Evaluation of a Pediatric Patient

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1 September 2005 Evaluation of a Pediatric Patient Percy Ballard, Harvard Medical School Year III

2 Our Little Man: 6mo old male transferred to Children s from hospital in the Philippines 3mo history of meningitis, seizures, developmental delay and subdural collections history of trauma: 2 foot fall from cradle

3 Acute CT Head Images: 3 months PTA PACS, Children s Hospital Boston

4 MRI Head Images: 2 days post- admission T1 T2 FLAIR PACS, Children s Hospital Boston DWI

5 Findings T2 Large bilateral subdural collections Rightward midline shift- mass effect Cystic encephalomalacia of cerebral hemispheres T1 PACS, Children s Hospital Boston

6 Tx- Neurosurgery: bilateral bur holes for drainage and aspiration Are we done? No!

7 Is There Possibility of Child Abuse? Duty of the radiologist Fractures that are specific for child abuse Common intracranial and visceral findings

8 Child Abuse: Intentional Wounding of a Child Includes physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect Most common in infants - 3yr olds. Radiologic imaging is legal documentation in cases of battering The law: radiologists are mandated to notify state authorities of any reasonable suspicion of abuse

9 Ddx of Suspected Child Abuse Accidental Trauma Birth trauma Osteogenesis imperfecta Infection (Congenital syphilis, osteomyelitis) Drug related bone changes

10 Duty of the Radiologist Skeletal survey Chest (AP) Abdomen & Pelvis (AP) Upper and Lower Extremities (AP) Hands (AP) and Feet (PA) Spine (AP & Lateral) Skull (AP& Lateral) Bone scan (optional- better for rib fractures than long bones)

11 Dr. Paul Kleinman s Approach to Fractures Divided into high, medium and low specificity for child abuse Highly specific for abuse Metaphyseal fractures ( bucket handle or corner ) Posterior rib fractures S fractures: scapular, spinous process, sternum

12 Examples of Abuse-Specific Fractures Companion Patient #2 Companion Patient #3 Companion Patient #4 Companion Patient #5 Metaphyseal fracture viewed laterally = corner fracture Corner fracture Spiral or Toddler s fracture (not specific for abuse) Metaphyseal fracture viewed en face = bucket handle fracture Posterior rib fracture /3057.html om/medcyclopaedia/medical/v olume%20vii/metaphyseal %20FRACTURE.ASP peds/abuse.html

13 Fractures: Moderate and Low Specificity Fractures moderately specific for child abuse: Complex skull fractures Bilateral multiple fractures Salter-Harris fractures (epiphyseal separations) Vertebral body fractures Hand and foot fractures Low specificity: clavicle, linear skull fractures, long bones Companion Patient # 6 _Abuse.pdf Companion Patient #7

14 Increase of Specificity is Based on History No explanation of injury Explanation of the injury changes History could not possibly account for radiographic findings

15 Common Intracranial Findings Subdural hemorrhages (most common) Companion Patient # 8 Companion Patient # 9 Subarachnoid w/ subdural hemorrhages (less common) Net/english/other/images/head/ct/sub dhem.html m/xray/ctscan/ct22.htm Companion Patient # 10 Companion Patient # 11 Epidural hematomas are rare,, occur w/ skull fractures es_091503/subarachnoid_hemorrh age2.jpg /test/er_primer/skull_brain/brct/b rct15.html

16 Common Visceral Injuries Hematomas of duodenum and jejunum Companion Patient # 12 Pancreatitis Liver laceration Companion Patient # 13 Companion Patient # 14 Novelline, Robert A Squire s Fundamentals of Radiology. 330, 308

17 Our Index Patient: CXR PACS, Children s Hospital Boston cm

18 Our Index Patient: Tc99 Bone Scan PACS, Children s Hospital Boston IM : 7

19 Findings Mature healing fractures of anterior right fifth, sixth, seventh ribs; left sixth and seventh ribs Skeletal survey suggestive of previous trauma Department of Social Services and Child Protection Team notified

20 Conclusions Duty as a physician Highly specific fractures: Metaphysis Posterior ribs S: Scapula, Sternum, Spinous process Less specific fractures Intracranial & abdominal injuries History affects index of suspicion

21 Many Thanks Jaques Tham,, MD Andrew Bennett, MD Larry Barbaras Pamela Lepkowski

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