MUSCULOSKELETAL STRESS MARKERS (MSM)

Transcription

1 Workshop in MUSCULOSKELETAL STRESS MARKERS (MSM) Limitations and Achievements in the Reconstruction of Past Activity Patterns Departamento de Antropologia Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra,, Portugal 2 3 July, 2009

2 Charles F. Merbs, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Anthropology School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona U.S.A.

3 MSM - perhaps not a superstar but an important member of the team

4 Canada Southampton Island Coats Island

5 me Tangala Southampton Island Arctic Canada July 2, 1959 Santiana

6 Sadlermiut Inuit Native Point Site Southampton Island Arctic Canada - July 1959

7 Sadlermiut Inuit crania July 1959

8 Oschinsky 1964 eversion of the mandibular angle reflecting powerful development of the masseter muscle

9 Oschinsky 1964 eversion of the zygoma (malar) also reflecting powerful development of the masseter muscle

10 Oschinsky 1964 sagittal keel and high temporal lines reflecting powerful development of the temporalis muscle

11 eating muktuk belugas bowhead whale

12 female male The two sexes differ in development of Deltoideus and Teres major with virtually no overlap.

13 female male There is also a pronounced difference in the shape of the vertebral border of the scapula in the two sexes.

14 ossification of the ligamenta flava T9 T11 T10 T12 thoracic vertebrae

15 supraspinous ligament interspinous ligament flavian ligament Ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)

16 superior attachment of ligamenta flava Sadlermiut inferior attachment of ligamenta flava Merbs and Wilson, 1962

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19 Mary W. Marzke, Ph.D. Professor Emerita of Anthropology Arizona State University Comparative Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, Modeling and Simulation Her primary interest has been in the evolution of the hand and bipedality. Her approaches include laser scanning with 3-D analysis of wrist joint surface areas, angles and curvatures, in vivo kinematic and electromyographic studies of human hand and wrist movements and muscle recruitment during the manufacture and manipulation of prehistoric tools, and in vitro measurement of joint ranges of motion and muscle cross sectional areas, tendon excursion and moment arms.

20 Enthesites and Osteoarthritis in Sadlermiut Eskimos: A Correlative Study of the Upper Limb Oslynn Benjamin M.A. Thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

21 Osteoarthrosis (arthritis) Deltoideus attachment right left right left

22 Activity-Induced Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM) and Subsistence Strategy Changes among Ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos Diane E. Hawkey and Charles F. Merbs International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 5(4):

23 Thule-Historic Kamarvik Silumiut Sadlermiut

24 This study distinguished between MSM patterns associated with female activities and patterns associated with male activities. A difference was noted between earlier and later patterns in the males which appeared related to a change in hunting patterns, away from a strategy of hunting large whales in open water to one of hunting seals, primarily on the sea ice. The study demonstrated that the analysis of activityinduced markers offers a unique way to use osteological remains to independently test hypotheses generated from archaeological data. Applications of the MSM data for Early and Late Period Thule support the theory of a substantial change in subsistence strategies through time, particularly among the adult males.

25 left right Site of insertion for the costoclavicular ligament thought to be related to use of the double-bladed kaykak paddle.

26 The Life Left in Bones: Evidence of Habitual Activity Patterns in Two Prehistoric Kentucky Populations. Bethel Nagy Ph.D. Dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

27 exploratory cluster analysis study Indian Knoll (Archaic) - hunter-gatherers Fort Ancient (Late Prehistoric) agriculturists [direct ancestors of the Pawnee Tribe]

28 For both groups, behavioral patterns were largely unknown. However, the agriculturalists made use of the bow and arrow. There is no evidence that the hunter-gatherers used anything other than spear and atlatl. She carefully separated the continuum of muscle development from obvious cases of pathology.

29 Results The Archaic hunter-gathers showed significantly more difference in MSM scores and overall robusticity between the sexes than the Late Prehistoric agriculturalists. The agriculturalist females showed greater robusticity and produced higher MSM scores than the hunter-gatherer females. [Historians commented that Pawnee women worked very hard as agriculturalists while the men did little of a strenuous nature.] More robust individuals produced higher MSM scores overall. For such individuals it was difficult to isolate scores for specific muscle groups. Different MSM patterns existed with the hunter-gathers, perhaps reflecting changes in behavioral patterns through time. Rotator cuff damage was common in the hunter-gatherers.

30 Habitual Activity Patterns at the Historic Period Mayan Site of Tipu, Belize. Kristen Hartnett M.A. Thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

31 At the 2003 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Hartnett presented a paper titled: Frequency of posterior femoral neck facets in the Tipu Maya.

32 In her abstract she notes that posterior femoral neck facets, also known as posterior cervical imprints, posterior acetabular imprints, and Wamsley s facets, are attributed to stress on the hip joint when flexing the knee and extending the hip while squatting, standing, or walking long distances. The distribution of femoral neck facets among the Tipu males and females strongly suggests a difference in activity patterns, which corroborates a previous study by the author on their habitual activity patterns utilizing musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM). The significantly higher frequency of these facets found on the males may be linked to distance walking or running, as well as canoeing. The facets are a likely consequence of the posture assumed by males while canoeing.

33 MSM as a team member in a forensic case

34 14-year-old homicide victim, Scottsdale, Arizona left right clavicles & radial heads

35 14-year-old homicide victim, Scottsdale, Arizona R L L R ventral dorsal

36 The victim was a 14-year-old boy. His head and legs had been sawed off and have not been recovered. The cause of death is not certain, but he did suffer what appear to be defensive fractures of the left radius and ulna. The appearance of the muscle attachment sites on the humeri, the costoclavicular ligament attachment sites on the clavicles, and the degenerative changes noted on the radial head all suggest that this individual engaged in an activity that put considerable stress on the left shoulder and elbow with emphasis on rotation in the elbow. According to his brother, the victim was left handed and enjoyed playing baseball. He was a pitcher.

37 MSM as a team member in an anatomical case

38 right left Osteoarthrosis (arthritis) Treponemal infection (syphilis) Colles fracture

39 right left curvature of the fibula attachments for stabilizing muscles of the leg

40 San Diego Museum of Man Male, aged 62 ( ). Race not recorded. Cause of death: syphilis. Right radius: healed Colles fracture L & R knees: severe osteoarthrosis L & R tibia: syphilis L & R fibula: proximal quarter of the shaft is bowed dorsally and the area of attachment for soleus is well-developed Occupation: railroad steward.

41 This case served as a model for an individual featured in the mystery novel, Twenty Blue Devils, written by Aaron Elkins.

42 MSM as a team member in an archaeological case

43 osteoarthrosis (arthritis) Giant 5 L Giant 3 L L L L R

44 muscle and ligament attachment sites Giant 5 L R Giant 3 R L R

45 articular facet extension R L R L Giant 3 Giant 5 Giant 2 L R

46 Conclusions from skeletal data obtained from high status skeletons from the Moche site of Dos Cabezas, Peru Three of the giants (1, 3, and 5) held a particular pose for long periods of time. They knelt on their left knee, both arms bent at the elbow, holding objects in their hands in a vertical position.

47 This is the traditional warrior pose of the Moche. A club is held in the right hand and a shield is held close to the body in the left hand or worn on the left wrist.

48 muscle tendon attachments ligamentous attachments

49 normal range of variation pathology