chnges ssocited with exercise hve een extensively nlyzed in severl types of horses such s Thoroughreds (Muki et l., 2007), endurnce horses (Sntos et l., 2001 nd Teixier-Neto et l., 2008 nd Munoz et l., 2006), nd show jumpers (Aguiler et l., 2000). The performnce of the thlete is determined y mny complicted interdependent hemtochemicl nd physiologicl processes (Wrwick, 2004). According to Lindinger nd Heingenhuser (2008), other prmeters cn e used to determine the effect of exercise, such s glucose, enzymtic nd hemtochemicl prmeters, nd electrolytes (N +, K + nd Cl - ) with the purpose of defining relile 8

2 prmeters for the horse s performnce ssessment. In the horse, electrolytes ply n importnt role in mintining osmotic pressure, fluid lnce, nd nerve nd muscle ctivity (Frpe, 2010). So, it is importnt to hve some ide of the mgnitude of loss of electrolytes from horse during exercise (Vn den erg, 2009). Since it is importnt to nlyse the modifictions of these prmeters in the function of different systems nd types of energy utilized (De Mirnd et l., 2009), hemtologicl, iochemicl nd electrolytic prmeters hve lrgely een evluted during different kinds of physicl effort, such s trot rces (Tteo et l., 2008 nd Piccione et l., 2009) nd endurnce trining nd rcing (Lindinger nd Heingenhuser, 2008; Roert et l., 2010; Munoz et l., 2010 The climtic conditions of Odish differ lot from tht of other prts of country. There is more rin nd this cuses incresed humidity. A fir ide of hemtologicl chnges in these nimls is necessry to show s to how they ehve in Odish climte, fter work stress, under different climtic conditions. So, n effort ws mde to study the hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl vritions correlted with performnce in the Jumper horses efore nd fter exercise to know their thletic potentils thus ddressing pucity of scientific dt in this re. Further, it ws hoped tht this work would provide foundtion to develop regime tht cn e used for screening potentil of competition horses. Mterils nd Methods The present study ws crried out in the thoroughred stll housed horses mintined t College of Veterinry Science nd Animl Husndry, Bhuneswr under hot nd humid climtic conditions of Odish with n ojective to determine the effect of exercise on hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl indices. Four gelds nd two mres within the ge group of five to fourteen yers on lnced diet were selected nd were regulrly put to exercise six dys per week. However, efore the nimls were used for experiments, routine checkup of fecl smples were done. The horses were vccinted ginst Anthrx nd Mllein test ws conducted s regulr routine. Four gelds nd two mres were used s the control group (Group-I) in order to record the norml hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl prmeters such s totl erythrocyte (RBC), totl leucocytes (WBC), Hemogloin (H), Pcked Cell volume (PCV), Men Corpusculr Volume (MCV), Men Corpusculr Hemogloin (MCH), Men Corpusculr Hemogloin Concentrtion (MCHC), Erythrocyte Sedimenttion Rte (ESR), Serum totl glucose, Whole lood glucose, Serum Sodium, Potssium, Clcium, Mgnesium nd Chloride levels were estimted in the erly morning t 06.0AM. Susequently, these prmeters were recorded in the sme horses immeditely fter putting them to exercise for 0 minutes (Group-II), one hundred forty minutes (4 hours) fter exercise (Group-III) nd four hundred eighty minutes (8 hours) fter the exercise (Group- IV) respectively. Collection nd preservtion of lood nd serum Five milliliters of lood were collected t hrs y jugulr venipuncture into evcuted collection tues. For hemtologicl study lood ws collected in sterile vil using EDTA s 1 mg/ml of lood s recommended y Jin (1986) nd for collection nd preservtion of serum 10 ml of lood ws collected from jugulr vein of ech horse in sterilized test tues. The tues contining lood were kept in slnting position nd the lood ws llowed to clot. After the lood got clotted, the tues were trnsferred to refrigertor t 4 degree centigrde for 12 hours to llow mximum secretion of serum from the clot. Then the 9

3 serum ws pipetted out from the tues nd ws centrifuged t 2,500 rpm for 5 minutes to seprte unlysed cells nd other drts. The cler serum ws collected crefully into sterilized vils nd stored in the frozen chmer of the refrigertor. No preservtives were dded to the serum. Before using the frozen serum for experiment, it ws llowed to defrost t room temperture. Estimtion hemtologicl nd serum iochemicl prmeters Shli s cid hemtin method ws employed for estimtion of hemogloin y using N/10 Hydrochloric cid (HCl) nd expressed s g/dl (Coles, 1986). The PCV (%) nd TEC (no. of erythrocytes 10 6 /μl of lood) were estimted y Wintro s hemtocrit method nd hemocytometer method respectively s descried y Coles (1986). Similrily, the TLC (no.of leucocytes 10 /μl of lood) nd ESR (mm//hr fll) were estimted y hemocytometer method nd the procedure descried y Coles (1986) respectively. The glucose levels [milligrms per decilitre (mg/dl)/m(%)] nd totl serum protein [grms per deciliter (g/dl)] were estimted y Modified Interntionl Federtion of Clinicl Chemistry nd Lortory Medicine (IFCC) method (Burtis nd Ashwood, 1999) nd Biuret method (Johnson et l., 1999). respectively y using the dignostic kits supplied y M/s Crest Biosystem, division of Corl clinicl systems, Go. Further, the concentrtion of serum clcium (mg/dl), phosphorous (mg/dl), mgnesium (mg/dl), sodium (mg/dl) nd potssium (mg/dl) were estimted y Modified Interntionl Federtion of Clinicl Chemistry nd Lortory Medicine (IFCC) method s per the procedure descried y Burtis nd Ashwood (1999), using the regent kit supplied y Crest Biosystems, division of Corl clinicl systems, Go. All ehvior nd wether prmeter dt were verged to otin vlues for sttisticl nlysis. Rectl temperture (RT), Respirtion Rte (RR) nd Pulse Rte (PR) were mesured nd nlyzed. Different ehvior of horse ws recorded for lst 15 dys in ech month for nlysis. The results of the study were recorded nd sttisticlly nlyzed s per the methods suggested y Snedecor Cochrn nd (1989). Results nd Discussion The men vlues of the hemtologicl prmeters of six horses efore exercise hve een enlisted in Tle 1 nd vlues immeditely fter exercise re shown in Tle 2. The respective vlues t 240 minutes nd 480 minutes following exercise re given in Tle nd 4. The men vlues of ll the prmeters indicting degree of significnce hve een shown in Tle 5. The men totl erythrocyte concentrtion in the horses of Group I ws estimted to e 5.28 ± 0.44 x10 6 cmm. Immeditely fter exercise the vlue ws 6.7 ± 0.4 x 10 6 cmm. Anlysis of vrince showed significnt (P 0.05) Increse in totl erythrocyte concentrtion immeditely fter exercise. Criticl difference lso indicted significnt (P 0.05) increse. Susequent estimtions of totl erythrocyte vlues t 240 minutes nd 480 minutes fter exercise were not found to e significnt. The men totl leucocyte vlue of the experimentl nimls t rest in Group I ws evluted to e ± cmm. There ws rise in the leucocyte level in Group II nd III. However, this ws not sttisticlly significnt. The level of totl leucocytes t 480 minutes fter exercise ws though less thn the control group nd ws not significnt (Tle 5). 40

4 The men hemogloin level of the experimentl horses in control group ws recorded to e 10. ± 0.6 grm Percent. Anlysis of vrince showed significnt (P 0.01) increse just fter exercise. Immeditely fter exercise the horses (Group II) showed n increse in hemogloin level to 11.8 ± 0.54 g. percent nd this ws sttisticlly significtion of hemogloin level were found to e not significnt (Tle 5). The men pcked cell volume of the control group of horses (Group I) ws found to e 29.8 ± 1.19 percent. Anlysis of vrince indicted significnt (p 0.01) increse immeditely fter exercise. The men pcked cell volume immeditely fter exercise ws estimted to e 2.8 ± 1.5 percent. This ws significntly (p 0.05) high in comprison to group I. The men vlues of this prmeter t 240 nd 480 minutes fter exercise were not significnt (Tle 5). The men corpusculr volume of the horses in group I ws clculted to e ±.61 cuµ. Following exercise estimtion of the men corpusculr volume t different intervls ws found to e not significnt with regrd to the control group (Tle 5). The men corpusculr hemogloin level of the horses in the control group ws ssessed to e 20.1 ± 1.66 µµg. Estimtion of this prmeter t different intervls fter exercise ws found to e not significnt (Tle 5). The men corpusculr hemogloin concentrtion of the horses in Group I ws clculted to e 4.6 ± 1.54 percent. The men vlue of this prmeter following exercise t different intervl of time ws found to e not significnt (tle 5). The men erythrocyte sedimenttion rte of the experimentl horses in control group ws found to e 4.17 ±.0.75 millimeter. The nlysis of vrince showed tht following exercise there ws significnt (p 0.01) decrese fter exercise. The men level of this prmeter immeditely (Group II) fter exercise ws recorded to e 10. ±1.2 nd ± 1.14 millimeter respectively. The men vlues of erythrocyte sedimenttion rte s stted ove fter exercise were not significnt within themselves nd lso in comprison with the control group. However, the men level of the prmeter 480 minutes fter exercise ws not significnt with regrd to the control group (Tle 5). The men level of serum totl protein in the horses t rest ws estimte to e 7.45 ± 0.14 gm%. Susequent estimtion fter exercise showed significnt (p 0.01) increse. Immeditely following exercise the men level of serum totl protein ws recorded to e 8.45 ± 0.26 g. percent nd ws significntly (p 0.05) higher thn the control group. Two hundred nd forty minutes (Group-III) fter exercise the men level dropped to grm percent nd ws not significnt in comprison to the levels in the horses of group I nd Group II. However, the men vlue of this prmeter in the horses, 480 minutes fter exercise (Group IV) ws found to e less thn the vlues of Group II nd Group III (Tle 5). The men level of whole lood glucose in group I (Control) ws estimted to e ±.87 mg. percent. Susequent estimtions fter exercise ws found to e significntly (P 0. 01) low. The men level in group II ws ± 4.62 mg. percent nd ws significntly (P 0.05) low. The glucose level ws found to e mg. percent in the horse of Group III nd this ws not significnt with regrd to the vlues of Group I nd Group II. The men glucose level of the horses in Group II. 41

5 Tle.1 Hemtologicl prmeters of horse efore exercise (Group I) Hors e No. RBC WBC 9,708. ± H (g% ) 10. ±0.6 PCV (%) 29.8 ±1.1 9 MCV cuµ MC H (ppg) MCH C percen t ESR mm/ 0 mins Totl protei n Glucos e (mg%) x x x x x x Me n ±S.E. 5.28x10 6 ±0.44x ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±6.12 N m E q/ L K m E q/ L C (mg % ) Mg 2 m E q/ L Cl 2 m E q/ L Tle.2 Hemtologicl prmeters of horse fter exercise (Group II) Horse No. RBC WBC H PCV (%) MCV cuµ MCH (ppg) MCHC percent ESR mm/0 mins Totl protein Glucose (mg%) N K C (mg % ) Mg x10 6 1, x , x , x , x , x , Men ±S.E. 6.7x ±0.4x10 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.2 Tle. Hemtologicl prmeters of horse 240 minutes (4 hours) fter exercise (Group III) 2.80± Cl ±7.15 Horse No. RBC WBC H PCV (%) MCV cuµ MCH (ppg) MCHC percent ESR mm/0 mins Totl protein Glucose (mg%) x x x x x x Men± S.E. 5.75x ±0.56x10 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.09 N ±4.75 K 4.± C (mg % ) 12.55± Mg ± Cl ±5.14 Tle.4 Hemtologicl prmeters of horse 480 minutes (8 hours) fter exercise (Group IV) Horse No. RBC WBC H PCV (%) MCV cuµ MCH (ppg) MCHC ESR percent mm/0 mins Totl Glucose N protein (mg%) K C (mg % ) Mg x x x x x x Men ±S.E. 5.0x10 6 ± ± 0.40x ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Cl ±

6 Tle.5 Hemtologicl prmeters of horse efore nd fter exercise (Men ± S.E) Horse Group 1.(efore exercise) 2. (fter exercise). (4 hrs) fter exercise RBC WBC 5.28x10 6 ±0.44x x 10 6 ±0.4x x10 6 ±0.56x10 6 9,708. ±52.40 H 10. ±0.6 A ± ±0.54 B 9.8. ± ± 0.65 A PCV (%) 29.8 ± ± ± 1.4 MCV cuµ ± ± ± 1.29 MCH (ppg) 20.1 ± ± ± 2.18 MCHC ESR percent mm/0 mins 4.6 ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.14 c Totl Glucose N protein (mg%) 7.45 ±0.147 c 8.45± ± ±.87 c 71.67± ± ± ± ±4.75 K ± ± ± C (mg % ) ± ± ± Mg ± ± 2.75± Cl ± ± ± (8 hrs) fter exercise 5.0x10 6 ± 0.40x ± ± 0.58 A 29.50± ± ± ± ± ± c 86.50± 2.55 c 140.8± ± ± ± 105.± 6.29 The men glucose level of the horses in Group IV incresed to ± 2.55 mg. percent nd this ws significntly (P 0.05) higher thn Group II nd III (Tle 5). The men vlues of serum sodium in Group I ws found to e ± 2.95 meq./l. Anlysis of vrince Indicted tht the vlues fter exercise t different intervls were not sttisticlly significnt in comprison with the control. The men serum potssium concentrtion in horses t rest ws recorded to e 4.54 ± 0.08 meq./l. The potssium levels fter exercise t different intervls were not significnt with regrd to norml vlue. The men serum clcium level of hours of Group I ws estimted to e ± 0.24 milligrm percent. The men vlues fter exercise t different intervls of time were not significntly different (Tle 5). The men serum mgnesium level in Group I ws recorded to e 2.78 ± 0.0 meq./l. There ws no significnt chnge in the men vlue fter exercise. The men serum chloride level of the experimentl nimls in Group I ws found to e 105. ± 6.12 meq./l. There ws significnt (p <0.05) decrese of chloride level t 240 minutes fter exercise (Tle 5). The norml men whole lood glucose level in the experimentl horses ws m percent, wheres, Blood nd Henderson (1981) hs mentioned the norml level to e mg./dl. Immeditely fter exercise significnt (P 0.05) fll in the glucose level ws oserved which ws in greement with the oservtion of Bhtti nd Shikh (2007). The glucose level improved t 4 nd 8 hours fter exercise. The low vlue immeditely following exercise ws due to utiliztion of glucose during exercise. The stress ws relieved fter 4 nd 8 hours of exercise nd the horses hd their norm l food nd wter. This cused significnt (P 0.05) increse in whole lood glucose t 8 hours fter exercise during which the horse hd dequte rest. The norml men serum sodium nd potssium levels in the horses were found to e within the rnges s stted y Blood nd Henderson (1981). An incresed sodium level immeditely fter exercise ws recorded ut the increse ws not sttisticlly significnt. The levels fter 4 hours nd 8 hours of rest were within norml rnge. The serum potssium level showed decrese fter 4

7 exercise t ll the intervls of time ut ws not significnt t ny stge. The findings were not in greement with Solimn nd Ndim (1967). These workers reported tht slight decrese in sodium nd significnt fll in potssium level occurred fter strenuous exercise. This might hve reltion to the timing of lood collection fter exercise. The verge serum clcium nd mgnesium levels in the horses were in the sme rnge s mentioned y Blood nd Henderson (1981). The levels in these electrolytes did not show ny devition fter exercise. The estimtion of serum chloride efore nd soon fter exercise did not show significnt chnge. However, the men level ws significntly (P 0.05) low t 4 hours fter exercise. This could not e explined. A complete study of the ove sid prmeters indicted tht significnt (P 0.05) increse in totl erythrocyte, totl hemogloin, pcked cell volume nd totl protein nd significnt (P 0.05) fll in erythrocyte sedimenttion rte nd whole lood glucose occurred fter exercise. There ws no chnge in lood electrolytes. It my e concluded tht nlysis of lood for hemogloin, erythrocyte sedimenttion rte, totl protein nd whole lood glucose fter exercise re indictive of stress. In ny disesed condition the hemogloin nd protein minly, my not e in norml rnge. The results otined fter estimtion of hemtologicl prmeters in horses fter exercise showed chnge in some of the oservtions. Anlysis of vrince of the results ws first done to find out significnce of ech prmeter fter exercise in comprison to the vlues efore exercise. Criticl differences of the prmeters were therefter recorded (Tle 5) to specificlly the significnce of prmeters t different time intervls. This helped to compre the vlues within the groups nd t different time intervls. The men level of totl erythrocyte in experimentl horses during rest ws comprtively less thn those reported y Gupt et l., (2002). The low men vlue ws proly due to inclusion of few old nimls. Immeditely following exercise there ws significnt (P < 0.05) increse in the men level (Tle 5). The finding greed with the oservtion of Andriichuk nd Tkchenko (2015). The effect of exercise t 4 nd 8 hours ws not sttisticlly significnt, lthough it ws higher. The rise in totl erythrocyte soon fter exercise might e due to more of cells in circultion following splenic contrction. Stimultion of hemtopoietic system cn led to n increse in totl erythrocyte, ut this my hppen due to exercise. The verge vlue of totl leucocyte concentrtion in the experimentl horses ws within the rnge oserved y Goplkrishnn et l., (197) in the Indin rce horses nd ws comprtively less thn those reported y Gupt et l., (2002). The men level of totl leucocyte showed n increse immeditely fter exercise ut ws not sttisticlly significnt. Similr results were reported y Octur et l., (2014). The level dropped t 4 nd 8 hours fter exercise reching the reching the rnge of the control group (Tle 5). Incresed lood cell numer due to splenic contrction might hve ttriuted to increse in totl leucocyte level during exercise, though it ws not significnt. The men hemogloin level of the horses during rest ws less thn tht reported y erlier workers y Octur et l., (2014) nd Andriichuk nd Tkchenko (2015). Similr low vlue ws lso otined in totl erythrocyte level in these horses efore exercise. The reson for low vlue my e 44

8 the inclusion of more numer of old horses, which presented lot of vrition in confirmtion nd reed chrcter. Low hemogloin ws directly proportionl to low erythrocyte level. Immeditely following exercise there ws n increse in hemogloin concentrtion. This ws relted to similr increse in erythrocyte count fter exercise. Four nd eight hours fter exercise the hemogloin dropped to norml rnge s ws in control group. Identicl oservtion ws lso noted in totl erythrocyte level. The verge level of pcked cell volume of the horses ws lower thn the levels reported y Goplkrishnn et l., (197) Fregin (1980) nd Blood nd Hendersen (1981), Such low vlue ws evident s the totl erythrocyte level ws lso lower in the horses. However, n increse (P<0.01) in level ws recorded in the horses fter exercise. Similr results were lso otined y Kossll (1976) nd Fregin (1980). The significnt increse in the pcked cell volume soon fter exercise ws due to significnt increse in erythrocyte count (Tle 5) nd loss of fluid during exercise through sweting. The verge vlues reched the control level t 4 nd 8 hours fter exercise. A significnt increse in pcked cell volume in horses immeditely fter exercise denoted hemoconcentrtion during incresed pcked cell volume results from hemoconcentrtion following exercise nd due to relese of more numer of erythrocyte from spleen. These prmeters were clculted using the erythrocyte nd hemogloin vlues. A decrese in MCV nd MCH nd n increse in MCHC hs een oserved immeditely fter exercise ut none of the vlues were sttisticlly significnt. Reduced men corpusculr volume is proly the result of shrinkge of red cell wll resulting from chnged osmotic pressure, thus, there were more cells in comprtively lesser PCV. Low MCH ws lso relted to the ove fctor. The corpusculr hemogloin concentrtion ws higher thn the control level ut ws not significnt though the whole lood hemogloin concentrtion ws significntly (P<0.05) higher thn the control vlue immeditely fter exercise. The norml erythrocyte sedimenttion rte in the horses ws ner the rnge reported y Octur et l., (2014). The sedimenttion rte ws significntly (P<0.05) low fter exercise (Tle 5). Such condition ws due to incresed musculr ction nd respirtory rte during exercise leding to quicker movement of circulting lood in the tissues. It ws lso oserved tht though the sedimenttion rte incresed fter 4 hours of exercise, yet it ws significntly (P<0.05) lower thn the control level (Tle 5). Further, it hs lso een recorded tht though the men erythrocyte level incresed significntly (P<0.05) less t 4 hours fter exercise. The sedimenttion rte reched the norml level fter 8 hours of exercise In the present experiment the horses were llowed to trot for 0 minutes nd t the end of exercise lood smple were collected to estimte the erythrocyte sedimenttion rte. ESR during rest fter exercise ws nd mn/0 minutes. Such low erythrocyte sedimenttion rte ws not oserved in this experiment even though the horses were given 0 minutes of trotting. The norml men serum totl protein vlue of the experimentl horses ws higher thn tht reported y Anderson et l., (1975) significnt (P<0.01) increse fter exercise ws oserved. Criticl difference further reveled tht the totl protein level ws not significntly high t 4 hours fter exercise thn the control nd ws not significntly low thn the level immeditely fter exercise. These chnges in totl protein indicted tht 45

9 exertion nd less wter intke might hve cused significntly (P<0.05) high totl protein level following exercise. Two hours fter exercise ll the horses were supplied with their norml rtion. It cn e concluded tht the horses mintined under hot nd humid climtic conditions of Oriss exhiited similr chnges in lood when given exercise nd the chnges were of trnsitory nture. Further study is needed to e tken up to scertin the fcts responsile for low erythrocyte count in these horses. Acknowledgements The uthors re grteful to the Den, College of Veterinry Science nd Animl Husndry, OUAT, Bhuneswr nd Commndnt, 1 (Oriss) R & V Sqn., N.C.C for providing necessry fcilities in the Deprtment of Livestock Production nd Mngement nd N.C.C. division respectively for smooth conduction nd completion of the reserch within the stipulted time. References Aguiler-Tejero, E., Estep, J.C., Lopez, I., Bs, S., Myer-Vlor, R. nd Rodriguez, M. (2000). Quntittive nlysis of cid-se lnce in show jumpers efore nd fter exercise. Res Vet Sci., 68:10-8. Anderson, M.G. (1975). The influence of exercise on serum levels in the horse. Equine Veterinry Journl., 7(): Andriichuk, A. nd Tkchenko, H. (2015). Sesonl vritions of hemtologicl indices in equines involved in recretionl horse riding. Journl of Ecology nd Protection of the Costline., 19: Brrey, E., Vlette, J. P. (199). Exerciserelted prmeters of horses competing in show jumping events rnging from regionl to n interntionl level. Annul Zootech., 42: Bhtti, R. nd Shikh, D.M. (2007).The Effect of Exercise on Blood Prmeters. Pkistn Journl of Physiology., (2): Blood, D.C., nd Hendersen, J.A. (1981). Veterinry Medicine 5 th ed., Willims nd Wilkin Compny, Bltimore. Burtis, C.A nd Ashwood, E.R. (1999). eds. Tietz Textook of Clinicl Chemistry. WB Sunders, Phildelphi, PA, pp Coles, E.H. (1974). Veterinry Clinicl Pthology. W.B.S. Sunders Co. Phildelphi, P.A. De Mirnd, R. L., Mundim, A.V., Silveir Squi, A.C., Souz Cost, A., Guimres, E. C. Gonclves, F. C., Oznm Crneiro, F. nd Silv, E. (2009): Biochemicl serum profi le of equine sujected to tem penning. Vet. Clin. Pthol., 18: Frpe, D. (2010). Wter requirements nd fl uid losses. In: Equine Nutrition nd Feeding, Wiley Blckwell Pulictions, pp Fregin, G.F. (1980). Generl discussion of physiologicl oservtions recorded on 117 horses during 100 mile endurnce ride. In : Proceeding of the Annul convention. Goplkrishnn, L.V., Viswnthn, S. nd Bhskr, C.G. (197). Plsm inorgnic Clcium nd Phosphorus in Indin horses. Indin Vet. J., 50: Gupt, A. K. Snjy Kumr nd Ysh Pl. (2012). Biochemicl, Hemtologicl nd Thyroid Hormone Profile in Helthy Indin Kthiwri Horses. Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 15(8): Jin, N. C. (1986). Schlm s Veterinry hemtology, 4 th edn. Le nd feiger, Phildelphi. Johnson, A.M., Rohlfs, E.M. nd Silvermn, L.M. (1999). Proteins. In: C.A. Burtis nd E.R. Ashwood, editors. Tietz Textook of Clinic. Chem. rd ed. W.B. Sunders Co. Phildelphi. pp Kossll, V., Tnhunp, E., Peltonen, T. nd Vrtnen, E. (1976). Effect of physicl stress on the pulse nd respirtion rte nd lood composition of riding horses

10 nd trotters. Annles Agricultur Fennie, 15: Quoted from Vet. Bull., 48: Lindinger, M. I. nd Heingenhuser, G. J. F. (2008). Lst word on point: counterpoint: lctte is not the only physicochemicl contriutor to the cidosis of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 105: 69. Muki, K., Tkhshi, T., Eto, D., Ohmur, H., Tsuone, H. nd Hirg, A. (2007). Hert rtes nd lood lctte response in Thoroughreds horses during rce. J Equine Sci., 18: Munoz, A., C. Rier, P. Trigo, F. M. Cstejón (2010). Dehydrtion, electrolyte imlnces nd renin-ngiotensinldosterone-vsopressin xis in successful nd unsuccessful endurnce horses. Equine Vet. J. 42, Munoz, A., Cuest, I., Rier, C., Gt, J., Trigo, P. nd Cstejon, F.M. (2006). Trot symmetry in reltion to physicl performnce nd metolism in equine endurnce rides. Equine Vet J., 6:50-4. Octur, J. E.R., Lee, K. J., Cho, H.W., Veg R. S.A., Choi,J.Y., Jeong-Woong Prk, Tek-Soon Shin, Seong-Keun Cho, Byeong- Wook Cho, W. nd Byung. (2014). Elevtion of Blood Cretine Kinse nd Selected Blood Prmeters fter Exercise in Thoroughred Rcehorses (Equus cllus L.). Journl of Reserch in Agriculture nd Animl Science., 2(5):07-1. Piccione, G., Csell, S. Ginnetto, C., Monteverde, V. nd Ferrntelli, V. (2009). Exercise-induced modifictions on hemtochemicl nd electrophoretic prmeters during 1600 nd 2000 meters trot rces in stndrdred horses. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 5: Roert, C., Gochet, A., Fripont, A., Votion, D.M., Vn Erck, E. nd Leclerc, J.L. (2010). Hydrtion nd electrolyte lnce in horses during n endurnce seson. Equine Vet.J., 42: Sntos, S.A., Silv, R.A., Azevedo, J.R., Mello, M.A., Sores, A.C. nd Siuy, C.Y. (2001). Serum electrolyte nd totl protein ltertions in Pntneiro horse during long distnce exercise. Arq Brs Med Vet Zootec., 5:51-7. Snedecor, G.W. nd Cochrn, W.G. (1989). Sttisticl methods, 8 th edition. Low Stte University Press, Ames, Iow. Solimn, M.K. nd Ndim, M.A. (1967). Clcium Sodium nd Potssium level in the serum nd swet of helthy horses fter strenuous exercise. Zentl. Vet. Med., 14A: Quoted from Vet. Bull., 7: Tteo, A., Vlle, E., Pdlino, B., Centoducti, P. nd Bergero, D. (2008). Chnge in some physiologic vriles induced y Itlin trditionl conditioning in stndrd red yerling. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 28: Teixier-Neto, A.R., Ferrz, G.C., Moscrdini, A.R., Blsmo, G.M., Souz, J.C. nd Queiroz-Neto, A. (2008). Altertions in musculr enzymes of horses competing long-distnce endurnce rides under tropicl climte. Arq Brs Med Vet Zootec., 60:54-9. Vn den erg, M. (2009). Exercising horses in summer time, sweting nd electrolyte losses. Horses nd people, pp Wrwick, B. (2004). Foreword. In: Equine Sports Medicine nd Surgery. Bsic nd Clinicl Sciences of Equine Athlete. (Hinchcliff, K. W., A. J. Kneps, R. J. Geor, Eds.), Suders Press, Chin. How to cite this rticle: Knungo, S., C.R. Prdhn, L.K. Bu, K. Beher, A.K. Plei, B. Jen nd Ds, D.P Effect of Periodicity of Exercise on Serum Metolites of Stll Housed competition Horses under Climtic Conditions of Odish, Indi. Int.J.Curr.Microiol.App.Sci. 7(0): doi: 47