Telencephalon part 2
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1 Telencephalon part 2 1. Olfactory system, rhinencephalon 2. Limbic system: hippocampal formation amygdala 3. Main cortical areas: sensory areas of the cortex motor areas of the cortex 4. Functional localization in the cerebrum
2 Telencephalon Olfactory system, rhinencephalon Gr. rhinencephalon = nose-brain rhin = nose, encephalon = brain part of the basal forebrain mediates olfaction (the sense of smell), olfactory brain rhinencephalon includes: olfactory bulb and tract olfactory striae and trigone olfactory tubercle primary olfactory cortex: piriform area (gyrus ambiens) periamygdaloid area (gyrus semilunaris) secondary olfactory cortex: entorhinal area, cranial part of parahippocampal gyrus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2
3 Limbic system Telencephalon Limbic system: Lat. limbus = "border, "belt paleopallium (old mammalian) brain cortical structures limbic lobe subcortical nuclei: hippocampal formation and fornix amygdaloid nuclear complex septal nuclei hypothalamus, epithalamus various thalamic nuclei part of the basal ganglia Papez circuit, 1937: a route the limbic system communicates between the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex Functions cortical control of: long-term memory learning emotions Jamez Papez ( ) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3
4 Hippocampus, seahorse: Gr. ιππος, hippos = horse, καμπος, kampos = sea monster location inside the medial temporal lobe three major regions: hippocampus proper (Ammon s horn) CA1-CA4 fields of Lorente de Nó dentate gyrus three-layered cortices subiculum transition zone hippocampal functions: behavioral inhibition (anxiety) learning and recent memory spatial coding Telencephalon Hippocampal formation Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4
5 Fornix Telencephalon Fornix, Lat. = vault, arch C-shaped bundle of fibres (axons) the sole efferent system carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei Structure: crus of the fornix body of the fornix (hippocampal) commissure anterior fibers, "precommissural fornix" the septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens posterior fibres, "postcommissural fornix (column of the fornix) the mammillary bodies Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5
6 Telencephalon Amygdala (amygdaloid nuclear complex) Lat. corpus amygdaloideum Gr. αμυγδαλή, amygdalē, almond, tonsil Location deep within the medial temporal lobes Amygdala nuclei: corticomedial nuclear group basal ganglia basolateral nuclear group: lateral amygdaloid nucleus basal amygdaloid nucleus accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus central nucleus, medial and lateral Functions: fear reactivity and other emotional functions feeding sexual behavior Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 6
7 Telencephalon Localization of cerebral functions Michelangelo s Creation of Adam ( ) Meshberger s interpretation JAMA 264: , 1990 Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 7
8 Telencephalon Cytoarchitectural maps Franz Joseph Gall ( ) Schädellehre, Phrenology, 1796 Gr. φρήν, phrēn, "mind"; λόγος, logos, "knowledge Campbell (1905) 20 areas Brodmann (1909) 52 cytoarchitectural areas von Economo (1925) 109 areas Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 8
9 Telencephalon Functional differentiation of the cerebral cortex Main cortical areas: Sensory areas afferent projections Motor areas efferent projections Associational ( silent ) areas Visuopsychic cortex Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 9
10 Telencephalon Cerebral asymmetry (hemispheric dominance) Left hemisphere: verbal linguistic description mathematical sequential analytical direct link to consciousness Right hemisphere: almost non-verbal musical geometrical spatial comprehension temporal synthesis link to consciousness? Roger W. Sperry split-brain "for his discoveries concerning the functional Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" 10
11 Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov Проф. д-р Николай Лазаров 11
12 Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 12
13 Telencephalon An old brain with new tricks Dean Frank: New Information about Albert Einstein s brain Front. Evol. Neurosci. 1:3, 2009 Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 13
14 Telencephalon Somatomotor areas primary somatomotor area (M-I) = primary (precentral) motor cortex (area 4 of Brodmann): gyrus precentralis lobulus paracentralis paresis and palsy second somatomotor area = premotor cortex (area 6 and parts of areas 8, 44, 45): most caudal parts of gyri frontales sup., med. et inf. supplementary motor area (M-II): medial surface medial part of area 6 between area 4 and cingulate gyrus ahead of lobulus paracentralis apraxia motor homunculus (Latin: little man ) of Penfield and Rasmussen Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 14
15 Telencephalon Somatomotor areas Paul Broca, 1861 speech center frontal eye field middle frontal gyrus center for voluntary eye movements : considerable (inferior) part of area 8 area 6 behind and probably area 9 in front second frontal eye field anterior to the above motor speech area: posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus area 44 and part of area 45 (gyrus Brocae) motor aphasia (paralysis of speech in man) agramatismus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 15
16 И.П. Павлов sensory homunculus of Penfield and Rasmussen Telencephalon Somatosensory areas I.P. Pavlov Pavlov's cortical irradiation hypothesis, "cortical representations" of sensory modalities primary (first-order) areas associative (second- and third-order) areas involved in integration of incoming sensory information primary somatosensory area (S-I) areas 3, 1 and 2: gyrus postcentralis part of lobulus paracentralis secondary somatosensory area (S-II) area 5 lobulus parietalis superior third somatosensory area (S-III) area 7 between the primary and parainsular cortex tactile agnosia astereognosis (inability to identify an object by touch without visual input ) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 16
17 primary visual cortex (V-I) area 17 calcarine sulcus optic radiation granular type cortex (koniocortex) area striata (striate cortex) 3% of cerebral surface area 10% of cortical neurons numerous GABAergic interneurons visual agnosia inability of the brain to make sense ( mentally blindness ) secondary visual cortex (association areas): in the occipital lobe V-II area 18 V-III area 19 Telencephalon Visual receptive areas Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 17
18 primary auditory cortex (A-I) = area 41 acoustic radiation granular type cortex upper part of gyrus temporalis superior acoustic agnosia (word but not sound deafness) gyri temporales transversi (Heschl s gyrus) secondary auditory cortex (A-II) = area 42; belt areas association (second-order) auditory area: gyrus temporalis superior Telencephalon Auditory receptive areas tertiary auditory cortex (A-III) = area 21; association (third-order) auditory area: between the first, second acoustic area and parainsular cortex Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 18
19 Gnostic areas Telencephalon C. Wernicke 1874 supramarginal gyrus (area 40) inferior parietal lobe: involved in phonological and articulatory processing of words agraphia (writing apraxia = inability to write) astereognosia apraxia (inability to execute a normal volitional act) angular gyrus (area 39): written word is translated to internal monologue alexia ( word blindness ) inability to recognize written words or the meaning of words speech area of Wernicke (area 22) processes dominant word meanings (semantic processing): sensory aphasia posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus gyrus supramarginalis gyrus angularis Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 19
20 Vestibular area: Telencephalon Other cortical areas gyrus postcentralis sensations of turning movements and dizziness sucus intraparietalis Gustatory area: the lowest part of gyrus postcentralis, parietal operculum (area 43) parainsular cortex? loss of gustatory sensations gustatory hallucinations Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 20
21 primary olfactory cortex: Olfactory cortex (piriform lobe) prepiriform cortex lateral olfactory gyrus gyrus ambiens periamygdaloid area lateral olfactory stria gyrus semilunaris secondary olfactory cortex: olfactory hallucinations entorhinal area, cranial part of parahippocampal gyrus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 21
22 rostral part of frontal lobe (areas 9-12): ability to perform a task in bilateral ablation (sectioning) and frontal lobotomy (leucotomy): intellectual preservation successful abolition of obsessional states pain relief removal of anxiety and fear Telencephalon Prefrontal cortex Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 22
23 Temporo-polar ( psychic ) cortex Temporal pole a paralimbic region: part of an extended limbic system role in both social and emotional processes, including face recognition integration of emotion with perception recognition from auditory or visual cues visual and acoustic hallucinations Telencephalon Homer J. Simpson Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 23
24 Age-related functional specialization Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 24
25 Sex differences in the cerebrum Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 25
26 Profession-related functional specialization Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 26
27 Thank you Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 27
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