Summer Assignment for Biology 1

Transcription

1 Summer Assignment for Biology 1 Teacher Name: Mr. Collins/Ms. Thalhamer Course: Biology 1 Teacher contact information: Mr. Collins: acollins5@bostonpublicschools.org, Phone: Ms. Thalhamer: tthalhamer@bostonpublicschools.org, Phone: Assignment Deadline: Friday, September 8 th 2017 Description of how assignment will be graded: See instructions below Assignment Objective: For your summer assignment you will research biomolecules the molecules living organisms are made of. You will learn about the different types of biomolecules and why they are important to keep organisms healthy. As part of this small project you will look at the food you eat and analyze the different amounts of biomolecules found in different types of foods. Assignment Description: Your product will be a mini-poster. Use a letter-sized page of paper to present your results. The poster should have the following parts (see detailed instructions for each part below). 1. Introduction The four biomolecules 2. My favorite food table of your chosen food 3. Biomolecules in food bar graph showing the amount of each biomolecule in your chosen foods 4. What does it mean? Answer the questions to analyze your data Resources to complete assignment: See instructions below You can find this assignment on Teachers have posted assignments under the Academics Tab

2 You are what you eat! For your summer assignment you will research biomolecules the molecules living organisms are made of. You will learn about the different types of biomolecules and why they are important to keep organisms healthy. As part of this small project you will look at the food you eat and analyze the different amounts of biomolecules found in different types of foods. Your product will be a mini-poster. Use a letter-sized page of paper to present your results. The poster should have the following parts (see detailed instructions for each part below). 1. Introduction The four biomolecules (20 points) 2. My favorite food table of your chosen food (10 points) 3. Biomolecules in food bar graph showing the amount of each biomolecule in your chosen foods (10 points) 4. What does it mean? Answer the questions to analyze your data (10 points) What makes up a healthy diet? A healthy diet includes protein, fats, and carbohydrates. Why? Because these molecules are three of the main building blocks that make up your body. You get these building blocks from the food that you eat, and you use these building blocks to make the organic compounds necessary for life. 1. Introduction For the introduction summarize what you have learned about the four biomolecules, also called macromolecules, from the readings and videos (see links on next page and attached reading). Write one paragraph for each biomolecule. 2. My favorite food Look through the food at your house. Find three foods that you really like. List only things that have a packaging with a nutrition label on it. There is an example for a nutrition label on the right. List the foods and the amount of fat, carbohydrate and protein they contain (numbers are per serving) in the table on the next page. In order to compare the amount of biomolecules in each of the foods you will have to calculate the % of each biomolecule. Use the following formula: % of biomolecule = 100 * g of biomolecule Serving size in g Example (granola bar): % of fat = 100 * 4 g of fat 24 g % of fat = 17%

3 FOOD Serving size Fat Carbohydrate Protein g g % g % g % Example: Granola bar 24 g 4 g 17% 17 g 71% 2 g 8% Draw this table on your poster. 3. Biomolecules in food Draw a bar graph showing the different percentages of each biomolecule in your three chosen foods. The y-axis should be labeled % of biomolecule. Use different colors to draw the bars for the different biomolecules. An example of a bar graph is provided on the right. Full points are awarded for correct graph with a title, labeled axis, correct scaling and legend (labels for different groups). % of biomolecule Biomolecules in Food Food 1 Food 2 Food 3 Fat Carbohydrate Protein 4. What does it mean? Answer the following questions based on the data table and bar graph you have created. Use your knowledge of biomolecules to help you with your answers. Write your answers in paragraph form on your poster. Which of your chosen foods should a runner eat the day before a long race? Use your data from the bar graph to support and explain your answer. Which of your chosen foods should a weight lifter eat on a regular basis to help increase his/her muscle mass in the weeks before a competition? Use your data from the bar graph to support and explain your answer. A hiker knows that she is not going to be able to bring much food on her week-long hike. She thinks she might not have much to eat on her last few days of the hike. Which food should she bring for her hike to help her last through the later days with little food? Use your data from the bar graph to support and explain your answer. Links: Online reading: Compounds-MS-LS/?referrer=featured_content Video 1 Biomolecules with the Amoeba Sisters: Video 2 Biomolecules you are what you eat: Video 3 Biological molecules Bozeman Science:

4 Reading- HONC While You re CLPN- Macromolecules of Life You and all living things are predominantly made up of 4 large organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (CLPN). These organic (aka carbon containing) molecules are often called macromolecules because they may be very large, containing thousands of the carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together. In fig. 1a, Figure 1a you can see how carbon with its 4 electrons available for bonding makes a great backbone from which to attach hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (HONC). Usually from these 4 elements your body is able to make an enormous range of critical molecules. Carbon s flexibility to form single, double, triple bonds, and even form ring structures (see figure 1b) accounts for this variety in living things. Figure 1b Figure 2 These large CLPN macromolecules are also known as polymers ( poly = many) are actually synthesized from smaller building blocks known as monomers ( mono = one). You will need to be familiar with each of the 4 main macromolecules polymers, monomers, and their purpose in the human body. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates, commonly known as carbs, include the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks as well as the long starch molecules we consume in pasta. In animals, carbohydrates serve as a primary source of dietary energy. Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. These are often referred to as simple sugars and include glucose, found in sports drinks, and fructose found in fruits. Sucrose, commonly Figure 3 known as table sugar, is a disaccharide; made up of two monomers, glucose and fructose. Starches, or complex carbohydrates, are larger than sugars and are called polysaccharides (made up of many monosaccharides). Figure 4 Monosaccharides can exist in two forms, a carbon chain or a ring (see fig. 4). Monosaccharides are found as rings when they are part of larger polymers or as single monomers dissolved in water. Lipids: Lipids, commonly referred to as fats, are large, mostly non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water. They function as long term energy storage molecules in plant and animal cells. Figure 5 Lipid polymers are made up of two different monomers: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is a three carbon molecule that is polar and hydrophilic (meaning it is attracted to polar water molecules). Fatty acids are long, non-polar hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic (meaning that they are afraid of water). Two different types of fatty acid chains are commonly found in nature; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (see fig. 6). Saturated fatty acids chains contain only single bonds and are typically found in the fats of animals, whereas, unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between carbon atoms. This double bond causes the fatty acid monomer to take on a bent shape. Unsaturated fatty acids are typically found in the fat molecules of plants. Figure 6

5 Lipid molecules consist of a variety of different polymers. The lipid polymer that is used for energy storage is called a triglyceride. It is made up of a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains. The fatty acid chains attached directly to the glycerol molecule (see fig. #). Figure 7 A second class of lipids is called phospholipids. Phospholipid polymers are essentially made up of a glycerol head and two fatty acid chains (see fig. 7). Phospholipids make up the plasma membrane of all cells. The membrane structure consists of two layers of phospholipids with the polar glycerol heads lining the inside and outside of the membrane where water is found. The non-polar fatty acid tails make up the inside of the membrane where they will not interact with water molecules. This provides a protective layer for cells. Proteins: Proteins are considered to be the building blocks of life. The actual structure of cells is mostly made up of protein molecules. Specialized proteins, called enzymes, also control and speed up many of the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms. The monomers of proteins are amino acids. There are twenty amino acids that are common in all living organisms. These amino acids join together in a variety of combinations to form all of the proteins that account for the differences in the many species of organisms on Earth. Amino acids join together forming bonds called peptide bonds (see fig. 8). A polymer of proteins, which is made up of many peptide bonds, is called a polypeptide chain. Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids are the hereditary material that is passed on from parent to offspring. Nucleic acids are directly involved in making proteins and Figure 8 proteins control the physical characteristics of cells. There are two nucleic acid polymers: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The function of DNA is to store genetic information. RNA, however, is directly involved in making proteins. Figure 9 Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called nucleotides. There are four different nucleotide monomers found in DNA polymers. These are guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A) and thymine (T). The overall shape of A DNA molecule is a double helix (sometimes called a twisted ladder). The molecule is made up of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond will readily form between G and C or A and T. The formation of these hydrogen bonds give DNA its ladder shape (see fig. 9). The genetic code is simply the sequence of nucleotide monomers that makes up each side of the DNA molecule. In order for genes to be read and proteins to be made, any enzyme must break the hydrogen bonds that hold the two sides of the molecule together and expose the genetic code hidden within.