BASES OF ANATOMY MUDr. Marek Joukal Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University
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1 BASES OF ANATOMY MUDr. Marek Joukal Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University
2 Recommended literature LECTURES Gray s Basic Anatomy, Churchill Livingstone, 2013 Instant Anatomy, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 Anatomy atlases: Netter, Sobotta, Pocket atlas etc.
3 INTRODUCTION INTO ANATOMY History, surface planes and directions on human body, tissues
4 Anatomy Science of form, organisation, structure and posture of human body and its parts Macroscopic anatomy (systematic, general anatomy, special, topographical) Comparative anatomy, experimental anatomy, applied anatomy Anatemnein = to cut, dissection
5 Egypt mummification History Greece Hippocrates (460 B.C.) and his disciples Corpus Hippocraticum Aristoteles (384 B.C.) tendons, nerves, joints Hérofilos (335 B.C.) dissection of human body (several terms, e.g. duodenum) Galen of Pergamon (2nd century) anatoym is a basic, dissection of animals
6 Middle Ages stagnation, dissection is prohibited, Galen s medicine Rennaisance letterpress, dissections in faculties of medicine Leonardo da Vinci (1452) dissection, locomotor system, cardiovascular system
7 Andreas Vesalius ( ) De humanis corporis fabrica libri septem - The first public dissection Tabulae anatomicae sex Ján Jesenský ( ) 1600 the first public dissection in Prague
8 William Harvey (1578) Blood circulation Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787) Purkyně s fibres, cells
9 Anatomical orientation Anatomical position Surface planes
10 Directions: Longitudinal axis: Cranial (superior) Caudal (inferior) Transverse axis: Medial Lateral Medius Medianus Dexter Sinister Sagittal axis: Ventral (anterior) Dorsal (posterior) Internus (profundus) Externus (superficial)
11 Extremities Proximal Distal Upper limb: Radial (lateral) Ulnar (medial) Palmar Dorsal Čihák, 2001 Lower limb: Tibial (medial) Fibular (lateral) Plantar Dorsal Čihák, 2001
12 Parts of body hlava caput krk collum (cervix) trup truncus hrudník thorax břicho abdomen záda dorsum pánev pelvis horní končetina membrum superius paže brachium předloktí antebrachium ruka manus dolní končetina membrum inferius stehno femur bérec crus noha - pes
13
14 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscular tissue 4. Nervous tissue Tissue A part of an organism consisting of a large number of cells having a similar structure and function.
15 Epithelial tissue Covers the body, lines the cavities of the body and composes the glands Simple epithelium: single layer of cells Simple squamous: thin squamous cells, lining of cavities (the mouth, blood vessels and lungs) Simple cuboidal: cuboidal cells, found in glands, duct and portions of the kidney tubules. Simple columnar: A single layer of tall, skinny cells (column shaped), found in places like the lining of the intestine and gallbladder
16 Stratified epithelium: the tissue is two or more cells thick Pseudostratified columnar: appears to be composed of layers of cells, but is in fact composed of just a single layer of cells, as each cell touches the basement membrane, line the nasal cavity, bronchi and trachea. Stratified squamous: Many layers of cells are present, the topmost layer is made up of squamous cells, makes up the skin surface and lining of the mouth, through and esophagus. Stratified columnar: Many layers of cells, the topmost layer is made up of columnar cells, found in the mammary ducts and epididymis.
17 Transitional: Multiple layers of cells, but surface cells change from rounded to flat to permit expansion when needed, found in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis and ureters. Glandular: Columnar and cuboidal cells often become specialized as gland cells which are capable of secreting substances such as enzymes, hormones, mucus, sweat and saliva; e.g. salivary, sweat and adrenal glands.
18 Connective tissue Connects and supports the structures of the body, providing structural support and binding organs together. Loose connective tissue fibrocytes, skin Dense connective tissue regular (tendons), irregular (dermis) Cartilage chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, collagen and elastic fibres 1. hyaline cartilage the most common type of cartilage, contains many collagen fibers; joints 2. elastic cartilage - many elastic fibers in the matrix; auricular cartilage 3. fibrocartilage - tough and contains many collagen fibers; intervertebral disc Bone
19 Bone 1. Osteocytes 2. Bone matrix organic substances (osein), 20-40% anorganic substances (Ca, P, F ), 60-75% Lamellar organization Havers canals Spongy bone trajectories, arcitecture Compact bone
20 Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to contract when stimulated. 1. Skeletal muscle: long, multinucleate cells with visible striations, voluntary muscle 2. Smooth muscle: short, cylindrical cells, involuntary muscle; e.g. digestive tract, walls of blood vessels 3. Cardiac (heart) muscle: short, branched, striated cells, with one nucleus at the center of each cell, joined to their neighbors by intercalated discs, involuntary muscle Čihák, 2001
21 Nervous tissue Highly specialized tissue, characterized by irritation, conduction and integration. Neuroglia - do not send or receive electrical impulses, but support neurons (physical support, providing nutrients, removing debris and providing electrical insulation) Neurons: carry electrical impulses. Three main types of neurons: 1. Sensory neurons - conduct impulses from the sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears, etc) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). 2. Motor neurons - responsible for conducting impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons are those neurons that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. Čihák,
22 OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY
23 Proximal epiphyses Hyaline cartilage Compact bone Nutrient artery Daphyses Periost : nutrition innervation fractures healing Distal epiphyses Spongy bone
24 Ossification and bone growth Chondral ossification long bones perichondral ossification enchondral ossification ossification centre Desmogenous ossification bone of skull Growth plate longitudinal growth Čihák, 2001 Periosteum width growth STH hypofýza nanism gigantism thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, calcium, sexual hormons etc.
25 X-ray picture of 4 year old children Ossification centres
26 Adenohypophysis dysfunction (higher or lower hormon production or cell receptors miss) STH a) gigantism b) Nanism
27 A) Synarthroses (connective tissue, unmoveable) Bone connections 1) Syndesmosis - suture Čihák, 2001
28 2) Synchondrosis: cartilage, symphysis pubica Sobotta, 2007
29 3) Synostosis bone, e.g. sacral bone Sobotta, 2007
30 B) Diarthroses (joint connection with contact, moveable) 1. Simple joint two bones 2. Composed joint more than two bones or two bones + discus or meniscus Hyaline cartilage Joint head Articular fovea Joint cavity, synovia Joint capsule+ligaments Sobotta, 2007
31 Cruciate ligaments Meniscus lateralis Sobotta, 2007
32 Meniscus med. Tendo m. quadricip. Meniscus lat.. Sobotta, 2007 Lig. cruciata, cruciformia
33 AXIAL SKELETON
34 Columna vertebralis (vertebral column) Costae (ribs) Lordosi s Sternum Kyfosis originally, 24 free 7 vertebrae cervicales 12 vertebrae thoracicae Lordosis 5 vertebrae lumbales 5 vertebrae sacrales os sacrum Kyfosis 4 5 vertebrae coccygeae os coccygis Sobotta, 2007
35 VERTEBRA processus articul. sup. corpus ARCUS Proc.spinosus Facies art. costalis Sobotta, 2007
36 processus spinosus Proc.transversus Arcus Costa foramen Processus articul. corpus Sobotta, 2007
37 ATLAS C1 Arcus post. - oblouk foramen foramen transversarium + arteria vertebralis Sobotta, 2007
38 AXIS C2 Dens axis Foramen transversarium + a. vertebralis Sobotta, 2007
39 Dens Sobotta, 2007
40 Sobotta, 2007
41 Os occipitale dens atlas Sobotta, 2007
42 Processus spinosus C 1 a. vertebralis Sobotta, 2007
43 C 1 C 7 Cervical part of vertebral column Sobotta, 2007
44 Os occipitale C 1 - arcus C 2 -dens
45 Os hyoideum
46 vertebrae lumbales L 1-5 Sobotta, 2007
47 Promontorium ( L5 S1 )
48 basis os sacrum S 1 5 foramina sacralia pelvina Sobotta, 2007
49 facies auricularis canalis sacralis (spinal nerves) Sobotta, 2007
50 facies auricularis = S-I apex vertebrae coccygeae = Co 1-3 Sobotta, 2007
51 Connections of the vertebrea ligamentum longitudinale anterius Sobotta, 2007
52 Ligaments of vertebral column spinal, transverse Sobotta, 2007
53 Disci intervertebrales Sobotta, 2007
54 nucleus pulposus anulus fibrosus Discus intervertebralis
55 nucleus pulposus anuls fibrosus foramen vertebrale + spinal cord
56 MRI + perimyelography
57 Thorax Sobotta, 2007
58 RIBS: -real 1-7 -false improper 11,12 Sobotta, 2007
59 Costae (ribs): pars ossea cartilaginea Sobotta, 2007
60 Costovertebral connections (on the body and transverse processes) rib vertebra Sobotta, 2007
61 processus spinosus Proc. transversus arcus, oblouk costa foramen processus articularis caput corpus Sobotta, 2007
62 Sternocostal connections (on the body and transverse processes) Artt. sternocostales STERNUM Artt. interchondrales Sobotta, 2007
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