ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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1 WHY? ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY VETERINARY SCIENCE PROGRAM RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND BASIC DIRECTIONAL AND ANATOMICAL TERMS UNDERSTAND AND SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY EXPECTED TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE INTELLIGENTLY AND PRECISELY OBJECTIVES ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. STUDENTS WILL DISSECT PRESERVED CATS, OR OTHER APPROPRIATE ANIMALS, IN ORDER TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO CORRECTLY IDENTIFY SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE MOVEMENT OF AN ANIMAL. STUDENTS WILL LEARN THE BONES IN THE BODY AND BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THEM ON SKELETAL MODELS. ACCURATELY AND CONCISELY DESCRIBE BODY LOCATIONS RELATIONSHIP OF ONE BODY STRUCTURE TO ANOTHER FOUR BASIC PLANES DORSAL MEDIAN SAGITTAL TRANSVERSE OBJECTIVES DORSAL PLANE STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANIMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY VARIOUS BODY PARTS AND ORGANS. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO COMPARE THE ANATOMY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF ANIMALS, TO INCLUDE SMALL ANIMALS, LARGE ANIMALS, LABORATORY ANIMALS, AND EXOTIC ANIMALS. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE BASIC PHYSIOLOGY INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING OF EACH BODY SYSTEM. 1

2 MEDIAN PLANE CRANIAL VS. CAUDAL SAGITTAL PLANE MEDIAL VS. LATERAL TRANSVERSE PLANE DORSAL VS. VENTRAL 2

3 PROXIMAL VS. DISTAL ROSTRAL PALMAR VS. PLANTAR WHY STUDY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY? NORMAL VS. DISEASE PATHOLOGY TREATMENT INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY FORM AND FUNCTION WHAT THINGS LOOK LIKE AND WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY AND ITS PARTS HOW THINGS WORK AND WHAT THEY DO 3

4 HOW DO WE STUDY ANATOMY? TERMINOLOGY MICROSCOPIC VS. MACROSCOPIC (GROSS) REGIONAL VS. SYSTEMATIC DIRECTIONAL TERMS LEFT VS. RIGHT CRANIAL VS. CAUDAL ROSTRAL DORSAL VS. VENTRAL MEDIAL VS. LATERAL DEEP VS. SUPERFICIAL PROXIMAL VS. DISTAL MAIN BODY SYSTEMS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION SYSTEM SKELETAL INTEGUMENTARY NERVOUS CARDIOVASCULAR RESPIRATORY DIGESTIVE MUSCULAR SENSORY ENDOCRINE URINARY REPRODUCTIVE MAIN COMPONENTS BONES AND JOINTS SKIN, HAIR, NAILS OR HOOVES CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERIPHERAL NERVES HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS LUNGS AND AIR PASSAGES GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND DIGESTIVE ORGANS MUSCLES AND TENDONS ORGANS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSE ENDOCRINE GLANDS KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, URETHRA MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES ATOMS MOLECULES CELLS TISSUES SYSTEMS WHOLE INDIVIDUALS TERMINOLOGY THE CELL PLANES OF REFERENCE SAGITTAL PLANE MEDIAN PLANE TRANSVERSE PLANE DORSAL PLAN THE CELL MEMBRANE THE CYTOPLASM THE NUCLEUS ORGANELLES 4

5 TISSUES BONE CELLS CELLS OF SIMILAR TYPE AND FUNCTION, CLUSTERED INTO LAYERS, SHEETS OR GROUPS FOUR PRIMARY GROUPS: EPITHELIAL COVERS AND LINES CONNECTIVE PROVIDES SUPPORT MUSCLE ENABLES MOVEMENT NERVOUS CONTROLS WORK OSTEOCLAST MACROPHAGE LIKE CELL FROM BLOODSTREAM DIGEST BONE OSTEOBLAST FORMS NEW BONE LAYER OF PERIOSTEUM AND ENDOSTEUM OSTEOCYTE LIVES IN LACUNAE RETIRED OSTEOBLASTS IMPORTANT TERMS. TERMINOLOGY OS OS PENIS OSTEO - BONE SECOND HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY FUNCTION SUPPORT PROTECTION LEVERAGE STORAGE CALCIUM BLOOD CELL FORMATION JOINTS POINTS WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES MEET LIGAMENT TOUGH BAND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTING ONE BONE TO ANOTHER WHAT IS BONE MADE OF? IMPORTANT TERMS BONE IS COMPRISED OF: 26% MINERALS (MOSTLY CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND CALCIUM CARBONATE) 50% IS WATER 4% IS FAT 20% IS PROTEIN TENDON THICK BAND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ATTACHES MUSCLE TO BONE. BONE REQUIRES ADEQUATE AMOUNTS OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN THE RATION. 5

6 IMPORTANT TERMS COMPACT BONE LAYER OF PROTECTIVE HARD BONE TISSUE SURROUNDING EVERY BONE IMPORTANT TERMS SPONGY BONE SOFT BONE FILLED WITH MANY HOLES AND SPACES SURROUNDED BY HARD BONE. BLOOD SUPPLY VOLKMANN S CANALS NUTRIENT FORAMINA BONE FORMATION ENDOCHONDRAL CARTILAGE TEMPLATE REPLACED BY BONE INTERMEMBRANOUS FIBROUS TISSUE SKULL 6

7 BONE SHAPES LONG BONES LONG BONES CONSIST OF A SHAFT, TWO ENDS, AND A MARROW CAVITY EXAMPLES OF LONG BONES: FEMUR HUMERUS TIBIA RADIUS BONE SHAPES FLAT BONES SKULL BONES SCAPULAS PELVIC BONES LONG BONE TERMS BONE WORD PARTS EPI- = ABOVE PHYSIS = GROWTH DIA- = BETWEEN PERI- = SURROUNDING -UM = STRUCTURE ENDO- = WITHIN OR INNER META- = BEYOND BONE SHAPES IRREGULAR BONES SESAMOID BONES PATELLA BONE SHAPES SHORT BONES CARPAL AND TARSAL BONES BONE MARROW RED BONE MARROW HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE FORMS BLOOD CELLS YELLOW BONE MARROW ADIPOSE TISSUE CAN REVERT TO RED MARROW IF NEEDED 7

8 BONE FEATURES ARTICULAR SURFACES WHERE TWO BONES COME TOGETHER COVERED BY ARTICULAR CARTILAGE ARTICULAR SURFACES FACET ARTICULAR SURFACES CONDYLE PROCESSES LUMPS, BUMPS, OTHER PROJECTIONS ARTICULAR SURFACES HEAD HOLES AND DEPRESSED AREAS FORAMEN A HOLE IN A BONE NERVE OR BLOOD VESSEL PASSES THROUGH FORAMINA FOSSA A DEPRESSED OR SUNKEN AREA AREA OF ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES AND TENDONS 8

9 JOINTS ARTHRO- AND ARTICULAR TYPES OF JOINTS FIBROUS SYNARTHROSES CARTILAGINOUS AMPHIARTHROSES SYNOVIAL DIARTHROSES SYNOVIAL JOINT FIBROUS (SYNARTHROSES) SYNOVIAL JOINT MOVEMENTS FLEXION EXTENSION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION CARTILAGINOUS (AMPHIARTHROSES) TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS HINGE JOINTS GLIDING JOINTS SADDLE JOINTS PIVOT JOINTS BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS ELLIPSOID JOINTS 9

10 HINGE JOINTS BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS CANINE GLIDING JOINTS FELINE PIVOT JOINTS 10

11 EQUINE THE AXIAL SKELETON THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN SUPPORTS THE HEAD AND BODY AND PROVIDES PROTECTION FOR THE SPINAL CORD THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS COMPRISED OF INDIVIDUAL BONES CALLED VERTEBRA THE COMBINING FORMS FOR VERTEBRA ARE SPONDYL/O AND VERTEBR/O VERTEBRAE IS THE PLURAL FORM DIVISIONS PARTS OF A VERTEBRA AXIAL SKELETON THESE BONES ARE ON OR CLOSE TO THE MIDLINE AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDE THE SKULL, VERTEBRAE AND RIBS APPENDICULAR SKELETON THESE BONES PROJECT FROM THE BODY IN THE PECTORAL (FRONT) AND PELVIC (HIND) LIMBS, AND ARE CONNECTED TO THE BODY THROUGH THE BONES OF THE GIRDLES VERTEBRAE ARE DIVIDED INTO PARTS: BODY ARCH LAMINA VERTEBRAL FORAMEN PROCESSES SPINOUS PROCESS TRANSVERSE PROCESS ARTICULAR PROCESS THE AXIAL SKELETON OTHER AXIAL SKELETON PARTS THE CRANIUM IS THE PORTION OF THE SKULL THAT ENCLOSES THE BRAIN THE COMBINING FORM FOR SKULL IS CRANI/O THE SKULL ALSO HAS AIR- OR FLUID-FILLED SPACES CALLED SINUSES RIBS COMBINING FORM IS COST/O STERNUM MANUBRIUM BODY XIPHOID PROCESS 11

12 THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON PELVIC BONES FRONT LIMB SCAPULA CLAVICLE HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA CARPAL BONES METACARPAL BONES CANNON BONE IN LIVESTOCK PHALANGES THE BONES OF THE PELVIS INCLUDE ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS ACETABULUM THE BONY PART OF THE SOCKET JOINT THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON RADIOGRAPHY PHALANX NAMES: P1 = LONG PASTERN BONE IN LIVESTOCK P2 = SHORT PASTERN BONE IN LIVESTOCK P3 = COFFIN BONE IN LIVESTOCK P3 IN SMALL ANIMALS MAY BE CALLED THE CLAW OR NAIL COMBINING FORM FOR CLAW OR NAIL IS ONYCH/O USE X-RAYS TO TAKE A RADIOGRAPH. RADIOGRAPHS CAN SHOW FRACTURED BONES. DENSE STRUCTURES ARE RADIOPAQUE. THINGS LIKE BONES AND TEETH SHOW AS LIGHT. LESS DENSE STRUCTURES ARE RADIOLUCENT. THINGS LIKE MUSCLE SHOW AS DARK. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON RADIOGRAPHS (X-RAYS) THE TOOL USED TO EXAMINE BONES HIND LIMB PELVIS FEMUR PATELLA TIBIA FIBULA TARSAL BONES METATARSAL BONES CANNON BONE IN LIVESTOCK PHALANGES 12

13 KINDS OF FRACTURES... SIMPLE FRACTURE - A CLEAN BREAK COMMINUTED FRACTURE - SEVERAL FRAGMENTS COMPOUND OR OPEN FRACTURE - BONE PUNCTURES SKIN HIGHER RISK OF BONE INFECTION REPAIRING A FRACTURE CAST VS. SPLINT MUST HOLD WEIGHT OF THE ANIMAL BONE MUST BE USABLE WHEN IT HEALS HARD TO KEEP CAST IN PLACE, CLEAN AND DRY SURGERY STAINLESS STEEL PLATE SUPPORTS THE BONE VERY STABLE METHOD OF CORRECTION STEEL PLATES MUST FIT PROPERLY REPAIRING A FRACTURE INTRAMEDULLARY PIN STEEL PIN IS DRIVEN IN CERCLAGE WIRES ARE WRAPPED AROUND FRAGMENTS RADIOGRAPH IS NEEDED TO ENSURE PROPER PLACEMENT SURGERY IS COMPLETED Photo by Dr. James Lawhead is used by permission. 13