This is DUE: Thursday, Oct 18, 2012 Come prepared to share your findings with your group.

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1 Biology 160 NAME: Reading Guide 06: Energy Concepts and Cellular Respiration This is DUE: Thursday, Oct 18, 2012 Come prepared to share your findings with your group. * Fill this reading guide out as you are reading the chapters. This will help you to pull out the important information that will help us to understand how cells get energy from food. ** IMPORTANT!!! Now our reading guides will start getting a bit longer and will become invaluable review sheets for you for the exams. Because of this you will not have to turn in the whole reading guide. On a separate sheet of paper, write up your answers to the Critical Thinking questions found on this guide (and all future guides) and turn these in only. The rest of the guide is strongly recommended for you to fill out, but will not be turned in. Reading: Essential Biology, 4 th or 5 th Ed. (Simon, Reece, & Dickey) Ch 2 p. 28 (chemical reactions), Ch 5 (p ), and Ch 6 (all). While reading these chapters, constantly ask yourself, How is this information helping me to understand how cells get energy from food? Chapters 2 and 5: 1. To all the words/phrases in the text that are in BOLD: Highlight in your text or rewrite them or organize them in some way (like flash cards or a table) to help you to learn and understand them. 2. Write out their example of a chemical reaction (p. 28) and label the reactants and the products. What does the 2 in O 2 mean? What does the 2 in front of the H 2 O mean? What does the arrow mean? 3. Can a chemical reaction create or destroy matter? 4. What is the principle of the conservation of energy (p. 76)? 5. Define kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy. 6. Compare and contrast how living cells and automobiles obtain energy from fuels. How are they the same (compare)? How are they different (contrast)?

2 7. From Figure 5.2 can you explain where the energy comes from to keep our bodies warm? 8. What is a Calorie (with a capital C )? 9. Approximately how long would you have to run (7 min/mi (8.6 mph) we re not talking jogging here this is quite a fast pace!) to burn off the Calories in a cheeseburger? How about if you were walking (3 mph)? Sitting and writing? 10. Can you confidently answer all of the Checkpoint questions to this point? If not, write down what questions you still have. 11. Redraw Figure 5.4 here and explain in your own words what this figure means. Write down any questions you still have about this figure. As a note of interest, each phosphate of ATP is the same as the phosphate group we found in a DNA or RNA nucleotide (pg 49-50). 12. List the three types of cellular work given as examples in Figure 5.5 that are driven by ATP. 13. Explain how ATP is a renewable resource. 14. Once again, can you confidently answer all of the Checkpoint questions up to this point? If not, write down what questions you still have.

3 15. What does it mean when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction (you may have to look this up outside of the text)? 16. Define activation energy and explain how an enzyme lowers it (pg. 80). 17. Critical Thinking: Using their discussion of activation energy, can you suggest one reason why our bodies must stay warm (37 C / 98.6 F)? 18. Figure 5.9 is an example of a hydrolysis reaction of a disaccharide to two monosaccharides! (Recall this from the chemical digestion of our food.) This reaction takes place because an enzyme is catalyzing it. Redraw figure 5.9 here and add in further description at the appropriate points using the terms activation energy and induced fit. 19. Explain two mechanisms that inhibitors use to disrupt enzyme function. 20. Explain feedback regulation. Draw a diagram to accompany your explanation.

4 Chapter 6: 21. To all the words/phrases in the text that are in BOLD: Highlight in your text or rewrite them or organize them in some way (like flash cards or a table) to help you to learn and understand them. 22. Redraw Figure 6.2 and pay attention to how energy flows through this system. 23. Critical Thinking: How does Figure 6.2 help you to understand how our bodies can give off so much heat? 24. So where does the energy in our food come from in the first place? 25. Where does the heat energy in a compost pile come from in the first place? 26. Once again, can you confidently answer all the Checkpoint questions up to this point? If not, write down what questions you still have. 27. What is their definition of cellular respiration (pg. 94)? 28. What is the difference between respiration and cellular respiration? 29. Critical Thinking: You may have heard about how athletes eat a lot of carbohydrates ( carbo load ) before a competition in order to get more energy. In what forms is the energy from these carbohydrates stored in our bodies?

5 30. Critical Thinking: Use Figure 6.3 to revise our old model of matter transport through a cell using arrows and labels to indicate new information. What else is coming into the cell? What is leaving the cell? What is staying in the cell? Food molecules cell 34. On pg. 94 what is the key to why oxygen is so vital? 35. a) What is a redox reaction? b) Redraw their picture of a redox reaction here: c) What happens to glucose during cellular respiration? d) What happens to oxygen during cellular respiration? e) Which molecule do the electrons and hydrogen (H) atoms come from in cellular respiration? 37. How does the text explain the difference between how energy is released in the chemical reaction between H 2 gas and O 2 gas to form water compared to how energy is released from sugar during cellular respiration (pg. 95)? 38. Discuss how energy is released from electrons during an explosive redox reaction compared to the electron transport chain.

6 40. Familiarize yourself with Figure 6.6 to help you understand the 3 stages of harvesting energy from glucose. You do NOT need to memorize the information in Figures 6.7, 6.9, or 6.10, only understand what goes in and what comes out. But do go through them so that you have an idea of how glucose is broken down in order to harvest energy. 41. During which of the three stages of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide produced? 42. Write a brief description that follows H+ from glucose through the 3 stages of cellular respiration Critical Thinking: Both active transport and passive transport are used to transport H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explain when each type of transport is used and why you think so. 43. How much ATP is produced during each of the three stages of cellular respiration? 43. Why are cyanide and carbon monoxide deadly (pg. 99)? 44. Redraw Figure 6.13 and explain how energy flows from glucose to ATP using this diagram. Add to this diagram where you would find oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water coming into or going out of this system. Check your answer with the diagram on pg Make sure you understand this diagram. 45. Can energy come from all sorts of food molecules? Explain.

7 46. Critical Thinking: A muscle cell has a store of glycogen ready for use. Describe how the muscle cell harvests energy from the glycogen to do cellular work. In your answer please include the following: Glycogen o Hydrolysis o Glucose (monomer) Cellular respiration Cytoplasm o Glycolysis Electrons Hydrogen NADH Mitochondria o Citric acid cycle Electrons Hydrogen NADH CO 2 o Electron transport chain Electrons H+ Across inner mitochondrial membrane O 2 H 2 O ATP Synthase ATP (pg 99 and 79) Mechanical work (pg 79) Heat (pg 93) 47. Critical Thinking: Where does the carbon from the glucose end up? Does it leave our body or stay inside?

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

AP Biology Reading Guide Name: Date: Period Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take